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The effect of vanadium oxide (V2O5) on the structural, dielectric, and shielding features of borate-lead-fluoride glasses was investigated. The density of the glass network increased steadily from 3.18 to 3.28 g.cm−3 as the vanadium content increased from 0.0 to 10 mol%. The evolution of functional groups and units such as non-bridging BO3, and bridging BO4, in our newly developed glasses was exposed by FTIR analysis. Since the fraction of bridging units BO4 increases when V2O5 is added up to 2 mol%. This indicates that the conversion of BO3 groups into BO4 groups is facilitated by V2O5. However, at higher concentrations of V2O5 (> 2 mol%), a reversal reaction occurs wherein the BO3 unit fraction increases and the BO4 unit fraction starts to decrease. All the glasses loaded with different amounts of V2O5 mol% had a sharp decline in dielectric constant with increasing frequency over the low frequency interval. As the V2O5 level grew up to 2 mol%, the dielectric constant value was marginally reduced and then increased for higher concentrations. All of the glasses under examination displayed different relaxation peaks in the range of 100 Hz to 20 kHz on their measured loss tangent (tan δ), but vanadium doping caused them to shift to higher frequencies. At 0.015 MeV, the maximum MAC values for the V-0.0 to V-10.0 samples were found to be 29.205 cm2/g to 30.082 cm2/g. In terms of radiation shielding, the V-10.0 sample exhibited the highest values of mass (MAC) and linear (LAC) attenuation coefficients, while the same sample possessed the lowest values of half value layer and mean free path among all investigated glasses. Therefore, the investigate glass can be used in several optical and radiation shielding applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present study, a newly set of lutetium(III)-doped borosilicate glasses with the chemical formula (49–x)B2O3 + 13SiO2 + 18CaO + 20Li2O + XLu2O3: X takes values from 0 (Lu0.0) to 2 (Lu2.0) at intervals of 0.5 mol% has been prepared via the traditional quenching technique. The impact of the inclusion Lu3+ ions in the glasses network on the physical, and Raman spectroscopy has been investigated. XRD measurements confirmed the amorphous state of Lu-X glasses. The density (ρ) of Lu-X glasses varied from 25.10 × 10–1 g/cm3 for Lu0.0 glass sample to 26.40 × 10–1 g/cm3 for Lu-2.0 glasses. The molar volume (Vm) of Lu-X glasses was increased from 23.10 to 24.37 cm3/mol as Lu2O3 content increased from 0 to 2 mol%. The oxygen packing density (OPD) values reduced from 91.33 to 86.59 g atm/l. The oxygen molar volume (VO) values enhanced from 10.95 to 11.55 cm3/mol. The average boron–boron separation ⟨dB−B⟩ slightly changed in the glass matrix. The inclusion of Lu3+ ions into the host matrix of the Lu-X glasses leads to convert certain BO3 groups into BO4 groups, hence enhancing the amount of non-bridging oxygen bonds (NBOs). This fact is confirmed by Raman spectroscopy. The linear-(µ) attenuation absorption follows the order: (µ)Lu0.0 < (µ)Lu0.5 < (µ)Lu1.0 < (µ)Lu1.5 < (µ)Lu2.0. Values of half-value layer (HVL) follow the trend: (HVL)Lu0.0 > (HVL)Lu0.5 > (HVL)Lu1.0 > (HVL)Lu1.5 > (HVL)Lu2.0. Lu2.0 glass is located in the mid-point or a suitable point among the commercial concrete materials as γ-ray shields. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Radiation shielding plays a crucial role in safeguarding human health, and ongoing research is exploring alternative materials for this vital purpose. Herein, physical and radiation-shielding features of the manufactured glasses via melt-quenching technique doped with ZrO2 within a glassy system, (100-x-y)[SrTiO3]-x[2B2O3·SiO2]-y(ZrO2), (39 ≤ x ≤ 40, and 0 ≤ y ≤ 4 mol % ZrO2) were studied. The density (ρ) and field-strength (Fs) values of the synthesized glasses were found to be in an increasing order of 2.6068–3.0720 g/cm3 and 5.2401–14.2399 Å−2 respectively. The study also encompassed an exploration of the radiation shielding properties such as mass attenuation coefficient (MAC), linear attenuation coefficient (LAC), half value length, tenth value length, mean free path, effective atomic number (Zeff), and effective electron-density (Neff) of