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The paper discusses the research and methodological aspects of introducing the new term "catafluvial deposits" into genetic classification of Quaternary deposits. For this purpose, fieldwork was carried out aimed at studying terrace complexes within the Yaloman-Katun zone of Gorny Altai, which has recently become a unique natural laboratory for investigating hypothetical glacial superfloods. Based on original materials and data from other areas with similar geological and physico-geographical conditions, it is concluded that the introduction of a separate genetic type "catafluvial" is currently premature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development of ecofriendly electrolytes for lithium-ion batteries is one of the actual tasks of modern electrochemistry. In particular, to this purpose, the highly concentrated ternary aqueous systems based on lithium acetate (LiOAc) have been actively investigated. Here, the diffusion coefficients of 7Li+ and 133Cs+ cations, OAc– anion, as well as water (1H), in ternary aqueous solutions of cesium and lithium acetates in a range of temperature (– 15 ÷ 35 °C) have been measured using the PFG NMR method. A direct attempt to interpret the obtained dependences within the framework of the Stokes–Einstein model led to the fact that the calculated hydrodynamic radius of the Cs+ cation turned out to be noticeably smaller than its crystallographic one. An approach to describing the high rate of diffusion of cesium cations is proposed, based on taking into account the local viscosity near cations of both types. The use of the approach allowed us to calculate more correctly the hydrodynamic radii of cations, while remaining within the framework of the Stokes–Einstein model. As a result, it has been possible to describe the features of translational motion of components in a complex system that is interesting for electrochemical applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

New protocols have been developed of biological tissue volumes with shock-wave bursts using trajectories uniformly filled with discrete foci within a given volume. Each focus was sonicated with a millisecond-long pulse, which immediately generated a single thermal lesion. In developing the most advantageous irradiation protocols, the effect of the source peak power at a constant time-averaged value, the distance between single foci, and geometry of the outer contour of the trajectory on the shape, volume, and thermal ablation rate was analyzed. It is shown that for an arbitrary geometry of the outer contour of a single-layer trajectory, the most advantageous is the saturation mode of the shock front amplitude at the array focus using a trajectory with a spatial step 1.5 times greater than the transverse size of the single lesion. To obtain thermal ablation volumes on the order of cubic centimeters, protocols have been suggested with layer-by-layer irradiation of tissue, which make it possible to accelerate the thermal ablation process by 2.5 times compared to protocols used in clinical practice. The advantage of the proposed protocols that use the shock-wave exposure is the ability to generate localized and predictable thermal lesion without using MRI temperature monitoring. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The thermal effect of a model oxo-transfer reaction with the participation of a tungsten-containing synthetic analog of the enzyme active site, [WO2(mnt)2]2− (mnt = maleonitriledithiolate), has been determined for the first time. The value of the thermal effect indicates that the driving force of the oxo-transfer is the enthalpy factor. To determine the thermal effect of oxo-transfer, the dissolution enthalpies of the reaction participants in acetonitrile were determined: Δ H sol 0 PPh 3 = 24.9 ± 0.8 kJ mol−1, Δ H sol 0 OPPh 3 = 18.9 ± 0.6 kJ mol−1, and Δ H sol 0 ([Bu4N]2[WO2(mnt)2]) = (70.8 ± 1.9) kJ mol−1. In this study, the thermal effect of the transfer process of an oxygen atom from the tungsten complex [WO2(mnt)2]2− to the PPh3 substrate was determined at different ratios of reagents: ΔrH0 = (− 109 ± 4) kJ mol−1. The catalytic cycle of PPh3 oxidation with oxygen in the presence of [WO2(mnt)2]2− in acetonitrile solution was described calorimetrically. The absence of the reduced form of tungsten in the solution after the oxo-transfer reaction was shown spectroscopically, which confirms the role of the tungsten complex in the PPh3 oxidation as the catalyst. