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Ligustrum robustum (Rxob.) Blume was utilized as an natural additive to protect oil quality during the high temperature processing. L. robustum exhibited the remarkable capability to inhibit peroxide value, acid value, viscosity and color deterioration of oil. Meanwhile, L. robustum inhibited the decomposition of unsaturated fatty acids and the formation of trans fatty acids to protect the nutritional value of the oil. In addition, L. robustum increased the initial oxidation temperature of oil and raised its initial decomposition temperature. With high content of total phenols (126.9 g gallic acid equivalent /kg extract) and flavonoids (135.6 g rutin equivalent /kg extract), L. robustum showed the remarkable antioxidant and reducing capacities and was effective in scavenging free radicals and inhibiting lipid peroxidation. Furthermore, Ligurobustoside B was identified as the phenolic component in L. robustum sample with the high amount. All present results suggest that L. robustum has potential to be utilized as the natural additive for protecting oil quality during the high temperature processing. Chemical compounds studied in this article Ligurobustoside B (PubChem CID: 102,316,894). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Stone-fruit liqueurs contain high contents of the carcinogen ethyl carbamate (EC). In this study, we investigated the effect of plum fruit extract and single antioxidants present in plum fruit extracts on the reduction in the EC content during the macerating process in a plum liqueur model system and authentic plum liqueur. 30% ethanol model plum liqueur treated with 0.2% plum extract showed the lowest EC content with 55% reduction rate after the macerating process compared to the content in the control. Interestingly, neither 0.1% ascorbic acid nor 0.1% p-coumaric acid lowered the EC contents in the model liqueur, while they decreased the EC contents in authentic plum liqueur. This was possibly attributed to the synergistic effect of the plum fruit phenolics with the ascorbic acid and p-coumaric acid antioxidants. Thus, plum extracts can be applied to plum liqueurs to reduce the rate of EC formation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The optimal conditions for polyphenol extraction from potato peel using conventional solvent extraction (CSE) and ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) methods were predicted to estimate the highest amounts of polyphenols by exploiting a response surface methodology (RSM). The effects of several independent variables, including extraction time, type, and concentration of solvents, on responses (yield, phenolic, flavonoid, and antioxidant activity) were investigated. In the next stage, the potato peel extract (PPE) was incorporated into the low-density polyethylene (LDPE) using plasma treatment to produce an active polymeric film containing natural antioxidants. Polynomial models were significantly fitted to the experimental data based on the Design-Expert software. The highest amounts of responses including yield (9.54%), total phenolic content (TPC) (969.22 mg GAE/100 g dried weight (DW)), total flavonoid content (TFC) (266.53 mg QE/100 g DW), and DPPH (92.36%) in the UAE method, and yield (8.88%), TPC (701.73 mg GAE/100 g DW), TFC (167.4 mg QE/100 g DW), and DPPH (72.28%) in the CSE method were achieved under optimal conditions. Overall, a good agreement between predicted and experimental values was observed under optimal conditions. Besides, the ATR-FTIR results showed the proper attachment of polyphenol compounds on the LDPE using plasma treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigated the effects of microencapsulating Myrtus communis fruit extracts within intact and plasmolysed Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeast cells on the phenolic compounds and antioxidant capacity of the extracts. Spectroscopic techniques were employed to quantify polyphenols, flavonoids, and tannins, while UPLC-ESI-MS-MS analysis was utilized to identify and quantify phenolic compounds before and after microencapsulation. Molecular docking was conducted to assess the interaction between yeast cell components and the major identified compounds. Microencapsulation was found to result in a diminished content of polyphenols, flavonoids, and tannins. Phenolic compounds showed higher polyphenol content when encapsulated in plasmolysed cells compared to non-plasmolysed yeast cell. Three major compounds were detected in the microcapsules: myricetin, chlorogenic acid, and coumaric acid, with myricetin exhibiting the highest level of interaction with target proteins. FTIR analysis revealed the interaction between phenolic compounds and yeast cell components, while SEM showed aggregation of microcapsules within plasmolysed microcapsules. Encapsulation of myrtle extract in yeast cells preserved cell wall integrity and microcapsule morphology, with superior thermal stability of encapsulated extracts compared to their non-encapsulated counterparts as demonstrated by TGA–DSC analysis. An enhancement in antioxidant activity after encapsulation was also observed, with the highest activity in plasmolysed yeast cell microcapsules. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Probiotics are defined as “live microorganisms that provide health benefits to the host when administered in adequate amounts.” Probiotics have beneficial effects on human health, including antibacterial activity against intestinal pathogens, regulation of blood cholesterol levels, reduction of colitis and inflammation incidence, regulation of the immune system, and prevention of colon cancer. In addition to probiotic bacteria, some phenolic compounds found in foods we consume (both food and beverages) have positive effects on human health. p-coumaric acid (p-CA) is one of the most abundant phenolic compounds in nature and human diet. The interactions between these two different food components (phenolics and probiotics), resulting in more beneficial combinations called synbiotics, are not well understood in terms of how they will affect the gut microbiota by promoting the probiotic properties and growth of probiotic bacteria. Thus, this study aimed to investigate synbiotic relationship between p-CA and Lactobacillus acidophilus LA-5 (LA-5), Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus GG (LGG). Probiotic bacteria were grown in the presence of p-CA at different concentrations, and the effects of p-CA on probiotic properties, as well as its in vitro effects on AChE and BChE activities, were investigated. Additionally, Surface analysis was conducted using FTIR. The results showed that treatment with p-CA at different concentrations did not exhibit any inhibitory effect on the growth kinetics of LA-5 and LGG probiotic bacteria. Additionally, both probiotic bacteria demonstrated high levels of antibacterial properties. It showed that it increased the auto-aggregation of both probiotics. While p-CA increased co-aggregation of LA-5 and LGG against Escherichia coli, it decreased co-aggregation against Staphylococcus aureus. Probiotics grown with p-CA were more resistant to pepsin. While p-CA increased the resistance of LA-5 to bile salt, it decreased the resistance of LGG. The combinations of bacteria and p-CA efficiently suppressed AChE and BChE with inhibition (%) 11.04–68.43 and 13.20-65.72, respectively. Furthermore, surface analysis was conducted using FTIR to investigate the interaction of p-coumaric acid with LA-5 and LGG, and changes in cell components on the bacterial surface were analyzed. The results, recorded in range of 4000 –600 cm-1 with resolution of 4 cm-1, demonstrated that p-CA significantly affected only the phosphate/CH ratio for both bacteria. These results indicate the addition of p-CA to the probiotic growth may enhance the probiotic properties of bacteria. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the industrial potential of Dendranthema zawadskii (DZ) by fractionating it to enhance material efficiency and economic feasibility. Evaluating functional substances and biological activities, we found that the butanol (Bu) and ethyl acetate (EtOAc) fractions exhibited significantly higher linarin contents, 77.360 mg/g and 70.603 mg/g, respectively—approximately 3.4 times greater than the methanol extract. In the EtOAc fraction, luteolin content (52.135 mg/g) and 3,5-DCQA content (184.704 mg/g) were 6.4 and 9.7 times higher than in the methanol extract, respectively. Cell viability for HaCaT cells (≤ 200 μg/mL) and B16F10 cells (≤ 25 μg/mL) was consistently 80% or higher, indicating negligible toxicity, except for hexane (He) and chloroform (Ch) fractions. The EtOAc fraction demonstrated the highest total polyphenol content (370.50 mg/g) and total flavonoid content (947.47 mg/g), significantly surpassing other fractions. Importantly, at 25 μg/mL, the EtOAc fraction exhibited antioxidant activity (92.47%), comparable to the control, while He and Bu fractions showed high antioxidant activity (> 90%) at 100 μg/mL. Furthermore, the EtOAc fraction displayed the highest tyrosinase inhibitory activity (33.33%) and reduced melanin formation by 37.12% compared to the α-MSH treatment group. Antibacterial activities of 100 mg/mL He, Ch, and EtOAc fractions against Staphylococcus aureus exceeded the positive control, and their activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa surpassed the positive control for all fractions. The Ch fraction demonstrated superior activity against Candida albicans. In conclusion, the EtOAc fraction of DZ emerges as a promising industrial material, offering safety, high functionality, and remarkable polyphenol and flavonoid contents, making it versatile for applications in cosmetics, functional foods, and pharmaceuticals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To assess the potential of Korean wild Chrysanthemum flowers as cosmetic ingredients, this study evaluated the antioxidant, antimicrobial, and skin-whitening activities of extracts from Chrysanthemum zawadskii var. latilobum, C. zawadskii var. lucidum, C. zawadskii var. yezoense, and C. makinoi. Subsequently, HPLC analyses were conducted to characterize the phenolic compound contents of these extracts. The Korean wild Chrysanthemum flowers exhibited strong antioxidant properties, as evidenced by in vitro radical scavenging activity assays. They also exhibited skin-whitening activity by inhibiting melanin contents in α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone-induced B16F10 cells. Notably, C. zawadskii var. lucidum displayed higher antioxidant activity due to its elevated flavonoid content and potent radical scavenging activity compared to other wild Chrysanthemum flowers. Furthermore, C. makinoi exhibited strong in vitro tyrosinase inhibitory activity and reduced melanin contents in comparison to the other wild Chrysanthemum flowers. Our findings also confirmed the antimicrobial activity of the wild Chrysanthemum flower extracts against Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Candida albicans. Additionally, our HPLC analyses revealed that C. zawadskii var. lucidum had significantly higher contents of chlorogenic acid, linarin, 3,5-di-O-caffeoylquinic acid, and 4,5-di-O-caffeoylquinic acid. Therefore, Korean wild Chrysanthemum flowers hold promise as functional cosmetic ingredients due to their antioxidant, antimicrobial, and skin-whitening effects, as well as their elevated levels of phenolic compounds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Glehnia littoralis, a medicinal herb employed in traditional practices for alleviating fatigue, cough, and a dry throat, is recognized for its beneficial properties due to a diverse array of active compounds found in its extracts. For example, the G. littoralis roots (Radix Glehniae) mainly contain coumarins and phenolic acids, serving as the primary focus of this study. Despite the widespread use of the tools in various industries and the development of multiple analytical methods for their examination, the edible aerial parts have industrial potential, and there is currently no analytical method available to identify their key components. In this study, a high-performance liquid chromatography method combined with diode array detection (HPLC–DAD) was developed to simultaneously detect 16 phenolic compounds previously reported to be present in the edible aerial parts of G. littoralis. The proposed approach included using gradient elution to change the solvent system from water/acetonitrile to water/methanol. Furthermore, the method validation was conducted, assessing its linearity, limit of detection, limit of quantification, precision, accuracy, and recovery, all of which demonstrated satisfactory results. Subsequently, the developed method was applied to quantify the phenolic compounds in various G. littoralis samples obtained from different organs, solvent extraction processes, and processing methods. Moreover, the online HPLC-ABTS (2,2ʹ-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) assay was used to evaluate the antioxidant capacities of individual constituents, identifying four important antioxidants and estimate the overall antioxidant capacity of the G. littoralis extract. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main physiological and biochemical characteristics and elemental composition of three lichen species of the genus Hypogymnia (Nyl.) Nyl. in one habitat were studied using spectroscopic methods. The model species were placed in the following order of decreasing degree of anthropotolerance: H. physodes (L.) Nyl. → H. tubulosa (Schaer.) Hav. → H. vittata (Ach.) Parrique. The contents of chlorophylls a and b, phenolic compounds, pheophytinization quotient, and antiradical activity were determined by a spectrophotometric method. The antioxidant activity was determined by an amperometric method. The physiological and biochemical parameters for each of the three species corresponded to those for background ecotopes. These parameters and the integrity of the system of correlations between the parameters were lower in species with a low degree of anthropotolerance. Twenty-three elements were found in thalli of the model species using atomic emission spectroscopy with inductively coupled plasma. They included macro- and microelements, heavy metals, and metalloids. The maximum concentrations of most elements were found in H. vittata; the minimum concentrations, in H. physodes. An analysis of the interaction between the physiological and biochemical characteristics and the contents of the elements indicated the presence of a complex system of correlations in each species. Differences in this system of correlations may have been due to the specific composition of secondary metabolites, which determine the features of adaptive reactions. The use of various optical spectroscopy methods enabled an evaluation of not only the functional specificity of the studied species but also its connection to their anthropotolerance level. Low resistance to anthropogenic influences was combined with lower coordination of physiological and biochemical characteristics and low integrity of the system of correlations. The most vulnerable species H. vittata had the minimal values of the main functional parameters, a poorer correlation of them with the elemental composition, and higher concentrations of some toxic elements. The use of a complex analysis of the physiological and biochemical characteristics and elemental compositions using various spectral methods was crucial for the bioindication and ecological physiology of lichens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ripening and growing location are important factors that can impact fruit quality characteristics. In this study, the influence of these factors on physicochemical characteristics, carbohydrates, aliphatic organic acids, phenolic compounds, and antioxidant capacity of red guava (Psidium cattleianum Sabine) was evaluated. Fruit ripening increased fructose and glucose (up to 22.83 and 16.42 g 100 g− 1 dry matter (DM), respectively), and decreased citric acid, the major organic acid (up to 135.35 mg g− 1 DM). Ripening and growing location also influenced the concentration of phenolic compounds and antioxidant capacity of red guava, in which a dependency between both factors was observed in most cases. Apigenin, galangin, isoquercitrin, among other phenolic compounds were quantified for the first time in red guava, in which isoquercitrin was the major (up to 13409.81 mg kg− 1 DM). The antioxidant potential of red guava was also confirmed by ferric reducing antioxidant power assay (up to 82.63 µmol Fe+ 2 g− 1 DM), Folin-Ciocalteu reducing capacity assay (up to 17.79 mg gallic acid equivalent g− 1 DM), and DPPH free radical scavenging assay (up to 25.36 mg ascorbic acid equivalent g− 1 DM). These results especially demonstrated the bioactive potential of red guava and provided knowledge regarding the influence of ripening and growing location on chemical and bioactive components encouraging its industrial exploitation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Muntingia calabura is a neotropical tree. It is a reforestation tree that grows quickly. It has been neglected as a forest tree for a variety of reasons. However, M. calabura may be a viable alternative food and bioenergy source due to its ability to grow in hard conditions and, the fruit is nutritious. The fruit maturity stage is indicated by color change. There were three stages of maturity: the unripe stage with dull green color, mid ripe stage with green-yellow color, and ripe stage with red color: the total sugars and bioactive components were investigated. Total sugar increased in every maturity stage. The fruits are high in phenolic compounds, which are known for their antioxidant properties. In every stage of fruit ripeness, fructose was the most abundant sugar. M. calabura fruits were combined with the robust yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae used for bioethanol production. The maximum ethanol productivity (30.531 g/L) was achieved after 48 h of fermentation. Overall, this study suggested that M. calabura fruits extract can be utilized for healthy bioactive compounds consumption as well as production of bioethanol in order to meet the energy demands. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigated the production of Sangyod rice bran hydrolysate (SYRB) from Sangyod rice, focusing on incubation times (1, 3, and 5 h) and alcalase enzyme concentrations (0, 0.7, and 1% v/v). The results demonstrated a concentration-dependent relationship: higher alcalase concentrations increased hydrolysate yield. Prolonged incubation, especially with alcalase, enhanced substrate breakdown, further increasing hydrolysate production. The degree of hydrolysis, reflecting peptide bond cleavage, depended on both incubation time and enzyme concentration, emphasizing the role of enzyme activity in efficiency. Moreover, color analysis (L*, a*, b*) and color difference (∆E) revealed intricate changes from enzymatic hydrolysis. Proximate composition analysis showed higher protein and lipid content with increased enzyme concentration and longer incubation times, whereas ash content varied with both factors. Hydrolysate powders exhibited higher moisture content than raw rice bran, indicating the impact of the hydrolysis process. The study also explored SYRB's antioxidant properties and cytotoxicity, which were sensitive to incubation time and alcalase concentration. Longer incubation increased DPPH scavenging activity, with the highest efficacy at 3 h. Meanwhile, ABTS scavenging displayed a delicate balance with alcalase concentration. The cytotoxicity study of SYRB revealed that all concentrations of SYRB were non-toxic to C2C12 cells, with cell viability values exceeding 70%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Species of the genus Atraphaxis are xerophytic shrubs growing in steppe and semidesert habitats on various soil types, including saline ones. Despite much interest in Atraphaxis species as sources of phenolic and polyphenolic compounds, information on approaches to the cultivation of these plants’ tissues is not available in the literature. In this study, an in vitro technology of A. frutescens propagation was developed for the first time. The Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with 0.5 µM 6-benzylaminopurine was chosen as optimal. Microshoots were successfully rooted on the ½ MS medium without auxins or supplemented with 1 µM indole-3-butyric acid. All the media regarding the in vitro propagation contained 3% of sucrose and 0.6% of agar. The subcultivation period was 30 days. The A. frutescens in vitro culture showed resistance to osmotic stress (up to 150 mM D-mannitol) and to a wide pH range: 3.8 to 8.3. Under the influence of the culture medium, there was an increase in concentrations of catechins, tannins, phenolic acids, and saponins and in the total phenolic content and a decrease in the levels of flavonols as compared to a natural sample. Cultivation of samples on culture media with D-mannitol reduced the levels of flavonols and phenolic acids as compared to a control medium. The highest concentrations of tannins, catechins, and flavonols were noted at pH 8.3, and the same was true for saponins at pH 3.8. Meanwhile, no significant correlations were found between phenolic compounds and antiradical activity. Thus, in vitro culture of A. frutescens microshoots can serve as an alternative source of valuable classes of secondary metabolites such as catechins, tannins, saponins, and phenolic acids. In future studies, to create large-scale in vitro systems of A. frutescens, the selection of a proper bioreactor type and optimization of process parameters will be crucial for maximizing secondary-metabolite production.Key Message: This is the first report of an efficient in vitro methodology for Atraphaxis frutescens propagation and offers a tool for implementation of its conservation and for obtaining valuable secondary metabolites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study reports on the synthesis of graphene oxide layered bismuth telluride and grafted by 4-aminobenzoic acid, as a novel nanoadsorbent, and its potential for removal of bisphenol A. The nanoadsorbent was characterized by different techniques, such as Fourier transform infrared, X-ray diffraction spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, scanning electron microscopy, and energy-dispersive X-ray. The sorption equilibrium was well fitted on the non-linear Langmuir isotherm model (R2= 0.9782). The kinetic models show that bisphenol A sorption fits the non-linear pseudo-second-order model (R2=0.9999). The maximum sorption capacity of 41.56 mg g-1 was obtained for nanoadsorbent under a pH of 5, nanoadsorbent dosage of 0.01 g, a temperature of 25 °C, and a contact time of 15 min. The nanoadsorbent was recyclable by 80% regeneration efficiency after the fifth cycle of usage. This work demonstrated that the synthesized nanoadsorbent was a novel and promising adsorbent for the removal of bisphenol A with an efficiency of >91% from the environmental water and industrial sewage samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study assessed the extraction of phenolic compounds from germinated deoiled flaxseed flour using ultrasound and response surface methodology. For this purpose, a central composite design with independent variables of time (15, 30, and 45 min) and temperature (20, 40, and 60 °C) were used. Several antioxidant activity tests were also carried out. Independent variables significantly affected the extraction of phenolic and flavonoid compounds. Germinated deoiled flaxseed flour extract contains the highest levels of phenolic and flavonoid compounds after being ultrasound at 40 °C for 30 min. The anti-oxidant, antiarthritic, and ACE inhibitory activities of germinated deoiled flaxseed flour extract were higher when using the ultrasound at 40 °C for 30 min than with solvent extraction. Different phenolic and flavonoid compounds were identified in germinated deoiled flaxseed flour extract obtained from ultrasound-assisted extraction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research on the composition of phenolic compounds in extracts of leaf blades of cloudberry (Rubus chamaemorus L.) populations from Lonno, Yelnya, Boloto Mokh, and Zhada reserves was conducted. The highest content of phenolic compounds was observed in the female clone of the Lonno population and amounted to 651.54 ± 21.64 mg-equiv of gallic acid per g of extract, of which 53.5 ± 5.01 mg-equiv of rutin per g of flavonoid extract. The following phenolic compounds were identified in the extracts using chromatography–mass-spectrometry: quercetin-3-O-xyloside, ellagic acid, quercetin-3-O-glucoside, quercetin-3-O-glucuronide, kaempferol-3-β-D-glucopyranoside, chlorogenic acid, and rutin. The contents of kaempferol-3-β-D-glucopyranoside, quercetin-3-O-glucoside, ellagic acid, and rutin were determined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The complex structure of rice straw is such that its bioconversion requires multiple physical and chemical pretreatment steps. In this study, it was found that a large amount of soluble polysaccharides (SPs) are formed during the pretreatment of straw. The yield of NaOH-based SPs (4.8%) was much larger than that of ball-milled SPs (1.5%) and H2SO4-based SPs (1.1%). For all the pretreatments, the ratio of phenolic compounds to saccharides (P/S) for each type of SPs increased upon increasing the concentration of ethanol in the order of 90% > 70% > 50%. The yield of NaOH-based SPs was much higher than that of acid-based and ball-milled SPs. The changes in the 2,2′-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS), ferric reducing antioxidant power assay (FRAP), and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) of SPs follow the same rule, i.e., the higher the P/S ratio, the higher the antioxidant values of the SPs. The flow cytometry and laser scanning microscopy results show that the P/S ratio can significantly influence the effect of SPs on microbial growth and cell membrane permeability. Upon varying the ethanol concentration in the range of 50–90%, the P/S ratio increased from 0.02 to 0.17, resulting in an increase in the promoting effects of the SPs on yeast cell growth. Furthermore, H2O2, NAD+/NADH, and NADP+/NADPH assays indicate that SPs with a high P/S ratio can reduce intracellular H2O2 and change the intracellular redox status. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biotic factors affect the content of secondary metabolites by interfering with molecular and biochemical pathways. In the current study, A. rhizogenes strains were inoculated into basil (Ocimum basilicum) to examine the effect of plant-microbe interaction on the accumulation of monomeric phenolic metabolites and the transcript levels of selected genes involved in the biochemical synthesis of secondary compounds. Initially, the integration of the rolB gene was validated by performing PCR analysis on genomic DNA samples from the basil plant inoculated with A. rhizogenes strains. We have detected that the accumulation of mRNA transcripts linked to the biosynthesis pathway of phenolic compounds has higher transcript expression levels in the leaves of transformed basil in proportion to uninoculated plants. Basil plants inoculated with A. rhizogenes 39207 strain had higher transcript levels of CAD, C4H, TAT, FLS, EGS, HPPR, PAL, and RAS genes than other experimental groups. We have identified eleven phenolic components, and the level of rosmarinic acid, eugenol, chicoric acid, and rutin increased in the inoculated basil leaves. However, the inoculation of A. rhizogenes did not cause a change in the compounds of chlorogenic acid, methyl chavicol, cinnamic acid, quercetin, vanillic acid, and caffeic acid. In conclusion, the increase in basic secondary metabolites could be achieved by the A. rhizogenes-mediated transformation of basil plants, and especially ATCC 43057 strain may be one of the A. rhizogenes strains. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The tamarillo or tree tomato fruit (Solanum betaceum Cav.) is one of the most consumed fruits in the tropical countries. This fruit contains a numerous health benefits for human consumption. However, this fruit is perishable and its compositions are degraded under different heat conditions. Therefore, this study is sought to evaluate the mathematical modeling of dehydration and rehydration kinetics, antioxidant properties, and aroma profiles of the tamarillo fruits dried using convective oven dryer equiped with Programmable Logical Control (PLC) at 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, and 90 °C with an air velocity of 1.5 m/s. The obtained drying curves were processed to find the most suitable mathematical modeling among the different moisture rate expressions. Total phenolic, total anthocyanins, total flavonoids, vitamin C, Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power (FRAP), and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) were analysed.; The phenolic compounds profile and anthocyanins compounds profiles were identified using High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC), while the aroma profile was analysed using gas chromatography-MS. Page, Newton and Logistic models precisely were used to describe the dehydration methodology at all mentioned temperatures whereas the coefficient of determination(R2) was 0.99. On the other side, the Weibull and Peleg models precisely were used to describe the rehydration modeling of the used drying methods with the coefficient of determination (R2) of 0.99. The tamarillo fruits dried at 90 °C had the highest amount of total phenolic contents, especially epicatechin which was a predominant phenolic compound (3.388 ± 0.009 mg/g). Hexanoic acid ethyl ester and eucalyptolwere among the most abundant aroma compounds found in the tamarillo fruits after dryingat the overal result of this study found the the mild temperature drying (40–50 °C) to be the best temperature which may preserve the most antioxidants and physical properties of tamarillo fruits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, for the first time, the anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anti-tyrosinase and antimicrobial property of P. atlantica Desf. subsp. atlantica leaf-bud extract have been investigated. The anti-inflammatory activity was determined in vivo by reducing carrageenan-induced hind paw edema in mice, while the antiradical function was evaluated using DPPH, total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and reduction power assays. The extract induced a significant reduction of the edema, from 1 to 6 h in a dose-dependent manner (150, 200 and 300 mg/kg). Histological observations of the inflamed tissues also confirmed this. An effective antioxidant activity of the plant samples was demonstrated, showing an EC50 = 0.183 ± 0.005 mg/mL for the DPPH test, a value of 28.776 ± 2.541 mg AAE/g for the TAC and an EC50 = 0.136 ± 0.003 mg/mL for reducing power. The leaf-bud extract also revealed a good antimicrobial activity against S. aureus and L. monocytogenes (mean diameter of inhibition zones of 13.2 and 17.0 mm, respectively), while a slight antifungal effect was observed. The plant preparation was then documented to inhibit tyrosinase activity, with an EC50 value of 0.098 ± 0.00 mg/mL in a dose-dependent manner. HPLC–DAD analysis revealed that dimethyl-allyl caffeic acid and rutin were the most abundant molecules. The current data documented that P. atlantica leaf-bud extract has strong biological properties and constitutes a potential source of pharmacological molecules. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Extracts and their concentrates can be considered as a source of biologically active ingredients of food products and as food additives to increase the consumption of useful substances of berries. The benefits gained from their use lead to the development of advanced technologies that can allow them to be extracted from the feedstock without significantly compromising the biological activity of the feedstock. In this paper, we studied the content of antioxidants and their activity in concentrated extracts of cranberry (Vaccinium oxycoccus), sea buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides L.), blackberry (Rubus fruticosus), guelder rose (Viburnum opulus L.) and mountain ash (Sorbus aucuparia L.) berries. For all extracts, the total content of phenolic compounds, flavonoids and anthocyanins, antioxidant activity according to the DPPH method and iron-reducing antioxidant activity (FRAP) were determined. Concentrated extracts of guelder rose contain the largest amount of phenolic compounds (9.3 ± 0.3 mol HA/L) , flavonoids (1.96 ± 0.08 mol K/L) and anthocyanins (0.26 ± 0.02 mol CG/L) among the studied extracts. There is also a high total content of phenolic substances and flavonoids in blackberry and rowan extracts (5.7 mol HA/L, 1.33 mol K/L and 4.7 mol HA/L, 192 mol K/L, respectively). The antioxidant activity of the extract of guelder rose berries showed a directly proportional dependence on the content of biologically active compounds in it: DPPH-method, 2.4 mg/mL; FRAP-method, 39.99 mmol Fe2+/kg. Also, high levels were found in concentrated extracts of blackberries, sea buckthorn and mountain ash. It is the extracts of guelder rose, blackberry and mountain ash that are recommended to be used in the production of food products to enrich them with biologically active substances and give them antioxidant properties. Cranberry and sea buckthorn extracts can be used in combination with other extracts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims: A new physiological disorder, dark pericarp disease (DPD) in litchi fruit is recently observed in South China. DPD occurs after heavy rain and is aggregated by insolation, leading to undesirable fruit appearance. This work aims to reveal the cause of DPD, and seek efficient solutions for it. Methods: A field experiment was conducted to investigate the link between pericarp nutrients and DPD occurrence in litchi grown in soil with abundant available Mn. The antioxidase activities, subcellular location of dark materials, phenol compounds in dark pericarp fruit (DPF) and soil properties affected by dolomite broadcast and dolomite broadcast plus foliar K2SiO3 spray were examined as well. Results: Mn contents in tissues significantly decreased in the order: dark pericarp of DPF > normal pericarp of DPF > pericarp of normal fruit (P < 0.01), indicating that DPD is associated with excessive Mn. Dark materials dominated in the upper mesocarp of DPF. Nanoparticles of dark materials were formed from phenol grains in vacuole, and sequestered into vesicle from vacuole, then excreted to cytoplasm. Dolomite broadcast significantly mitigated DPD by raising soil pH, lowering soil available Mn and regulating antioxidase activities in pericarp (P < 0.05). However, it is unexpected that additional Si spray significantly offset the role of dolomite application, probably due to its alkality. Conclusions: This study first reports that DPD is caused by excessive Mn in litchi. Dark materials are probably comprised of oxidized and/or polymerized phenols in pericarp of DPF. Dolomite application efficiently alleviates DPD, but extra foliar alkaline Si spray counteracts its role. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Piceatannol is a naturally occurring plant-derived phenolic compound (stilbenoid), an analogue of resveratrol. It has been shown that, piceatannol has biological activity properties such as antiproliferative, antioxidative, anti-inflammatory and proapoptotic, in various human cancer studies in vitro and in vivo. Objectives and methods: In this study, it was aimed to investigate whether piceatannol induces apoptosis through anticancer activity methods (cell viability, colony formation, annexin-V/7-AAD, ROS (Reactive oxygen species), MMP (Mitochondrial membrane potential), wound healing, invasion assay, RT-qPCR (Real-Time Quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction), western blotting in PANC-1 and MIA PaCa-2 pancreatic cancer (PC) cell lines. Results: According to our results, piceatannol decreased cell viability in a dose and time-dependent manner [the half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50): 60 µM in PANC-1 and IC50: 90 µM in MIA PaCa-2 cell line at 48 h (h)] and caused significant changes in the expression of apoptosis-related genes and protein. Piceatannol induced apoptosis in PANC-1 and MIA PaCa-2 cells, accompanied by increased ROS production, decreased MMP, and increased Caspase-3-9 activity. Piceatannol also inhibited colony-forming abilities, invasion, and migration of PC cells. Conclusion: Our results show that piceatannol has an anti-cancerogenic effect on PANC-1 and MIA PaCa-2 cells, and exerts this effect by suppressing proliferation and inducing apoptosis. Therefore, piceatannol could be considered to be a potential chemotherapeutic agent candidate for the treatment and prevention of PC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For thousands of years, plant has been widely applied in the medical area and is an important part of human diet. A high content of nutrients could be found in all kinds of plants, and the most outstanding group of nutrients that attracts scientists' attention is the high level of phenolic compounds. Due to