Search

This study analysed the relationship between the structured and unstructured activities of preschoolers and their mental and physical health, and also investigated the predicted changes in mental and physical health by reallocating activity time. This cross-sectional study was carried out with 324 preschoolers. Video recording and SOPARC activity observation system was used for the division of structured and unstructured activities. An accelerometer sensor was used to measure activity intensity. The SDQ psychological questionnaire was adopted to collect data on internalizing difficulties, externalizing difficulties, total difficulties and pro-social behaviours. Physical indices including body shape (height, weight, BMI), and physical fitness (upper and lower limb strength, flexibility, agility, and balance) were collected using Chinese toddler physical fitness measurement tools. Component data and isotemporal reallocation analyses were conducted using R Studio (Version 4.2). A total of 308 preschoolers (160 boys; aged 4.50 ± 0.93 years) were included in the data analysis. The activities composition, adjusted for sex, area, mental level (for mental indicators), or age (for physical indicators), was significantly correlated with various measurement indicators (p < 0.05). Specifically, structured (β=-0.87, p < 0.05) and unstructured (β=-1.24, p < 0.05) moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) were significantly positive correlated with internalizing difficulties, while structured MVPA was significantly positively correlated with body shape (β = 2.17, p < 0.05). Replacing structured light physical activity (LPA) with 10 min of structured MVPA has a positive effect on internalizing difficulties (SMD=-1.28, 95%CI: -2.30 to -0.27) and body shape (SMD = 1.76, 95%CI: 0.37 to 3.15). When the total replacement time reaches 25 min, the benefits become even more pronounced. Structured and unstructured MVPA are both beneficial to preschoolers' mental and physical health, with the incorporation of MVPA for over 25 min in structured activities and supplementary unstructured MVPA yielding even greater benefits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dialogue systems, from Virtual Personal Assistants such as Siri, Cortana, and Alexa to state-of-the-art systems such as BlenderBot3 and ChatGPT, are already widely available, used in a variety of applications, and are increasingly part of many people's lives. However, the task of enabling them to use empathetic language more convincingly is still an emerging research topic. Such systems generally make use of complex neural networks to learn the patterns of typical human language use, and the interactions in which the systems participate are usually mediated either via interactive text-based or speech-based interfaces. In human–human interaction, empathy has been shown to promote prosocial behaviour and improve interaction. In the context of dialogue systems, to advance the understanding of how perceptions of empathy affect interactions, it is necessary to bring greater clarity to how empathy is measured and assessed. Assessing the way dialogue systems create perceptions of empathy brings together a range of technological, psychological, and ethical considerations that merit greater scrutiny than they have received so far. However, there is currently no widely accepted evaluation method for determining the degree of empathy that any given system possesses (or, at least, appears to possess). Currently, different research teams use a variety of automated metrics, alongside different forms of subjective human assessment such as questionnaires, self-assessment measures and narrative engagement scales. This diversity of evaluation practice means that, given two DSs, it is usually impossible to determine which of them conveys the greater degree of empathy in its dialogic exchanges with human users. Acknowledging this problem, the present article provides an overview of how empathy is measured in human–human interactions and considers some of the ways it is currently measured in human–DS interactions. Finally, it introduces a novel third-person analytical framework, called the Empathy Scale for Human–Computer Communication (ESHCC), to support greater uniformity in how perceived empathy is measured during interactions with state-of-the-art DSs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Individual and collective prosocial competence can be fostered through high-quality interactions with program staff in out-of-school time environments. Objective: We explored whether the social-emotional competencies of teachers working in an out-of-school STEM program infused with social emotional learning content were associated with school children's prosocial behavior, community engagement, and peer problems and whether these associations were moderated by social justice teaching beliefs and child gender. Method: Participants were 126 students (72 male). Forty-one were White, 40 were Black, 34 were Latine, and 11 were Asian and most of them were third graders (Mage = 8.11 years). Teachers rated their emotional competence, commitment to social emotional learning, and social justice teaching beliefs. They also provided ratings of children's prosocial behavior and peer problems. Students provided ratings of their community engagement. Results: Teachers' emotional competence was negatively associated with prosocial behavior, but only when their social justice teaching beliefs were low. However, teachers' commitment to social emotional learning was positively related to prosocial behavior. Teachers' emotional competence was associated positively with peer problems, but only for girls, and was also related positively to community engagement. Conclusions: Results demonstrate associations between STEM teachers' social emotional learning competencies and social justice teaching beliefs in the development of students' prosocial competence and community engagement and provide directions for future research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the relationship between ethical leadership and employees' pro-social rule-breaking behavior, with a focus on the mediating role of psychological empowerment and the moderating effect of moral identity. Grounded in social cognitive theory, data from 515 nursing staff in public and private hospitals in Pakistan were collected at three different time points and analyzed using Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS SEM). Contrary to expectations, our findings reveal a positive association between ethical leadership and employees' pro-social rule-breaking behavior. Additionally, we find that psychological empowerment mediates this relationship, while moral identity moderates it. These results