the synthesized glasses, employing the freely available 'Phy-X/PSD' software within the energy range of 0.015–15 MeV. The highest values of MAC, LAC, and Neff at 0.02 MeV were found to be 25.275 cm2/g, 77.644 cm−1, and 8.42 × 1023 electrons/g for SrTZ4 (x = 39 and y = 4) glass respectively. Notably, among all the fabricated glasses, SrTZ4 emerged as the standout performer, demonstrating superior gamma-radiation protecting abilities along with effective physical properties. Thus, the fabricated SrTZ4 glass with its remarkable radiation shielding properties holds promising applications for the development of radiation protection equipment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Herein, various aspects on the optical, structural, and radiation shielding characteristics of the synthesized glasses doped with Fe2O3 via melt-quenching technique in the system (30-x)BaO–30TiO2–40SiO2–xFe2O3 (0 ≤ x ≤ 6) were studied. To verify the amorphous nature of the prepared glasses, XRD was performed. Physical properties like density (ρ) and oxygen packing density (OPD), revealed their enhanced values within the ranges of 3.5312–4.4135 g/cm3 and 75.7678–96.7366 g-atom/l. However, the molar volume (Vm) of the fabricated glasses was found to be in decreasing order from 30.3559 to 23.7759 cm3/mol respectively. Further insight into the molecular structure was performed via FTIR and Raman spectroscopies which showed the formation of different bonding such as Si–O–Si, Ti–O, and Si–O–Ti along with non-bridging oxygens (NBOs). However, UV–visible spectroscopic results showed the indirect energy band gap ( E g ind ) decreases from 3.922 to 3.502 eV with increasing the content of Fe2O3 while the refractive index (η), and optical dielectric constant (ɛ) were found to be in an increasing range of 2.185–2.274 and 4.774–5.169. Further, to determine the elemental distribution and their corresponding electronic states of a tentative glass sample (BTS6F), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) was carried out. In order to study the radiation shielding properties of all the fabricated glasses, the Phy-X/PSD software across a spectrum of energies from 0.015 to 15 MeV was successfully executed. Among all the glasses, the glass BTS6F demonstrates superior gamma-radiation shielding capabilities along with effective optical properties. Therefore, this glass sample can be used for optoelectronics and radiation shielding applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this research, gamma-ray, fast neutron, and H1/He+2 ion shielding characteristics of xSb2O3—(35 − x)B2O3–60Bi2O3–5TeO2 ( x = 10 , 20 , and 30 in mol%) glass system were analyzed over 15 keV to 15 MeV by using Phy-X/PSD and SRIM software. The shielding properties of the aforementioned glasses were compared with those of two different bismuth–borate–tellurite glasses for the purpose of evaluation. Results indicate that the addition of Sb2O3 generally improves the overall shielding properties of the glass system enhancing the mass attenuation coefficient, linear attenuation coefficient, half-value layer, tenth-value layer, effective atomic number, etc. The obtained values of attenuation coefficients calculated by using Phy-X/PSD and XCOM(NIST) software were compared and a good agreement between them was confirmed at all selected energies. The maximum values of linear attenuation coefficients obtained at the lowest photon energy of 15 keV for samples S1, S2, S3, S4, and S5 were 590.123, 601.463, 610.986, 477.481, and 422.572 cm−1, respectively. The calculated mass stopping power and projected range values obtained through the utilization of SRIM software demonstrated superior shielding capability for H1/He+2 ions in the sample with the highest Sb2O3 content. A similar trend was observed in the fast neutron removal cross section values. Our findings strongly suggest that all of the chosen samples, especially S3 (for x = 30 ), have superior radiation shielding characteristics, and thus can be used as an alternative material to replace the conventional material: lead for radiation shielding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gamma radiation, neutron, electron and charged ions interaction properties of ten nitrogen-based explosive