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We present the results of a pilot study demonstrating the feasibility of non-invasive non-thermal disintegration of human mucinous carcinoma of the breast ex vivo using sequences of high-intensity focused ultrasound pulses in boiling histotripsy regimen. The target volume was sonicated by focusing ultrasound pulses (n=20) of 1.5 MHz frequency, 10-msec duration and 1-sec pulse repetition period, 517 W acoustic power within the pulse, and 103 MPa shock front amplitude at the focus into each node of a volumetric grid 4×4×1 mm. Sonication was visualized and controlled using B-mode ultrasound imaging, total time of the treatment was 21 min. Histological hematoxylin and eosin and Masson's trichrome staining revealed the absence of tumor elements in the treated region confirming destruction of cancer cells and their nuclei after boiling histotripsy procedure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The authors describe a numerical experiment performed to compare rates of thermal ablation and shapes of bulk lesions of biological tissue treated by high-intensity focused ultrasound in modes of periodic pulses of shockwaves. Three different sequences of irradiating discrete foci arranged in a uniform grid within the target area are compared. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The stability constants of triply charged lanthanide ion complexes with citric acid of 1 : 2 stoichiometry were measured by potentiometric titration in a wide pH range, and the relationship between the constants and the lanthanide type was analyzed. A mathematical model for the equilibrium in studied solutions was proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Diffusion coefficients of ions and water have been measured in two- and three-component concentrated ("water-in-salt") aqueous solutions of KOAc and LiOAc, which were proposed as new electrolytes for water-based Li-ion batteries. It was demonstrated that the diffusion coefficient for acetate anion is greater than for lithium cation one in the KOAc-containing solutions and the difference grows under increasing concentration of potassium acetate. Water diffusion is also faster comparing with lithium cation and acetate anion in all solutions studied. Temperature dependences of spin–lattice relaxation rates (1/T1) of 1H, 7Li, and 39K nuclei have been measured for both ions and water. The dependences do not reach their maxima for most samples, and only for acetate anion in sample IV (31.9 mol KOAc–8.0 mol LiOAc–H2O) it turned out to be possible the reliable calculation of the rotational correlation time τc. Comparison of the translational (via D) and rotational (via τc) mobility of the acetate anion near the eutectic point showed that the Stokes–Einstein relation is valid for this solution only in a small high-temperature part of the studied range, but not for the lower temperatures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Improving the efficiency of the process of building knowledge bases of intelligent decision support systems continues to be an urgent scientific and technical task. The paper describes the application of an original approach that uses the principles of model-driven development and transformations to create prototypes of knowledge bases of a case-based type. The approach provides the transformation of specialized decision tables and conceptual models in order to obtain a base of cases of parametric form. A description of its main stages and an example of application in prototyping the knowledge base of the forest fire forecasting service are given. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents the results of numerical simulation of an experiment on irradiating ex vivo bovine liver sample by the therapeutic array of the MR-HIFU clinical system (Sonalleve V1 3.0T, Profound Medical Corp., Canada). Continuous quasi-linear and pulsed shock-wave exposures with the same time-averaged power are compared. Volumetric thermal lesions were generated by moving the focus of the array in its focal plane along discrete trajectories consisting of two or four concentric circles with a maximum radius of 4 mm. The effect of using the criteria for controlling the thermal dose during treatment and ending the sonication on the shape, volume, and exposure time of generating thermal lesion were analyzed. The acoustic field in tissue was calculated using the Westervelt equation; the temperature field was simulated with the inhomogeneous heat conduction equation; and the lesion boundary was determined according to the thermal dose threshold. In the quasi-linear mode corresponding to the clinical one, thermal diffusion leads to elongation of the lesion by a factor of 2–3 along the beam axis compared to the transverse dimension of the trajectory. The use of pulsed shock-wave exposures with switching off the inner circles of the trajectory as they reach the threshold value of the thermal dose makes it possible to significantly suppress the thermal diffusion effects in the axial direction of the beam and obtain localized thermal lesion of a given shape with a thermal ablation rate comparable to the clinical case. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Antifungal medicines currently used clinically become less efficient regarding microscopic fungi due to new infectious agents emerging among fungi and a wide range of pathogenic factors in micromycetes. In developing new antifungal medicines, a comprehensive approach is needed that would consider the adaptive properties of fungi. This paper aims to study the antifungal activity of the synthesized compounds on yeast and mycelial fungi. In our study, we assessed the changes in the pathogenic factors of fungi, such as germination and hypha-forming intensity and sporulation, while cultivating them as affected by the compounds under study. This manuscript describes the antifungal activity of the bornane series thioterpenoids. Compound 8 demonstrated a strong antimycotic activity on all fungi species, including Candida albicans (laboratory and clinical stains), Aspergillus niger, and Fusarium solani (MIC 12, 24, 94, and 94 μg/ml, respectively). A. niger sporulation index analysis demonstrated the highest spore production rate at day 6 of culturing in non-treated samples (control) and in those treated with compounds 3, 6, and 7, whereas the highest sporulation of A. niger cultured in the presence of compound 8 was substantially delayed and observed on day 10 of culturing. The lowest level of fungi reproduction was observed over the entire period of experiments for the cultures treated with terbinafine or compound 8. In addition, compound 8, fluconazole, and terbinafine had an inhibitory effect on the germination tubes of C. albicans at a concentration of ½ MIC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The reaction of 12-(chlorosulfonyl)dehydroabietic acid ethyl ester with methyl esters of amino acids (glycine, methionine, leucine, glutamic acid, tyrosine, proline, and histidine) afforded previously unknown sulfonamides which were selectively converted to amino acid hydrazides without involving the ethyl ester moiety of dehydroabietic acid. In the reaction with glutamic acid dimethyl ester, the corresponding dihydrazide was obtained. 12-(Chlorosulfonyl)dehydroabietic acid ethyl ester reacted with cystine dimethyl ester to give bis-sulfonamide as the only product, while the same reaction carried out in acetone-containing medium was accompanied by cleavage of the cystine S–S bond with the formation of acetone dithioacetal. Treatment of the bis-sulfonamide and thioketal with chlorine dioxide selectively produced the same chlorosulfonyl derivative as a result of oxidation of the disulfide or thioketal moiety [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mono- and bis-sulfonamide derivatives of l-lysine were obtained for the first time by the reaction of methyl lysinate with ethyl 12-sulfodehydroabietate. Sulfonamides containing an additional sulfonamide or amide group in the α-position of lysine were synthesized by involving camphor-10-sulfonyl chloride, as well as isonicotinoyl, benzoyl, and α-naphthoyl chlorides in the reaction. The corresponding hydrazide and acid were also prepared by the modification of the ester group of N-dehydroabietane-derived methyl lysinate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For the first time, dehydroabietane-derived alcohols containing an OH group at the C-7 position were used to produce thioacetates by direct ZnCl2-catalyzed substitution of the hydroxyl group. Thioacetates obtained were found to give the corresponding disulfides when treated with MeONa in the presence of atmospheric oxygen with no observation of any thiol formation. In addition, the ability of diol with two hydroxyl groups at C-7 and C-18 to be converted to a cyclic dimer was detected. Dehydroabietane derivatives with a sulfur atom at the C-7 position (thiol, disulfides), which are promising for the production of biologically active substances, were first obtained. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Thin Co films have been deposited on inclined Si (001) substrates by electron beam evaporation. It is shown that the structure of the films strongly depends on the angle of inclination of the substrate to the direction of motion of the deposited particles. It was found that at angles of incidence of the evaporated material of more than 80 degrees (grazing deposition), arrays of free-standing Co nanocolumns with a cross section of 25 nm and an aspect ratio (length/transverse size) of at least 15 are formed on the substrate surface. In this case, the magnetic easy axis of the film is oriented along the axis of the nanocolumns, which leads to the appearance of a normal component of the magnetization vector to the film surface. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

High intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) treatments typically involve the ablation of tissue volumes comprising multiple focal sites. One aspect of treatment planning involves the definition of a sequence of ultrasound pulses and corresponding focal sites as the sonication trajectory. Here, numerical simulations of the thermal effects of different trajectories are performed for HIFU exposures delivered to an ex vivo bovine liver sample by a clinical array (Sonalleve V2 3.0T system, Profound Medical Corp., Canada). Simulations consider boiling histotripsy regime with millisecond-long pulses that include shocks. Focusing of the ultrasound beam in tissue was modeled by the Westervelt equation, and the temperature field was modeled by the bioheat equation. To explore different treatment strategies, trajectories were considered with discrete foci located along two or four concentric circles with radii from 2 to 8 mm. Two approaches for traversing these focal sites were compared: In the first approach each discrete focus was sonicated by a