the relationship between high phenolic compound content and high antioxidant capacity, plant extracts are expected to become a potential treatment for oxidation stress diseases including diabetes and cancer. However, according to the instability of phenolic compounds to light and oxygen, there are certain difficulties in the extraction of such compounds. But after many years of development, the extraction technology of phenolic compounds has been quite stable, and the only problem is how to obtain high-quality extracts with high efficiency. To further enhance the value of plant extracts, concentration and separation methods are often applied, and when detailed analysis is required, characterization methods including HPLC and LC/GC–MS will be applied to evaluate the number and type of phenolic compounds. A series of antioxidant assays are widely performed in numerous studies to test the antioxidant capacity of the plant extracts, which is also an important basis for evaluating value of extracts. This paper intends to provide a view of a variety of methods used in plants' phenolic compound extraction, separation, and characterization. Furthermore, this review presents the advantages and disadvantages of techniques involved in phenolic compound research and provides selected representative bibliographic examples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The ineptitude of conventional water management systems to eradicate noxious compounds leads to the development of advanced treatment systems. The disclosure of graphene-based photocatalytic degradation for the eradication of phenolic compounds has become the "apple of the eye" for many researchers. This review article describes the advanced research progress during the period of 2008–2021 in graphene-based nanocomposites and discusses their different synthesis methods. We will also talk about the applications of nanocomposite in water splitting, dye degradation, solar fuel generations, and organic transformations. Multicomponent heterojunction structure, co-catalyst cohering, and noble metal coupling have been inspected to enhance the photocatalytic performance of graphene-based composite by increasing charge separation and stability. The photocatalytic system's remarkable stability has been described in terms of facile recyclability. The adsorption ability of phenolic compounds has been addressed in the form of Langmuir and Freundlich adsorption isotherm with various factors (pH, concentration, the intensity of light, the effect of catalyst, the effect of time, etc.). The purpose of this review is to survey mechanisms and processes that enlist graphene-based composite in terms of efficacy and dose of catalyst required to attain 99% degradation. Nanoparticles may cause toxicity and a pretext for their toxicity has been mentioned. Finally, it is anticipated that this article could allocate consequential knowledge to fabricating graphene-based composites that are in crucial demand of being discussed in future research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Oat contains a variety of phenolic compounds, including avenanthramides, which are found only in oats. This study was conducted to establish the quantitative analysis of seven phenolic compounds in oat powders and sprouted oat powders and validate an efficient high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method. All calibration curves represented good linearity (R2 ≥ 0.9997) in the concentration range (0.5−50 mg/kg) with LOD and LOQ of 0.01−0.21 and 0.02−0.64 mg/kg, respectively. Intra-day accuracy (%) and precision (%RSD) were 90.7−103.8% and 1.5−4.9%, respectively. Inter-day accuracy (%) and precision (%RSD) were 90.4−107.9% and 2.2−4.8%, respectively. Moreover, relative expanded measurement uncertainty results complied with CODEX guideline. In addition, selected oat and sprouted oat powder extracts showed anti-microbial activities against Escherichia coli O157:H7. These results demonstrated that this HPLC method is suitable for the qualification and quantification of seven phenolic compounds in oat and sprouted oat. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The phenolic compounds in dandelion were extracted using different ethanol percentage solutions, identified with HPLC-MS, and their scavenging capabilities of DPPH, ABTS and OH radicals were determined. Then the excitation-emission matrix fluorescence spectroscopy coupled with parallel factor analysis (PARAFAC) was conveyed to analyze the relationship between phenolics, components scores of PARAFAC model and antioxidant capacities, based on linear regression method. The results showed that the relative content of chicoric acid, esculetin, caffeic acid, gallic acid monohydrate, eupatilin, caffeic acid-3-glucoside, corchorifatty acid F, and luteolin was higher than 0.5%, and the extraction solutions with 100% and 75% water had a better scavenging capacity of DPPH, ABTS and OH radicals. Two components PARAFAC model was identified with the comparatively higher sum of squares, core consistency values, and lower interactions numbers, and the established equations indicated the component scores had a linear regression relationship with antioxidant capacities of DPPH, and ABTS. The paper was proposed for the first time that the component scores of PARAFAC model might be treated as a useful indication for antioxidant capacity evaluation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: This research was performed to synthesize nanophytosome-loaded high phenolic fraction (HPF) from Juniperus polycarpos fruit extract and investigate its antiproliferation effects against breast cancer in mice model. Results: The nanophytosome-loaded HPF from Juniperus polycarpos fruit extract was synthesized. The mice trial was conducted to determine the possible toxic effects of the synthesized nanophytosomes. The anticancer, pro-apoptotic, and antioxidative activities of the nanophytosomes were determined. The nanophytosome-loaded HPF had a spherical structure with a size of 176 nm and a polydispersity index coefficient of 0.24. The in vivo study manifested that nanophytosome-loaded HPF significantly improved weight gain and food intake compared to the negative control group (p < 0.05). The nanophytosome-loaded HPF significantly enhanced the expression of bax (3.4-fold) and caspase-3 (2.7-fold) genes, but reduced bcl2 (3.6-fold) gene expression in tumor cells. The average tumor size was significantly decreased in mice treated with nanophytosome-loaded HPF (p < 0.05). The expression of GPX (2.3-fold) and SOD (2.7-fold) antioxidants in the liver of mice supplemented with nanophytosome-loaded HPF was significantly developed compared to the negative control (p < 0.05). The nanophytosome-loaded HPF did not show toxicity on normal cells. Conclusion: Our results indicated that nanophytosome-loaded HPF might be a potential anticancer agent for the breast cancer treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fermented beverages are one of the alternatives for the use and valuation of fruits. Araçá-boi (Eugenia stipitata McVaugh) is considered an unconventional fruit from the Amazon and has been poorly explored by the population or even by the food industry. The objective of this work was to optimize the production process of fermented alcoholic beverages of araçá-boi to increase antioxidant capacity, using the factorial design of 23 [factors: yeast type (Biolievito Bayanus and Arom Cuvée), process (must filtration and non-filtration), and temperature (18 °C and 28 °C)]. NMR quantitative analysis showed the highest concentration of tyrosol in the alcoholic beverages obtained at a temperature of 28 °C (C28F 920.0 μmol L−1). Samples B28UF (IC50 370.7 µg mL−1), C28UF (IC50 382.6 µg mL−1), and C18UF (IC50 392.5 µg mL−1) presented the most improvement for the DPPH assay. Calculations of the effect of the factorial design revealed the temperature as the most relevant factor to the antioxidant response; while, for the sensory attributes, the interaction of all factors investigated was determinant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two new phenolic compounds, (1R,2R)-1-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-1-methoxypropan-2-ol (1) and (1S,2S)-1-(4-hydroxy-3,5-dimethoxyphenyl)-1-ethoxypropan-2-ol (2), and one known analog (3) have been isolated from the methanol extract of Polygonatum cyrtonema Hua flowers and identified by 1H NMR, 13C NMR, HSQC, HMBC, HR-ESI-MS, and optical rotations. In addition, compounds 1–3 displayed potential aldose reductase inhibitory activity with IC50 values of 22.16, 17.63, and 28.74 μM, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cancer cases have increased significantly in Brazil and worldwide, with cutaneous melanoma (CM) being responsible for nearly 57,000 deaths in the world. Thus, this review article aims at exploring and proposed hypotheses with respect to the possibility that RA can be a promising and alternative compound to be used as an adjuvant in melanoma treatment, acting on purinergic signaling. The scarcity of articles evidencing the action of this compound in this signaling pathway requires further studies. Considering diverse evidence found in the literature, we hypothesize that RA can be an effective candidate for the treatment of CM acting as a modulating molecule of purinergic cellular pathway through P2X7 blocking, mitigating the Warburg