compounds were theoretically evaluated. Different computer programs were deployed in the computation. Results showed that interaction properties of all investigated explosive samples were majorly dependent on density, mean excitation potential and chemical composition of the sample. Among all investigated explosives, higher gamma ray interaction was observed in E7 (Nitrocellulose) and E3 (HMTD) explosives. Range of charged ions increased with decrease in density of samples but increased with projectile energies of charged ions. E1 (Ammonium nitrate) gave the maximum stopping power at the highest electron energy and minimum range at highest electron energy. The E1 (Ammonium nitrate) also displayed the highest value of FNRCS (0.121 cm−1), while E8 (Nitroglycerin) gave the lowest value of FNRCS (0.044 cm−1). These interaction properties are veritable parameters of consideration in characterization and detection of these explosives. The average relative deviations between Phy-X/PSD and Gamma rays attenuation shielding parameters (GRASP) computer programs in the measurement of MAC is 0.0501%. The mean relative deviation between Auto-Zeff and GRASP programs is 0.3390%. This implies that the newly developed GRASP can be deployed for the computation of gamma rays' interaction parameters with reasonable accuracy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The melt quenching technique was utilized to prepare a novel mixed alkali bioglass composition, denoted as 30B2O3–20SiO2–xNa2O–(20–x)Li2O–20CaO–10ZnO, where x = 0,5,10,and 20 and samples codes were BSCZ0, BSCZ5, BSCZ10, BSCZ15 and BSCZ20. The sample code of present samples indicate as BSCZ0 to The glass properties were evaluated using density, FTIR, and radiation shielding capacity, and the simulated body fluid (SBF) solution was prepared according to Kokubo's method. The bio-activeness of the prepared glasses was confirmed by XRD and FTIR spectra, which exhibited crystalline peaks at various reflections due to the formation of calcite and hydroxyapatite layers on the glass surface. The FTIR spectra revealed the formation of hydroxyapatite layers after fourteen days of SBF treatment, as evidenced by the strong intensive peaks around 1020 cm−1. The experimental density values vary between 3.1926 g/cc to 3.1605 g/cc. The glass density decreased with increasing Na2O content due to the decreasing number density correlated to the alkali content. To predict the glass density, an artificial intelligence density model was applied to the present glasses, which utilized 10,000 oxide glass samples. Among the different regression models tested, random forest regression produced the best R2 value (0.917), followed by artificial neural network and polynomial regression. In the case of RFR the predicted density values varies from 3.1626 g/cc to 3.1305 g/cc which were closer values to the experimental density values. The radiation shielding properties of present glasses studied by Phy-X/PSD program and simulated by FLUKA code in the photon energy range of 0.015–15 MeV. Results show that there is a good agreement between the obtained results. BSCZ0, which was free of Na2O, exhibited the highest values of mass (µm) and linear (µ) attenuation coefficients compared to all other glasses, and the effective atomic number (Zeff) achieved the same trend as µm and µ. Sample BSCZ0 also exhibited the lowest values of half value layer (HVL) parameter at all incident photon energies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Moduli of elasticity and the ability of gamma radiation shielding as well as transmission factor (TF) of four samples of tungsten bario-phosphate glasses with chemical formula xBaO-40WO3-(60-x)P2O5: (x = 10, 20, 30, and 40 mol% glasses) have been examined. The glass samples have been coded as S1: 10BaO-40WO3-50P2O5, S2: 20BaO-40WO3-40P2O5, S3: 30BaO-40WO3-30P2O5, and S4: 40BaO-40WO3-20P2O5. Makishima-Mackenzie model, the newly online Phy-X/PSD software, and Monte Carlo code were applied to achieve the mentioned purposes. The total dissociation energy (Gt) values were decreased from 62.58 (kJ/cm3) for S1 glasses to 55.92 (kJ/cm3) for S4 glasses. The total packing density (Vt) was 0.613, 0.626, 0.612, and 0.643, for S1, S2, S3, and