sequence of 15 pulses before moving to the next site in the trajectory. In the second approach, each focus was sonicated once before moving to the next site, with sonications over the whole trajectory repeated 15 times. The influence of the trajectory's size and the pulsing strategy on the temperature field was analyzed. It is shown that the structure of the temperature field is more uniform with a longer time interval between repeated irradiation of each focus, and the optimal time interval ranges from three to six pulse repetition periods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A series of asymmetric disulfides was obtained in yields of 38–50% by the co-oxidation of a mixture of diterpene abietane-derived thiols and thiols synthesized from protected monosaccharides with galacto-, fructo-, and glucopyranose and ribofuranose fragments. After removal of the acetyl protection in the disulfide containing 1,2,3,4-tetra-O-acetyl-β-D-glucopyranose and dehydroabietane moieties, a disulfide with free glucose hydroxyl groups was obtained in a yield of 94%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we report the resurgence of lumpy skin disease (LSD) in Kurgan Oblast, Russia, in 2018. The majority of the outbreaks were silent with no mortality and congregated within an area with a radius of about 30 km located 1–50 km away from the national border with Kazakhstan. Following primary molecular diagnosis, LSD virus (LSDV) isolates were analyzed using a panel of PCR assays targeting different genetic loci, namely, LSD008 (vaccine), LSDV126 (field), and GPCR (vaccine and field), for differentiation and genotype assignment. All isolates were positive for the vaccine genotype of GPCR and negative for the other field targets tested. A PCR assay with melt curve analysis utilizing LSD008, developed in this work, indicated that the strains melted with a profile similar to those of field strains. Surprisingly, sequence analysis of the RPO30 and GPCR genes aligned the Kurgan/2018 isolate with KSGP O-240 at the GPCR locus, but with Saratov/2017 at the RPO30 locus. The latter cluster forms an association with a sub-cluster of the field strains comprising the South African KSGP O-240 strain and NI-2490 strain. Due to these incongruent phylogenetic patterns, the sequences of three additional loci ORF19 (Kelch-like protein), ORF52 (putative transcriptional elongation factor), and ORF87 (mutT motif protein) were investigated. Phylogenetic analysis of these additional loci placed the strain Kurgan/2018 in either vaccine or field groups, strongly suggesting a novel recombinant profile. This is another piece of evidence exposing the potential for recombination in capripoxviruses and the ignored danger of using live homologous vaccines against LSD. The necessity to revise the PCR-based strategy differentiating infected from vaccinated animals is discussed. The potential scenarios of incursion and the contribution of the KSGP/NI-2490-like strain to the emergence of the recently identified vaccine-like recombinant are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The transmission of "lumpy skin disease virus" (LSDV) has prompted intensive research efforts due to the rapid spread and high impact of the disease in recent years, especially in Eastern Europe and Balkan countries. In this study, we experimentally evaluate the vaccine-derived virulent recombinant LSDV strain (Saratov/2017) and provide solid evidence on the capacity of the virus for transmission in a vector-proof environment. In the 60-day long experiment, we used inoculated bulls (IN group) and two groups of in-contact animals (C1 and C2), with the former (C1) being in contact with the inoculated animals at the onset of the trial and the latter (C2) being introduced at day 33 of the experiment. The infection in both groups of contact animals was confirmed clinically, serologically and virologically, and viremia was demonstrated in blood, nasal and ocular excretions, using molecular tools. Further studies into LSDV biology are a priority to gain insights into whether the hypothesized indirect contact mode evidenced in this study is a de novo-created feature, absent from both parental stains of the novel (recombinant) LSDV isolate used, or whether it was dormant, but then unlocked by the process of genetic recombination. Author summary: In global terms, LSD has been termed a "neglected disease" due to its historic natural occurrence of being restricted to Africa and, occasionally, Israel. However, after its slow spread throughout the Middle East, the disease is now experiencing a resurgence of research interest following a recent and rapid spread into more northern latitudes. Given the dearth of solid findings on potential transmission mechanisms, no efficient or reliable control program currently exists, which does not involve the use of live attenuated vaccines or stamping out policies – both of which are controversial for implementation in non-endemic regions or countries. The vector-borne mode is the only working concept currently available, but with scarce evidence to support the aggressive spread northwards – except for human-assisted