effect, and as antagonic molecule of the P2Y12 receptor, reducing the formation of adhesive molecules that prevent adherence in tumor cells. In this way, our proposals for CM treatment based on targeting purinergic signaling permeate the integral practice, going from intracell to extracell. Undoubtedly, much is still to be discovered and elucidated about this promising compound, this paper being an interesting work baseline to support more research studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Currently, noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) are the main public health problems, especially in social and economically vulnerable groups due to greater exposure to risk factors. Functional foods may help to prevent these conditions. However, their access is more limited for the lower income population. Therefore, it is necessary to develop foods with more affordable prices. This study aimed to develop low-cost protein bars with antioxidant properties, and to compare their antioxidant potential with that of more expensive protein bars. For the formulation of high-cost (HC) and low-cost (LC) bars, different dried fruits, seeds, and nuts were selected, which were nutritionally similar, but with different costs. After establishing the ingredients to be used, the formulations were developed and evaluated regarding taste, texture, and appearance. The final formulations were characterized by proximate composition, minerals, total content of carotenoids, phenolic compounds, antioxidant properties, and sensory acceptance. Unpaired Student t test was used to compare both formulations. LC bar presented higher content of total carotenoids and phenolics than HC bar. Both bars were sensorially accepted and presented antioxidant potential. However, the LC bar showed higher values for antioxidant potential. Thus, it is possible to develop healthy products with functional and economically accessible ingredients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two important brown algae, Sargassum horneri and Sargassum thunbergii are widely distributed along the coastal line of China. In this study, antioxidant, angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory effects, and anticoagulant activities of the methanol extracts of S. horneri and S. thunbergii were investigated and compared. Total phenolic compounds and the fucoxanthin content were determined by the spectrophotometric and HPLC analyses, respectively, to relate phytochemical content to bioactivities of two Sargassum species. The phenolic compounds of S. horneri and S. thunbergii were also analyzed by LC-MS/MS. The results showed that S. horneri displayed higher antioxidant activities compared to S. thunbergii in all antioxidant bioassays evaluated, except the DPPH radical scavenging assay. Moreover, S. horneri showed a stronger ACE inhibitory effect (IC50 = 0.44 mg/mL) compared to S. thunbergii (IC50 = 1.81 mg/mL). Both S. horneri and S. thunbergii significantly prolonged the activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT) in blood plasma, and the APTT-prolonging effect of S. horneri was stronger than that of S. thunbergii. Salicylic acid was identified as the main phenolic compound in S. horneri, followed by m-coumaric acid, ferulic acid, and p-coumaric acid. Furthermore, S. thunbergii contained carnosic acid and salicylic acid. The total phenolic and fucoxanthin contents are positively correlated with antioxidant, ACE inhibitory and anticoagulant activities. These results indicated that S. horneri and S. thunbergii can be used as natural sources of functional foods because of their abundant bioactive compounds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Strawberry leaf spot caused by Xanthomonas fragariae is one of the main limiting diseases of crops in Brazil, but there are not efficient control strategies. Additionally, the global demand for pesticide-free foods has stimulated research to find low toxicity products to control plant pathogens. Thus, strawberry plants were sprayed with Lentinula edodes polysaccharides (PSHII), propolis extracts (GP1), acibenzolar-s-methyl (ASM) or distilled water (control) and inoculated with the bacterium. Leaf samples were collected to determine phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities. Antimicrobial activity was checked, based on the effect of the products on CFU and bacterial biofilm. In the cv. Albion, the propolis source GP1 reduced the AUDPC by more than 95%, compared to control, when applied 3 days before inoculation, but PSHII did not differ from control. For cv. San Andreas, GP1 significantly reduced the disease only at 7 days after inoculation. PSHII or ASM promoted significant reduction in all evaluations. Only GP1 inhibited the CFU and biofilm formation of the bacterium and promoted increases in PAL and SOD activities, while PSHII and ASM increased SOD activity. The data suggest that such products have potential for use in programs for control of strawberry diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this study was to create a method to evaluate the aging of coir dust. A rainproof plastic house was used to monitor the fresh coir dust for 24 weeks, and the samples were collected every 2 weeks during aging. The aging effects on coir dust were investigated with the changes in mineral nutrient contents and plug seedling growth in four different vegetables. Experiments were conducted to determine the appropriate degree of aging by analyzing the changes of total phenol and tannin contents, color, and near-infrared spectral characteristics as influenced by the aging duration of coir dust. The pH, electrical conductivity (EC), and cation exchange capacity (CEC) values of the non-aged coir dust were 5.04, 9.19 dS m−1, and 75.2 cmol+ kg−1, respectively. The concentrations of Cl and K in the non-aged coir dust were 4061.8 and 3487.4 mg kg−1, respectively. The contents of total phenol and tannin in the non-aged coir dust were 168.8 and 38.8 mg kg−1, respectively. The pH rose continuously to 5.94 at 24 weeks, and the EC decreased to 1.8 dS m−1 after 4 weeks of aging and then remained at a similar level. The concentrations of elements decreased drastically except for NH4+ and NO3− until 4 weeks of aging, and later they remained at a similar level. The total phenol content decreased greatly at 2 weeks of aging, and the tannin content decreased continuously from 38.8 mg kg−1 in week 0 to 0.15 mg kg−1 at 24 weeks of aging. The color indicators b* and C* decreased until 12 weeks of aging, and after that, they remained at a similar level. The optimum aging of coir dust was judged based on b* and C* values. The spectral analysis showed that the coir dust aged over 18 weeks could be distinguished from the earlier stage of aging with 91% accuracy. When the coir dust with varied aging durations was used as a root substrate, the fresh weights of radish, Korean cabbage, tomato, and red pepper increased quadratically as the aging period of the coir dust became longer (R2 = 0.7824, 0.7529, 0.4718, and 0.5458 in radish, Chinese cabbage, tomato, and red pepper, respectively; p ≤ 0.001). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bingol is a famous region for honey in Turkey. The amount of phenolic substance is also considered important for the anticancer, antioxidant and antimicrobial properties of honey. Anticancer activity of honey extract was determined as the most effective dose of 1 mg/mL using the WST1 anti-proliferation kit in the PC-3 cell line. Total phenol content were found between 476.09 ± 1.67 and 865.22 ± 3.57 mg GAE/100 g honey, total flavonoid content 41.67 ± 0.25 and 1249.74 ± 0.85 mg QE/100 g honey, total phenolic acid content 0.74 ± 0.21 and 58.35 ± 1.56 mg SA/100 g honey, β-carotene 1.71 ± 0.06–3.61 ± 0.08 mg/kg honey, lycopene content 0.89 ± 0.03 and 3.41 ± 0.08 mg/kg honey, respectively. Percent removal of H2O2 was determined in the range of 69.79 ± 1.24 and 75.37 ± 1.72 at 10 mg/mL. DPPH percentage removal for 200 mg/mL was between 69.79 ± 1.24 and 75.37 ± 1.72. Phenolic compounds in honey extract were determined as gallic acid, caffeic acid, syringe acid, chlorogenic acid, p-coumaric acid, ferulic acid, catechin, quercetin, chrysin using HPLC analysis. The honey extracts were tested on Gram(+) and Gram(−) bacteria and yeast and their antimicrobial effects were determined. As a result, phenolic honey extraction, performed from five loci from the region of interest, showed anticancer, antioxidant and antimicrobial properties, and can be used as a functional food additive to replace synthetic counterparts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new cyclohexanone derivative (stipularone) was isolated from the leaves of Bridelia stipularis (L.) Blume and characterized using 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopy (PMR, 13C NMR, HSQC, DEPT-135, COSY, and HMBC) and HR-ESI-MS. Four known compounds were also identified, 3-(4′-hydroxyphenyl)-2-propenoic acid (4′′-carboxyl)-phenyl ester, β-amyrin, scopoletin, and 4-hydroxybenzoic acid, by comparing their 1H NMR spectra with published results. The chemotaxonomic significance was discussed based on the structure of the isolated compounds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study examined the total phenol and tannin contents in stem bark and leaf tissues of the medicinal species Cenostigma microphyllum (Mart ex. G. Don) E. Gagnon & G. P. Lewis distributed under different rainfall amounts and soil fertility levels in the Caatinga, the largest nucleus of Seasonally Dry Tropical Forest and Woodlands in the Neotropics. Using colorimetric method (Folin–Ciocalteu to total phenol content and casein precipitation to total tannin content), it was shown that both phenol and tannin content was significantly higher in the leaves than in the stem bark. Soil fertility affected negatively only the total phenol content. No relationship was observed between rainfall and compounds, and between soil fertility and total tannin content. Thus, our findings indicate that although water-deficit stress is a limiting factor in arid and semi-arid regions, soil fertility is also an abiotic factor that affect the production of phenolic compounds. Moreover, the concentration of such metabolites changes according to the class of compound and plant tissue analyzed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The p-coumaric acid is a phenolic compound present in large quantities in the extract of Baccharis dracunculifolia DC, a Brazilian medicinal plant used to treat gastric ulcer. Given the necessity for finding new chemical components capable of accelerating gastric healing, in this study, the effects of the p-coumaric acid were evaluated in the acetic acid–induced ulcer model in rats, where histological, inflammatory, and oxidative parameters were analyzed. The healing property was also evaluated in the scratch assay on fibroblast cells (L929) and the cytotoxicity of p-coumaric acid was assessed in both L929 and human gastric adenocarcinoma (AGS) cells by MTT assay. The treatment with p-coumaric acid (10 mg/kg, p.o.) for 7 days, twice a day, decreased by 44.6% the acetic acid–induced gastric ulcer compared with the vehicle-treated group. The vehicle control–treated group showed a larger extension of the ulcer base and an extensive damage into the mucosa and submucosa layers, which were mitigated by the treatment with p-coumaric acid. This beneficial effect was also associated with increased levels of mucin and reduced glutathione, decreased amount of lipid hydroperoxides, and increased superoxide dismutase and catalase activities without interfering with the activity of myeloperoxidase in the gastric tissue. The compound promoted the restructuring of the cell monolayer in the scratch test and did not show toxicity in the L929 cell line, while reduced the viability of the AGS, a lineage of human gastric adenocarcinoma. Thus, p-coumaric acid may be considered a natural source for the treatment of gastric ulcers, by reinforcing protective factors of gastric mucosa and by accelerating gastric healing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this research, biogenic amine content, acidity, pH values, total free amino acid content (TFAA), ash content, colour values (CIE L*, a*, b*), total phenolic compound content (TPCC) and antioxidant activity values of tarhana, which were fortified with pomegranate seed extract (PSE) in different ratios (0%, 0.5%, 1%, 2%) were evaluated during six months of storage. It has been evaluated that pomegranate seed extract causes increase on TPCC, ash content and antioxidant activity values. Putrescine, cadaverine, spermidine, spermine, histamine, tyramine were studied as biogenic amines. Standard addition and internal standard techniques were performed for quantification of biogenic amines. Recovery rates were found between 87.0% and 94.6%. Total biogenic amine contents of tarhana samples decreased during the first two months of storage, remained constant and increased slightly for the next four months. It was found that, pomegranate seed extract causes decrease on biogenic amine content of tarhana samples. While the average total biogenic amine content in control group was 894.70 mg/kg, tarhana samples which were fortified with pomegranate seed extracts in ratios of 0.5%, 1%, 2% contained 569.67 mg/kg, 514.52 mg/kg, 424.60 mg/kg total biogenic amine, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Phenolic compounds are widely used in different research fields, such as pesticides, medicines, and food. In this study, phenolic acids (PAs) were extracted from rice straw and were found to exhibit a strong inhibitory effect on Botrytis cinerea. B. cinerea mycelial growth and spore generation decreased by 86.18% and 69.10%, respectively, following 0.2 g/L phenolic acid treatment. Confocal microscopic images demonstrated that phenolic acids changed the morphology of B. cinerea. The addition of phenolic acids to B. cinerea-infected tomato leaves increased PAL (phenylalaninammo-nialyase) and PPO (polyphenol oxidase) activities, and decreased POD (peroxidases) and CAT (catalase) activities in the leaves, indicating that phenolic acids enhanced the tolerance of tomato leaves to B. cinerea by reducing oxidative stress. Chlorophyll fluorescence imaging revealed that phenolic acids could alleviate the destruction of the photosynthetic system of B. cinerea-infected leaves. These results provide new insight into the use of phenolic acids from rice straw, through which a complete green cycle of ecological production can be established. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study demonstrated increases in the recovery of phenolic compounds from industrial waste, longan peel, after treatment with plant matrix degrading enzymes. Pretreatment of longan peel with cellulase, α-amylase, protease, or β-glucosidase enhanced total phenolic content in the extracts, leading to increases of DPPH scavenging activity, oxygen radical absorbance capacity, antioxidant in β-carotene/linoleate system, and ferrous ion chelating activity. In detail, cellulase increased the release of free phenolics e.g. o-coumaric acid, corilagin, and quercetin as well as the release of esterified phenolics e.g. ellagic acid, and gallic acid, while β-glucosidase increased the release of free phenolics e.g. ellagic acid. Among all enzymatic pretreatments, protease provided the highest proportion of phenolics' recovery in the extract, while only cellulase and β-glucosidase significantly improved extraction yields by 31 and 17%, respectively. These results indicated enhancement of valorization of longan peel as a resource material for functional ingredients recovery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Impacts of galling on the distributions of plant metabolites can vary greatly with plant genotype. In this study, two Eucalyptus genotypes with different resistance levels were chosen, and the levels of several primary and secondary metabolites, as well as phytohormones in galls and ungalled portions of galled leaves infested by the gall wasp Leptocybe invasa, and gall-free (control) leaves were compared. It was found that galls of both two plant genotypes accumulated higher concentrations of carbon, total phenolics, gibberellins (GA), and abscisic acid (ABA) but had lower chlorophyll content than ungalled portions. However, galls of highly susceptible genotype contained higher nitrogen (N), cytokinins (CK), GA, and chlorophyll content but lower C/N ratio, total phenolics, tannins, and ABA than less susceptible genotype. For both two genotypes, ABA in galls and ungalled portions increased compared with adjacent control leaves. CK and GA levels increased in galls but decreased in ungalled portions of highly susceptible genotype, compared with control leaves. For less susceptible genotype, CK levels increased in both galls and ungalled portions compared with control leaves, but higher levels of tannins, total phenolics, and GA were only detected in galls. Therefore, our study found insufficient evidence that the impact of galling on the distributions of these metabolites and phytohormones extended beyond the attacked leaves, because they varied greatly with plant genotype. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study has been conducted with the purpose of determining some yield and quality properties of Ürgüp Sarısı Plum (Prunus domestica L.) grown locally in Nevşehir's Ürgüp district. Fruit samples have been acquired from a producer's orchard reproduced through bud eye from various natural plantations in Ürgüp district. Trees have been planted with 6 m × 6 m intervals and are 7 years of age. The study has been conducted during the 2015–2016 period on randomized blocks experimental design with three recurrences and with five trees per recurrence. Fruit samples have been harvested in August 2016 and immediately transferred in ice boxes to Mersin Erdemli Alata Horticultural Research Institute Laboratories. They have been kept at 0 °C until the time of analysis. Fruit samples have been subjected to analyses such as fruit weight, fruit width, fruit length, seed weight, yield per tree, pulp hardness, fruit acidity, water soluble dry matter amount, fruit colour values (L*, a*, b*), antioxidant, total phenol, sugar contents (glucose, fructose, sucrose). Among the genotypes, U1 had the bulkiest fruit, U7 had the highest yield per tree, U8 had the brightest fruit colour, U3 had the closest colour to red and U8 had the highest tone of yellow. In plum genotypes, U4 had the highest amount of antioxidant, U2 contained the highest total phenol, vitamin C and fructose and U6 contained the highest glucose and sucrose. U7 has been observed to be noteworthy in terms of yield, while genotype, biochemical characteristics were noteworthy in