S4, respectively. Values of Young's (EMM) modulus were 76.759 GPa, 75.631 GPa, 71.167 GPa, and 71.966 GPa and Poisson's ratio (σMM) possessed the values 0.273 GPa, 0.278 GPa, 0.273 GPa, and 0.284 GPa for S1, S2, S3, and S4, respectively. The S4 sample possessed the highest values of both linear (µ) and mass (µm) attenuation coefficients. However, (µ, µm)S1 < (µ, µm)S2 < (µ, µm)S3 < (µ, µm)S4. Also, The S4 sample possessed the lowest values of half value layer (HVL), tenth (TVL) value layers, and mean free path (MFP) among all studied glasses. Therefore, (HVL, TVL, MFP)S4 < (HVL, TVL, MFP)S3 < (HVL, TVL, MFP)S2 < (HVL, TVL, MFP)S1. Both effective atomic number (Zeff) and electron density (Neff) of the investigated glasses have as similar trend. In terms of transmission factor (TF), the sample S4 achieved the minimum values at a thickness of 3 cm. However, the S4 sample exhibited superior radiation shielding characteristics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Investigations have been made on the mechanical and gamma-ray attenuation properties of the zinc bismuth-borate ternary glass system with the chemical formula (70-x)Bi2O3–xB2O3–30ZnO, where x = 20 (S1), 25 (S2), 30 (S3), 40 (S4), 45 (S5), and 50 (S6) mol%. Makishima-Mackenzie model and Phy-X/PSD software were used to accomplish this goal. Our research showed that the packing density (Vt) and dissociation energy (Gt) values reduced from S1 glass sample (with B2O3 = 20 mol% and Bi2O3 = 50 mol%) to S6 glass sample (with B2O3 = 50 mol% and Bi2O3 = 20 mol%), respectively, from 0.522 to 0.352 and from 31.53 kJ/cm3 to 26.97 kJ/cm3. By increasing the amount of B2O3 in the glasses, the efficiency of their mechanical features was reduced. The S1 glass sample's linear (µ) and mass attenuation (µm) coefficients had the highest values among the glass materials examined, i.e., (µ, µm)S6 < (µ, µm)S5 < (µ, µm)S4 < (µ, µm)S3 < (µ, µm)S2 < (µ, µm)S1. The S1 glass sample exhibits the lowest values for half value layer (T0.5) and mean free path (λ) of all the examined glasses. Consequently, (T0.5, λ)S6 > (T0.5, λ)S5 > (T0.5, λ)S4 > (T0.5, λ)S3 > (T0.5, λ)S2 > (T0.5, λ)S1. The analyzed glasses' effective atomic numbers (Zeff) follow the same trend for mass and linear attenuation coefficients. Our results show that the values of exposure (EBF) and energy absorption (EABF) accumulation factors decreased with increasing Bi2O3 and lowering B2O3 reinforcement for all mean free path values (i.e., from 0.5 to 40 mfp). Results show that of all the glasses under study, the S1 glass sample has the best gamma-ray shielding properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The role of dysprosium oxide (Dy2O3)-doped PbO–B2O3–SiO2 glasses on gamma and neutron radiation shielding properties was investigated and evaluated in terms of potential use in radiation protection. The glass composition was arranged according to the formula (55–x)B2O3–25PbO–20SiO2–xDy2O3 (0 ≤ x ≤ 5) (mol%). The Monte Carlo simulation (MCNPX) code was utilised to simulate the mass attenuation coefficient (MAC) of the glasses. When photon energies were in the range of 0.015–15 MeV, the resulting simulated mass attenuation (µm) values were evaluated with conventional Phy-X/PSD database findings. The Phy-X/PSD collected data and the predicted µm findings were in good agreement. The half-value layer (HVL), effective atomic number (Zeff), exposure and energy absorption build-up factors (EBF and EABF) of the glass samples were evaluated. 5 mol% Dy2O3-doped sample has significant γ-ray shielding efficacy in the complete energy range due to lower values of HVL, higher values of MAC and effective atomic number. The build-up factors follow a similar pattern with incident photon energy and penetration depth, growing on a steeply increasing trend up to a maximum at 0.5–1.5 MeV energy, then gradually reducing as photon energy increases up to 15 MeV. The build-up factors show the same routine with penetration depth and incident photon energy. They tend to steeply rise to a peak level at 0.5–1.5 MeV energy, then gradually decrease as the photon energy increases to 15 MeV. Also, the neutron shielding ability was detected and the effective removal cross-section Σ R (cm−1) was estimated theoretically. Due