spread, including legal or illegal animal transportation. The emergence of outbreaks is not consistently linked to weather conditions, with the potential for new outbreaks to occur and spread rapidly. Here, for the first time, we provide evidence for indirect contact-mode transmission for a naturally-occurring recombinant LSDV isolated from the field. In an insect-proof facility, we obtained solid evidence that the novel LSDV strain can pass to in-contact animals. Given the recombinant nature of the virus utilised, its genetic background relating to the observed transmission pattern within the study needs to be delineated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Formation of regular arrays of nanorods with high aspect ratio (length to transverse size) has been found in the process of Al thin film growth at oblique angle deposition on silicon substrate by the method of electron beam evaporation. It was found that the optimal conditions for nanostructuring are realized at the inclination angle larger than 80 degrees. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The influence of ionic interactions in ternary aqueous and aqueous-organic solutions of metal halides on the structure of the solid phases in equilibrium with the solutions is analyzed. An original classification of double and complex salts, reflecting the peculiarities of their structure, is given. The conditions for the formation of various types of these compounds are determined. The factors that determine the preservation of the metal ion surrounding during the solution-solid phase transition are revealed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

At the present time, gene technologies play a key part in the development of new approaches to the diagnostics and therapy of diseases. Russian scientists have already successfully introduced efficient preparations based on multiclonal antibodies into practice and have advanced developments in the fields of CAR-T therapy and gene-therapy preparations on the basis of recombinant adenoassociated viruses. Some gene diagnostic tools, which essentially improve the efficiency of medical care due to the personalized approach to the therapy of diseases, are also put into practice. The successful introduction of innovative technologies and contemporary methods of diagnostics and therapy is impossible without cooperation between academic science and business. The companies providing the conditions for cooperation with academic science and engagement of specialists of different profiles have hastened the mass introduction of gene technologies and, therefore, the defeat over many earlier incurable socially significant diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Optically active derivatives of 3,4-dihydropyrimidin-2(1H)-one have been synthesized on the basis of myrtenal and methyl 2,3-O-isopropylidene-α-L-erythro-pentodialdo-1,4-furanoside in 45 and 50% yields, respectively, and subjected to stereoselective chlorination with chlorine dioxide, which afforded a series of mono-, di-, and trichloro derivatives in up to 98% yield. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A number of thioglycosides derived from benzoylated glucopyranose and nitrogen-containing heterocyclic thiols have been synthesized in up to 98% yield, and benzoyl protecting groups have been removed from the glycoside with a 3-phenyl-4-oxo-3,4-dihydroquinazolin-2-ylsulfanyl fragment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new approach has been proposed to study the structure of aqueous electrolyte solutions. NIR, Raman and attenuated total reflectance, Fourier transform infra-red (ATR FTIR) spectra have been measured for aqueous calcium perchlorate solutions in the 0.22-4.3 mol·L (0.22-7.46 mol·kg) concentration range at 25 °C. By the methods of principal component analysis (PCA) and multivariate curve resolution-alternating least squares (MCR-ALS) the number, spectra and concentration profiles have been determined for spectroscopically distinguishable forms of water and ClO ion in solutions. The results have been analyzed using a phenomenological model, establishing thereby: concentration ranges for structural rearrangements of the solution, the nature of structural microirregularities and different states of the ClO ion in the areas of domination of the natural water structure, and of cybotactic groups of calcium perchlorate hexa and tetra hydrates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The oxidation of monoterpene thiols with chlorine dioxide afforded new water-soluble sulfonic acids and their derivatives (sulfonothioates and sulfonyl chlorides). The reaction of terpene thiols with ClO gave the corresponding trisulfides. Sulfonothioates with a pinane skeleton showed antibacterial and antifungal activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hydroxyl- and chloroethyl derivatives of neomenthane- and isobornanethiol in yields of to 80% were synthesized. They served as the basis for the preparation of new bis-sulfides with diacetone-protected galacto- and fructopyranose fragments in yields up to 98%. The bis-sulfides synthesized were screened for membrane protective