U2, U4, U6 genotypes. In conclusion, considering all parameters reviewed in the study, it has been decided that U7, U6, and U2 genotypes could be promising under Nevşehir conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tricholoma scalpturatum, Tricholoma populinum, Neolentinus cyathiformis, Chlorophyllum agaricoides, and Lycoperdon utriforme have been traditionally utilized as food in Turkey for a long time. The present study focused on determining antioxidant activities, total phenolic groups contents (flavonols, hydroxycinnamic acids, proanthocyanidins, and anthocyanins), phenolic compounds and fatty acids of sequential extracts (n-hexane, ethyl acetate, chloroform, acetone, ethanol, and pure water) obtained from five wild edible macrofungi species. Ethanol and acetone (or ethyl acetate) were found as the most efficient solvents in terms of antioxidant activities and extraction efficiency. Antioxidant studies showed that L. utriforme, C. agaricoides, and T. populinum exhibited the highest radical scavenging and reducing activities and contained the highest phenolic contents. Chromatographic studies revealed that phenolic acids (protocatechuic, gallic, and chlorogenic acids) and fatty acids (oleic, linoleic, and palmitic acids) were the major contributors of the antioxidant activities of the extracts. The results obtained suggest the utilization of these macrofungi species as significant sources of natural antioxidants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the current study, in vitro neuroprotective effect of carob (Ceratonia siliqua L.) pulp (wild and cultivated varieties) at the unripe and ripe stage was investigated through testing against acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE), linked to Alzheimer's disease (AD). As neurodegenerative disorders are strongly related to oxidative damage and metal accumulation, the antioxidant activity of carob extracts was determined by DPPH, ABTS, ferric reducing power (FRP), CUPRAC and ferrous iron chelating (FIC) assays at both ripening stages. Total phenolic (TPC), total flavonoids (TFC) and total condensed tannin contents (CTC) were also assessed. At the unripe stage, the samples of both varieties exhibited an interesting inhibitory effect against AChE and BChE with a strong antioxidant activity by scavenging free radicals and by acting as reducing agents. The result showed that the concentrations of TPC, TFC, and CTC were decreased significantly (P < 0.05) during ripening. The same observations were found for antioxidant activities. The results suggested that the extract of unripe carob may provide a substantial source of secondary metabolites, which act as natural antioxidants and as acetylcholinesterase inhibitors that may be beneficial in the treatment of AD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pachyrhizus erosus is a plant that is traditionally used in Asia as a food and herbal medicine. This study examined the impact of light-emitting diodes (LEDs), light-emitting plasma (LEP), and fluorescent lamps (FLs) on the growth, antioxidant properties, and phenolic metabolites of P. erosus. Phenolic compound concentration and composition were determined by high-performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC–MS/MS) system. Radical scavenging activity was measured using stable radical 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) assays. P. erosus antioxidant activity and phenolic compound composition were improved by the application of LEDs and LEP. Blue LED light also produced significantly higher DPPH radical scavenging activity and ABTS values than the other LED and fluorescent light treatments. In P. erosus seedlings, dry weight, fresh weight, plant height, leaf area, and chlorophyll content were greater under blue LED than under FL light. Furthermore, growth under the blue LED enhanced the epidermal cell length, epidermal cell width, and number of stomata. Antioxidant activity and total phenolic and total flavonoid contents positively correlated in the P. erosus grown under blue LED light condition. Among LED treatments, blue LED produced higher total phenolic compounds, dominated by malonyl daidzin and l-phenylalanine. DPPH assay was highly and significantly correlated with vitexin, salicylic acid, p-coumaric acid, p-hydroxybenzoic acid, l-phenylalanine, daidzein, and daidzin. The present study demonstrated that changes in the growth pattern, antioxidant activity, composition, and metabolite concentration occurred in response to light of different wavelengths in P. erosus seedlings. Thus, LED exposure has the potential to enhance the growth characteristics, metabolite accumulation, and antioxidant properties of P. erosus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since kale (Brassica oleracea L. var. acephala) is one of the healthiest vegetables, its cultivation is increasing for either fresh consumption or as a source for functional foods and nutraceuticals. Plant factories are able to control the environment and trigger the accumulation of bioactive compounds with a stable supply by systematic cultivation methods. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the changes in the total phenolic compounds (TPCs), total flavonoid compounds (TFCs), glucosinolates (GLSs), and antioxidant capacity of kale in a plant factory and to determine an optimal harvest time for the maximum annual production. Two cultivars, namely 'Manchoo collard' and 'Jangsoo collard', were cultivated in a plant factory and thinned to avoid mutual shading. Both cultivars were harvested every week from 14 to 49 days after transplanting (DAT). The fresh weight (FW), dry weight (DW), projected leaf area (PLA), TPCs, TFCs, GLSs, and antioxidant capacity of both plants were measured every week. The annual production was calculated as follows: DW × the concentration × planting density × cultivation cycles per year. The optimal harvest time was determined based on the continuous phase of the production by modeling. The FW and DW of both cultivars exponentially increased, but the PLA hardly increased at 35 DAT. The TPCs, TFCs, and antioxidant capacity fluctuated or slightly changed, but the amount of substance per plant gradually increased. Their annual production increased with increasing harvest time, and only the production of TPCs in 'Manchoo collard' showed a local maximum when harvested at 35–42 DAT. Glucoiberin, sinigrin, and glucobrassicin were the major components of GLSs in both cultivars, and their contents fluctuated. The concentration of total GLSs was the highest at 42 DAT. Additionally, the annual production of the total and major GLSs showed the same results as the TPCs, TFCs, and antioxidant capacity. From the results, the optimum harvest time for production was determined to be 42 DAT. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Anthracnose is the main postharvest disease that affects mango production on Reunion Island. It is caused by a pathogenic fungus called Colletotrichum gloeosporioides. Fruit produced for the export market are always treated with chemicals such as fludioxonil, benomyl and prochloraz. This type of postharvest treatment is not in line with consumer expectations, as consumers prefer fruits treated with nonharmful and natural products. The objective of this work was to study alternative postharvest treatments using the fungitoxic properties of thymol, a natural molecule synthesized by thyme (Thymus vulgaris L. thymoliferum). Thymol, prepared in a terpene solvent that acts as a penetrating agent, was effective on quiescent and wound mango anthracnose. When diluted to a final concentration of 0.1%, no necrosis development due to pathogens during storage was observed on fruits. The thymol-based treatment also made it possible to stimulate some of the metabolic pathways involved in the resistance of the fruit to the development of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, particularly the stimulation of gallic acid biosynthesis. However, the treatment significantly affected fruit maturation and quality, especially the peel colour and sugar content. Additional studies must be carried out to determine the optimal thymol concentration for controlling storage disease without impacting fruit quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The oxidative stability and oxidation kinetics of pure soybean oil (PSO) supplemented with 0.5–6% of pulse electric field ethanolic extract (PEFx) of Nepeta (Nepata binaludensis Jamzad) or 100 ppm of butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) were evaluated at 100–120 °C. The oxidative stability of PSO decreased with increasing temperature and improved significantly (p < 0.05) by added PEFx at the levels 0.5% and higher. The reaction rate constants increased linearly with increasing temperature from 100 to 120 °C. The temperature coefficients of PSO with added PEFx at different concentrations ranged from − 3.37 × 10−2 to − 4.79 × 10−2 °C as compared with -2.79 × 10−2 °C with BHT. The values of activation energies, temperature acceleration factors, activation enthalpies and entropies for oxidative stability of the PSO with added PEFx at different concentrations ranged from 92 to 100 kJ/mol, from 2.13 to 2.27, from 88.8 to 96.9 J/mol K and − 71.9 to − 91.1 kJ/mol, respectively, as compared with 66.5 kJ/mol and − 162 kJ/mol with added BHT. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]