to the greatest value of effective removal cross-section, 5 mol% Dy2O3-doped glass exhibits stronger neutron shielding characteristics than the other glass samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A novel boro-bariofluoride/sodium/calcium/nickel glasses with chemical compositions (40-x)B2O3·30BaF2·15CaO·15Na2O·xNiO, where x = 0.0 (Ni0.0)–1.5 (Ni1.5) in steps of 0.3 mol% were prepared using the conventional melt quenching technique. Physical and optical features as well as ionizing radiation resistance capacities of the synthesized glass have been examined using various characterization techniques. Radiation shielding abilities have been examined via Phy-X/PSD software. Amorphous state of the Ni-glasses was confirmed by XRD data. Addition of NiO increased the density of glasses from 3.53 to 3.80 g/cm3. The direct optical band gap ( E Direct Optical ) was reduced from 3.58 to 3.33 eV, while the indirect ( E Indirect Optical ) one was reduced from 3.08 to 2.84 eV. Urbach's edge (EU) was enhanced from 0.4197 to 0.5009 eV as NiO content increased from 0.0 to 1.5 mol%. At a certain wavelength λ = 500 nm, the values of refractive index (n) increased from 1.84 to 2.56. In the photon energy range (0.15–15 MeV), the mass attenuation coefficient (MAC) results had the following trend: (MAC)Ni0.0 < (MAC)Ni0.3 < (MAC)Ni0.6 < (MAC)Ni0.9 < (MAC)Ni1.2 < (MAC)Ni1.5. The linear attenuation coefficient (LAC) showed a similar trend of the MAC. In the same photon energy range, the half value layer (HVL) of Ni-glasses was reduced as NiO level increased, i.e. (HVL)Ni0.0 > (HVL)Ni0.3 > (HVL)Ni0.6 > (HVL)Ni0.9 > (HVL)Ni1.2 > (HVL)Ni1.5. The effective atomic number (Zeff) of the prepared Ni-glasses has the same trend of MAC and LAC shielding parameters. The Ni-glasses can be applied in optical areas and considered as superior light glasses for radiation shielding applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Herein, this study primarily investigates the structural, physical, optical properties, and radiation shielding capabilities of the fabricated glass samples. The bulk (pellet) glass samples with compositions (30-x)BaO-30TiO2-40SiO2-xZrO2 (0 ≤ x ≤ 6), were fabricated using a traditional melt-quenching technique. Further, XRD was performed to validate the amorphous state of the prepared glasses. Density of all the glass samples was calculated using mass-volume formula and observed to be in the range of 3.613–3.821 g/cm3. Additionally, to examine the optical behavior, UV-visible spectroscopy was performed. Indirect band gap energies were estimated from the Tauc’s plots, and found to be 4.191, 4.093, 4.042, and 3.841 eV for glasses BTSZ0, BTSZ2, BTSZ4, and BTSZ6 respectively. Moreover, refractive index and optical dielectric constant were found to be increased such as 2.134–2.201 and 4.554–4.846 with increasing content of ZrO2. Furthermore, radiation shielding behaviour was studied using “Phy-X/PSD” software within the energy range of 0.015-15 MeV. At 0.02 MeV, BTSZ6 (24BaO-30TiO2-40SiO2-6ZrO2) glass exhibited the maximum values for MAC, LAC, HVL, and TVL are 18.078 cm2/g, 69.072 cm− 1, 0.01 cm, and 0.033 cm respectively. The BTSZ6 glass, with 6% ZrO2, demonstrated superior gamma radiation protection and excellent optical and physical properties, making it highly suitable for optoelectronic, photonics, and radiation safety applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Potassium lead borate glasses doped with MnO (40B2O3 + 40PbO + (20-x)K2O + xMnO: x = 0–5 mol%) have been prepared via standard melting quenching process. The impact of MnO on the structure, optical, magnetic and gamma-ray protection properties of pottisium lead borate glasses have been examined. The density was increased from 4.83to 5.23 g/cm3 as MnO content increased while the molar volume of prepared glass sample was decreased from 28.112 to 25.755 cm3/mol. The obtained direct optical gap (Eg) values were 2.84, 2.59, 2.41, 2.19, 1.95, and 1.84 eV for the Mn-x (x = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5) glass samples, respectively. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) spectra demonstrated that as the MnO concentration increases in the glass network the intensity and width of the IR bands were increased. The magnetic measurement revealed that the magnetic saturation (Ms) was decreased while the magnetic coercivity (Hc) was increased with increasing MnO substitution ratio. The linear attenuation coefficient of the μ M n - g l a s s follows the order: µMn-0 < µMn-1 < µMn-2 < µMn-3 < µMn-4 < µMn-5. Half value layer (HVL) rises as µ decreases and vice versa. The range of the HVL is 0.002–3.378, 0.002–3.334, 0.002–3.291, 0.002–3.248, 0.002–3.176, and 0.002–3.106 cm for Mn-x (x = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, and5). The trend of effective atomic number (Zeff) variation is related to that of both linear and mass attenuation coefficients (µ and µm). The produced Mn-glasses can be employed in a variety of optical, magnetic and radiation protective applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Effects of TiO2 addition on the spectroscopic and nuclear shielding properties of lithium fluoride zinc titanate borosilicate glasses with the form 59B2O3-29SiO2-2LiF-(10 − x)ZnO-xTiO2x = 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10 mol % labelled as G1-G6, respectively were investigated. The amorphous state of this system was experimentally evaluated using X-ray diffraction. The spectroscopic properties of the recent glasses positively correlated to the increase in TiO2 content. Molar Refractivity (Rm), molar Polarizability (∝m),reflection loss (RL), metallization criterion (M), electron Polarizability (α°), ionic concentration (Ni), titanium-titanium separation (dTi – Ti), inter ionic distance (Ri), inter-nuclear distance (ri), and polaron radius (rp)of the synthesized glasses were determined. Our results show that both the band gap and refractive index increased with TiO2 content while Urbach energy decreased. The nuclear radiation shielding properties of these glasses were explored by utilizing Phy-X/PSD simulations. The lower value of the (MFP) sample contains higher TiO2 content, so good glasses for γ radiation attenuation are accessible. Fast cross section neutron removal of these glasses enhanced as the concentration of TiO2 increased. Gamma-ray shielding properties of these glasses were compared with different conventional shielding materials and commercial glasses. Therefore, the investigated glasses have potential uses in gamma shielding applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to investigate a specific strontium borosilicate with the form 30SiO2– 40B2O3– 30SrO– xEu2O3 (x = 0.1, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, and 0.6 mol%) glasses encoded as (GE0.1-GE-0.6) in terms of their nonlinear/linear optical, mechanical characteristics as well as gamma photons attenuation capacity. The molar refractivity (Rmolar) was possessed the values 19.409, 19.440, 19.256, 19.575, and 19.819 (cm3/mol), while the molar polarizability (αmolar) was possessed the values 7.702, 7.714, 7.641, 7.768, and 7.863, (cm3) for GE0.1, GE.0.3, GE0.4, GE0.5, and GE0.6 glasses, respectively. Values of the optical susceptibility (χ3) were 4.000 × 10−12, 4.534 × 10−12, 4.640 × 10−12, 4.749 × 10−12, and 5.095 × 10−12 (esu), and values of nonlinear refractive index ( n 2 optical ) were 6.196 × 10−11, 6.931 × 10−11, 7.075 × 10−11, 7.224 × 10−11, and 7.695 × 10−11 for GE0.1, GE.0.3, GE0.4, GE0.5, and GE0.6 glasses, respectively. The mass attenuation coefficient (µm) values were obeyed the trend: (µm)GE0.6 > (µm) GE0.5 > (µm)GE0.4 > (µm) GE0.3 > (µm) GE0.1. The half value layer (T1/2) values of 0.192 cm, 0.178 cm, 0.171 cm, 0.167 cm, and 0.164 cm were recorded for GE0.1, GE0.3, GE0.4, GE0.5, and GE0.6 samples at 0.06 MeV photon energy, respectively. The findings indicated that GE0.6 had the lowest values of mean free path (λ) and the highest effective atomic numbers (Zeff) at the photon energies investigated. The GE0.1 sample was reported the maximum exposure and energy absorption buildup factors (EBF and EABF) values, while the minimum values were reported for the GE0.6 sample. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present work explores the glass system of (50 + x)PbO–5BaO–5WO3–10Na2O–(30−x)B2O3 (x: 0, 5, 10, 15, and 20 mol%) for radiation shielding applications. For this purpose, five distinct glass systems (PbBaW50–PbBaW70) have been fabricated via conventional melting technique. The fabricated glass series was then investigated in terms of physical, mechanical, and photon shielding properties. According to the physical determinations, the glass density increases from 5.22881 to 6.50914 g.cm−3 as the PbO ascends from 50 to 70 mol%. On the other hand, the change of the PbO concentration in the respective samples affects the mechanical properties (Makishima and Mackenzie model) due to the change in composition and density of the samples. That is, the values of Young's, Bulk, Shear, and Longitudinal moduli are nearly the same with the slight decreasing trend for all the moduli, respectively, as the PbO increases. Further, the Poisson's ratio decreases from 0.179 to 0.171 while the value of fractural bond connectivity ranges from 3.516 to 3.624, and the hardness increases from 2.195 to 2.252 GPa with the increase in PbO concentration. For radiation shielding features, the Phy-X/PSD computations revealed that linear attenuation coefficient (LAC)@0.3029 MeV were equal to 1.627, 1.770, 1.921, 2.062, and 2.223 cm−1 for PbBaW50 to PbBaW70 samples, respectively. By considering LAC determinations, other significant parameters such as mass attenuation coefficient, half-value layer, tenth-value layer, mean free path, and effective atomic number were evaluated. As a result of these findings, one can report that the increasing doping rate of PbO leads to achieving more-performanced radiation shielding materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Kinetic, mechanical properties of xPbO-(10-x)Er2O3-90Bi2O3: x = 3 (BEP-3), 5 (BEP-5), 7 (BEP-7), 9 (BEP-9), and 10 (BEP-10) mol% glass system were investigated experimentally utilizing the pulse-echo technique and theoretically via bond compression and Makishima and Mackenzie models. Radiation shielding capacity of the investigated BEP-glasses was also evaluated via Phy-X/PSD code. The longitudinal and shear ultrasonic wave velocities were increased with the increase in PbO content in BEP-glasses. Values of the elastic moduli, longitudinal modulus, shear modulus, bulk modulus, and microhardness, for BEP-glasses were enhanced when the PbO content increased from 3 to 10 mol % content. There was good agreement between the obtained values of experimental and theoretical values of elastic moduli. The maximum mass attenuation coefficient value of 10368.30, 10381.78, 10395.25, 10408.93, and 10415.417 cm2/g was obtained at the least energy of 15 keV while corresponding least value of 4.102, 4.108, 4.114, 4.120, and 4.124 was obtained at E value of 4 MeV for BEP-3, BEP-5, BEP-7, BEP-9, and BEP-10, respectively. The half value layer of the BEP-glasses was lower than those of ordinary concrete and RS-360. The fast neutron removal cross section values varied from 0.0733 to 0.0903 cm-1 for BEP-3 – BEP-10. The total stopping power (TSP) follows the trend (TSP)BEP-3 < (TSP)BEP-5 < (TSP)BEP-10 < (TSP)BEP-9 < (TSP)BEP-7. Generally, one can conclude that the optimum PbO concentration for gamma-ray shielding is BEP-9 glasses, while for electron absorption is BEP-7 glasses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Transparent alumino lithium borate glass ceramics with the form of 60B2O3–20Al2O3–(20-x)Li2O–xCuO: x = 0, 0.4, 0.8, 1.2, 1.6, 2, and 2.4 mol% (BLiAlCu0.0–BLiAlCu2.4) have been synthesized via the conventional quenching process. Physical properties and infrared spectra were investigated to explain the change in the structure of the prepared glass ceramics. The suitability of such glass ceramics as gamma radiation-shielding materials was also evaluated via Phy-X/PSD program. The density of the BLiAlCu samples increases from 2.2393 to 2.3432 (g/cm3), while the molar volume decreases from 30.4287 to 29.5880 (cm3/mol) with the increase of CuO from 0.0 to 2.4 mol% in samples. XRD spectra approve the crystalline nature of the prepared samples. FTIR shows presence of characteristic vibrational groups of borate partner. The MAC of the prepared BLiAlCu0.0–BLiAlCu2.4 glass ceramics samples follows the trend of (BLiAlCu2.4)MAC > (BLiAlCu2.0)MAC > (BLiAlCu1.6)MAC > (BLiAlCu1.2)MAC > (BLiAlCu0.8)MAC > (BLiAlCu0.4)MAC > (BLiAlCu0.0)MAC. The HVL and MFP were seen to follow the