and antioxidant properties in a model cell system (in vitro) based on their ability to inhibit the HO-induced hemolysis of erythrocytes and retard the oxyhemoglobin oxidation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Batch-type spectroscopic and continuous potentiometric titration of K4Mo2Cl8 with potassium dichromate in 1 M hydrochloric acid was carried out. Intermediate forms of molybdenum compounds in the oxidation process were determined. It was shown that the oxidation is accompanied by a rearrangement of the complex structure with the formation of trinuclear oxo- and hydroxohalide anions of molybdenum into trinuclear oxo- and hydroxohalide molybdenum anions. The standard reduction potential of the pair E 298 o (M o V I / M o 3 I V = 1.003 + 0.032 V was determined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the ternary system LiCl-CsCl-HO the binary salt LiCl·2CsCl·4HO was formed. Its structure was proved by the X-ray structural analysis. The binary compound formed in the aqueous solution by the structurally-forced insertion mechanism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Solubility of salts in the systems MCl-HO-Solv (M = Co, Ni) and CoBr-HO-Solv (Solv = dimethyl sulfoxide, dimethyl formamide, and dimethyl acetamide) at 25°C was measured experimentally. Dominating species of cobalt and nickel halides existing in various concentration regions were identified by analysis of electron absorption spectra. It was shown that the major factor defining solubility is the interaction of halocomplexes of metal ions with solvent molecules. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article provides an overview of methods for measuring the technological progress developed in the last 50-60 years, and analyzing the performance of national economies. A special place is given to production functions as a tool that allows one to give aggregated estimates of technological progress in the frame-work of different ways, including frontier analysis, i.e., (the analysis of stochastic efficiency frontier requires the SFA approach and the envelope method requires the DEA approach) and nonedge analysis (Solow residual). We have analyzed the feasibility of expanding the traditional three-factor model of production functions, including labor, physical, and human capital through the addition of two indicators, i.e., institutional development and provision of infrastructure. A review of variables available in global statistical databases and ability to approximate these production factors has been presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During eukaryotic translation initiation, 43S complexes, comprising a 40S ribosomal subunit, initiator transfer RNA and initiation factors (eIF) 2, 3, 1 and 1A, attach to the 5′-terminal region of messenger RNA and scan along it to the initiation codon. Scanning on structured mRNAs also requires the DExH-box protein DHX29. Mammalian eIF3 contains 13 subunits and participates in nearly all steps of translation initiation. Eight subunits having PCI (proteasome, COP9 signalosome, eIF3) or MPN (Mpr1, Pad1, amino-terminal) domains constitute the structural core of eIF3, to which five peripheral subunits are flexibly linked. Here we present a cryo-electron microscopy structure of eIF3 in the context of the DHX29-bound 43S complex, showing the PCI/MPN core at ∼6 Å resolution. It reveals the organization of the individual subunits and their interactions with components of the 43S complex. We were able to build near-complete polyalanine-level models of the eIF3 PCI/MPN core and of two peripheral subunits. The implications for understanding mRNA ribosomal attachment and scanning are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It has been proposed to estimate the spatial heterogeneity of soil parameters during the agrochemical soil survey of high-input orchards with consideration for the orchard design features and soil microvariability due to the local application of fertilizers by fertigation. Soil samples should be taken separately within and beyond the local fertilization sites. An indicator of the agrogenic differentiation of soil parameters at the local application of fertilizers with small-volume irrigation has been proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The variety generated by a three-dimensional simple Lie algebra over a field of characteristic zero was studied rather well. The study of this variety is continued in the paper and a formula for calculation of its colengths is presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A cooxidation of carbohydrate and terpene thiols gives mixtures of disulfides containing 51-90% of the unsymmetric product. Membranoprotective and antioxidant properties of obtained unsymmetric and symmetric disulfides were evaluated based on their ability to inhibit the HO-induced hemolysis of erythrocytes, as well as the accumulation of secondary products of the peroxy oxidation of lipids and the oxidation of hemoglobin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Freezing points of solutions M(ClO)-HO (M = Sc, Y, La) of different concentrations were determined. The solubility polytherms of the perchlorate systems studied, as well as aluminum, gallium, and indium perchlorates were compared with the concentration dependences of different properties of the corresponding solutions. Viscometry and IR spectroscopy allowed the special points on these dependences to be correlated with eutectic concentrations. Structural changes in the systems studied as a function of solute concentration were described. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background:Oesophageal adenocarcinoma or Barrett's adenocarcinoma (EAC) is increasing in incidence and stratification of prognosis might improve disease management. Multi-colour Fluorescence in situ hybridisation (FISH) investigating ERBB2, MYC, CDKN2A and ZNF217 has recently shown promising results for the diagnosis of dysplasia and cancer using cytological samples.Methods:To identify markers of prognosis we targeted four selected gene loci using multi-colour FISH applied to a tissue microarray containing 130 EAC samples. Prognostic predictors (P1, P2, P3) based on genomic copy numbers of the four loci were statistically assessed to stratify patients according to overall survival in combination with clinical data.Results:The best stratification into favourable and unfavourable prognoses was shown by P1, percentage of cells with less than two ZNF217 signals; P2, percentage of cells with fewer ERBB2- than ZNF217 signals; and P3, overall ratio of ERBB2-/ZNF217 signals. Median survival times for P1 were 32 vs 73 months, 28 vs 73 months for P2; and 27 vs 65 months for P3. Regarding each tumour grade P2 subdivided patients into distinct prognostic groups independently within each grade, with different median survival times of at least 35 months.Conclusions:Cell signal number of the ERBB2 and ZNF217 loci showed independence from tumour stage and differentiation grade. The prognostic value of multi-colour FISH-assays is applicable to EAC and is superior to single markers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Synthesis of sulfides proceeding from neomenthanethiol, 1,2- O-isopropylidene-α- D-glucofuranose and 2,3:4,5-di- O-isopropylidene-β- D-fructopyranose was performed to get 65 and 54% yield respectively. Oxidation of the sulfides afforded diastereomeric sulfoxides in the yields from 40 to 53%, and diastereomeric excess (de) up to 36%. After removing the isopropylidene protection from 1-deoxy-1-[(1 S,2 S,5 R)-2-isopropyl-5-methylcyclohexylsulfanyl]-2,3:4,5-di- O-isopropylidene-β- D-fructopyranose a water-soluble sulfide was obtained. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) and classical swine fever virus (CSFV) messenger RNAs contain related (HCV-like) internal ribosome entry sites (IRESs) that promote 5′-end independent initiation of translation, requiring only a subset of the eukaryotic initiation factors (eIFs) needed for canonical initiation on cellular mRNAs. Initiation on HCV-like IRESs relies on their specific interaction with the 40S subunit, which places the initiation codon into the P site, where it directly base-pairs with eIF2-bound initiator methionyl transfer RNA to form a 48S initiation complex. However, all HCV-like IRESs also specifically interact with eIF3 (refs 2, 5, 6, 7, 9, 10, 11, 12), but the role of this interaction in IRES-mediated initiation has remained unknown. During canonical initiation, eIF3 binds to the 40S subunit as a component of the 43S pre-initiation complex, and comparison of the ribosomal positions of eIF3 and the HCV IRES revealed that they overlap, so that their rearrangement would be required for formation of ribosomal complexes containing both components. Here we present a cryo-electron microscopy reconstruction of a 40S ribosomal complex containing eIF3 and the CSFV IRES. Remarkably, although the position and interactions of the CSFV IRES with the 40S subunit in this complex are similar to those of the HCV IRES in the 40S-IRES binary complex, eIF3 is completely displaced from its ribosomal position in the 43S complex, and instead interacts through its ribosome-binding surface exclusively with the apical region of domain III of the IRES. Our results suggest a role for the specific interaction of HCV-like IRESs with eIF3 in preventing ribosomal association of eIF3, which could serve two purposes: relieving the competition between the IRES and eIF3 for a common binding site on the 40S subunit, and reducing formation of 43S complexes, thereby favouring translation of viral mRNAs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