trend of (BLiAlCu2.4)HVL,MFP < (BLiAlCu2.0)HVL,MFP < (BLiAlCu1.6)HVL,MFP < (BLiAlCu1.2)HVL,MFP < (BLiAlCu0.8)HVL,MFP < (BLiAlCu0.4)HVL,MFP < (BLiAlCu0.0)HVL,MFP. The BLiAlCu2.4 glass ceramic sample introduced high MAC and high Zeff besides having less HVL and MFP among all BLiAlCu samples. Therefore, BLiAlCu2.4 is a candidate for shielding the gamma ray ionizing radiation when compared with the other prepared samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Studies of bioactive glasses give an advanced roadbook to realize radiation applications in nuclear medicine and other medical applications. This paper aims to investigate the gamma ray interaction parameters of the PbCl2–SnCl2–P2O5 glass system. The mass attenuation coefficients (μm) of the selected bioactive glasses have been obtained using XCOM and dosimetry Phy-X/PSD programs in the photon energy range 10–150 keV and also correlated with those simulated through MCNP5 code. The other parameters, such as the effective atomic number (Zeff), electron density (Ne), and mean free path (MFP), tenth-value layer (TVL), and half-value layer (HVL) values have also been computed. Among all the selected bioactive glasses, the S4 bioactive glass has the lowest MFP, HVL, and TVL, showing that it is highly effective in absorbing gamma rays. The values of MFP of all samples (S1–S8) are also compared to the RS 253G18 and RS 360 commercial glasses at energy 150 keV. The fast neutron removal cross-sections have been obtained to study the fast neutron absorption behavior with the selected bioactive glasses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current paper studied the (95-y)P2O5–yBi2O3–5Nb2O5 glass systems where y = 10, 12.5, 15, and 17.5 mol% using EPICS2017 data library to understand the radiation shielding characteristics. The investigated glass systems, PNbBi1 to PNbBi4, were evaluated in terms of linear attenuation coefficient (LAC), mass attenuation coefficient (MAC), half-value layer (HVL), tenth-value layer (TVL), mean free path (MFP), and effective atomic numbers (Zeff) at the energy levels of 20, 40, 60, 80, and 100 keV. According to the theoretical computations, Bi2O3 ensured to improve LAC parameter in all photon energies; hence, PNbBi4 can be regarded as the best. Further, we reported that a nearly 14% increase in glass density leads to improve MAC parameters against ascending photon energies. PNbBi4 can be regarded as the lowest thickness ensuring sample at all photon energies amongst the other samples with respect to HVL and TVL parameters. Moreover, inserting Bi2O3 provided lower MFP thicknesses which in turn develops better radiation shielding characteristics. We found out that Zeff shows an increasing trend as the Bi2O3 increases, but displays a decreasing trend as the photon energy increases. Additionally, a comparison of shielding properties using the EpiXS and Phy-X/PSD has been evaluated. It was figured out that there is a good agreement observed between the results of each library. The results in most energies were found to be in good agreement with low (< 1%) relative differences. Overall, the authors concluded that the Bi2O3-reinforced PNb series can be utilized in X-ray shielding applications with satisfactory performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work presents a study on the characteristics of the radiation attenuating behavior of oxy-fluoro borotellurite glasses with general formula TeO2–B2O3–LiF–BaO–Bi2O3. The mass attenuation coefficient (MAC) decreases pointedly as the energy goes up from 15 keV–0.15 MeV. The MAC for the tested samples lies within the range 40.032–50.170 cm2/g at 15 keV. We examined the effective atomic number (Zeff), and the results revealed that initially Zeff reaches the maximum values up to around 0.1 MeV and then Zeff decreases and reaches the minimum values between around 1 and 4 MeV. The Zeff lies within the range of 56.11–57.85 (at 15 keV). The Zeff of the tested samples increases with the increasing content of TeO2. The half value layer (HVL) was evaluated, and the effect of TeO2 and the energy on this parameter was discussed. The minimum HVL was reported at 15 keV and varied between 0.00463–0.00226 cm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]