6-Deoxy-6-[(1 S,2 S,5 R)-2-isopropyl-5-methylcyclohexylsulfanyl]-1,2:3,4-di- O-isopropylidene-α- d-galactopyranose was synthesized in 94% yield from 1,2 : 3,4-di- O-isopropylidene-α- d-galactopyranose and neomenthanethiol, and its oxidation gave the corresponding diastereoisomeric sulfoxides in up to 84% yield and de values of up to 52%. The isopropylidene protective groups were removed from the sulfide and sulfoxides by treatment with trifluoroacetic acid in chloroform. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Molecular epidemiological features of Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains among different patient groups in Russia have not been studied well. The aim of our study was to compare the genotypes of M. tuberculosis strains circulating among tuberculosis (TB) patients from different groups: homeless, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected, prisoners, and the general population of St. Petersburg citizens. One hundred and forty-two M. tuberculosis complex isolates from different TB patient groups were studied using the spacer oligonucleotide typing (spoligotyping) method. The majority of the studied M. tuberculosis isolates in all groups belonged to the Beijing family (55% among homeless; 77% among HIV-infected; 60% among the general population; 81% among prisoners). There were no significant differences in the Beijing family prevalence among homeless patients, HIV/TB co-infected patients, and the general population of TB patients. The lowest genetic diversity of the pathogen was detected among imprisoned patients. The results of our study demonstrate that M. tuberculosis strains circulating among patients from high-risk groups are also spread among the general population of St. Petersburg citizens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Crystal structures of isomorphous crystal nonahydrates of aluminum, gallium, and scandium perchlorates were determined by the X-ray crystal analysis at room temperature. The estimate of associates present in concentrated solutions was carried out by the method of X-ray diffraction in aqueous solutions of aluminum perchlorate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Solubility polytherms of the system M(ClO)-HO (M = Al, Ga, In) were measured. Positions of singular points and vitrification ranges were determined. Values of eutectic concentrations were compared with earlier known data on the inversion concentrations measured by the viscometry method. Compositions of found crystalline hydrates were calculated from the solubility polytherms. The concept of the ability of the studied aqua cations to show properties of aqua acids, of the structure of solutions of posteutectic concentrations (structurally forced processes and microheterogeneity), of the electronic structure of M cations, and of the localized hydrolysis phenomenon were used to understand the existence of the polyaqua compounds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper provides a systematic overview of theoretical recommendations on how to stimulate the inflow of foreign direct investment (FDI). It presents the dynamics and breakdown of FDI in Russia. The authors use econometric analysis to assess the prevailing motives underlying FDI in Russia and other countries and formulate their recommendations on FDI stimulation policies for the coming decade. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Protein synthesis is principally regulated at the initiation stage (rather than during elongation or termination), allowing rapid, reversible and spatial control of gene expression. Progress over recent years in determining the structures and activities of initiation factors, and in mapping their interactions in ribosomal initiation complexes, have advanced our understanding of the complex translation initiation process. These developments have provided a solid foundation for studying the regulation of translation initiation by mechanisms that include the modulation of initiation factor activity (which affects almost all scanning-dependent initiation) and through sequence-specific RNA-binding proteins and microRNAs (which affect individual mRNAs). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract  The reactions of phthalonitrile with MeNH2, PrnNH2, and PriNH2 in the presence of catalytic amounts of LnI3 (Ln = Nd or Dy) or LnI3(THF)3 (Ln = Gd or Nd) afford 1,3-bis(alkylimino)isoindolines (Alk = Me (1), Prn (2), or Pri (3), respectively). Under analogous conditions, 2-aminopyridine gives 1,3-bis(2-pyridylimino)isoindoline (4). The X-ray diffraction study of compound 3 showed that, in the crystalline state, this compound exists as the isomer, 1-isopropylamino-3-(isopropylimino)isoindole. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The problem of thermal processes in acidic treatment is represented as a sequence of boundary-value problems for the coefficients in the expansion of the sought solution into asymptotic series. The corresponding chain of equations is “uncoupled,” which is used to formulate the problems for the zeroth and first expansion coefficients. An additional integral condition for the first expansion coefficient, which states that its average value on the z axis within the limits of the reservoir rock is equal to zero is found and physically validated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aqueous solutions of strontium perchlorate were studied in a wide range of concentrations at room temperature by X-ray diffraction, thermogravimetry, and calorimetry. The features of the solubility polytherm of strontium perchlorate, that distinguish it from those of other Group II metal perchlorates, were explained in terms of two coexisting interconverting crystal hydrates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]