highlight the paradoxical nature of ethical leadership, challenging the conventional understanding of its universally positive impact and highlighting its unintended consequences. The results also underscore the need to consider employees' psychological processes and individual differences in understanding this complex relationship. The study provides insights into the complexities of ethical leadership in organizations and offers implications for theory and practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research explores consumer reactions following green product failures, identifying a novel benefit for companies selling environmentally friendly products. Across an empirical field analysis and eight controlled experiments, the authors show that consumers react less negatively to the failure of green products than conventional ones, which is referred to as the greenguard effect. The findings suggest that by not reacting negatively to green product failures, consumers believe they are being more prosocial, as their negative reaction may harm the success of a product that otherwise benefits the environment and society. This research contributes to the literature on green products by highlighting a novel benefit of green product attributes and demonstrating how prosocial motives influence consumer reactions to green product failures, and offers valuable insights for marketers on green product marketing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Self-transcendence and the associated decrease in ego-centeredness are understood to foster altruistic and positive behaviors that promote prosociality and pro-environmental actions. However, the lack of an agreed valid and reliable measure of self-transcendence has posed difficulties in examining this subject. The main aim of this study was to use the recently developed Ontological Addiction Scale (OAS), which assesses dysfunctional ego-centeredness as an inhibiter of self-transcendent change, as a proxy measure to examine whether self-transcendence is indeed related to such "selfless" prosocial and pro-nature behaviors. Secondary aims were to examine ontological addiction (OA) and these behaviors in relation to competitiveness and ego-driven manifestations of prosociality. These relationships were examined via self-report measures in a cross-sectional cohort study of 287 UK adult participants. Findings revealed associations with competitiveness that broadly reflect its association with ego-centeredness through significant correlations with OA, and significant negative correlations with both prosociality and pro-nature behavior. They also supported earlier findings of a significant relationship between OA and measures of anxiety and depression. However, the expected negative correlations between OA and both prosociality and pro-nature behavior were not evidenced, which raises questions regarding the notion of OA as a conceptual antithesis of self-transcendence and/or whether measures of pro-sociality and pro-nature behavior adequately account for "selfish" or "impure" motivations that may underly these behaviors. Implications and future research directions are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Organ donation is an ambivalent prosocial behavior. It triggers altruistic values and reminds people of death related thoughts at the same time. Due to the characteristics of organ donation, prior studies examined the impact of different types of mortality salience (conventional manipulation: ask participants to write down their thoughts once they are physically dead vs. narrative manipulation: ask participants to read a narrative of a cancer patient) on organ donation. However, without acknowledging the unique feature of organ donation, different types of mortality salience generated opposing results in organ donation. Hence, in this article, the purpose of Study 1 is to investigate if an organ donation campaign can remind people of their own mortality. Furthermore, although previous studies discovered that non-cognitive factors, such as mortality salience and medical mistrust, affect organ donation, few studies investigated how to resolve those non-cognitive factors to promote organ donation rate. Therefore, the purpose of Study 2 is to study how to help people address the fear of death caused by organ donation. Two online experiments were executed on Amazon Turk Prime to bridge the knowledge gaps. Study 1 found that an organ donation campaign can increase people's death related thoughts. Study 2 discovered that an enhanced altruistic worldview value can help people diminish organ donation triggered fear by decreasing medical mistrust. In addition, this study also revealed that medical mistrust as a causal factor mediated the effect between worldview value and perceptions of organ donation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The transition to adolescence is a critical phase for shaping child behavior. Previous studies have revealed the correlation between perceived social support and children's social behaviors. However, the longitudinal causal relationship between perceived social support and social behavior remains unclear. This study aimed to reveal the longitudinal, bidirectional relationship between perceived social support (from parents, peers, and teachers) and social behaviors (i.e., prosocial behavior, aggressive behavior, and social withdrawal) and the potential mediating role of social self-concept. 577 Chinese children in preadolescence and early adolescence participated in the study at three time points. Results indicated that prosocial and aggressive behavior predicted subsequent perceived social support from peers and teachers. Social withdrawal negatively predicted subsequent perceived social support from parents, peers, and teachers. In turn, only perceived peer support marginally and negatively predicted subsequent aggressive behavior. Social self-concept mediated the effect of social behaviors on perceived social support, the effect of perceived parent support on social behaviors, and the effect of perceived peer support on negative social behaviors. No significant difference was found in the above associations between children in preadolescence and early adolescence. The study highlights the significance of children's self-evaluation and self-cognition in promoting their perceived social support and adjusting their social behaviors, which provides implications for family- and school-based education and interventions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Emerging adulthood is a pivotal period for the development of prosocial behavior. A reliable tool for measuring prosocial behavior in emerging adults is crucial for accurate assessment and intervention planning, aiding in identity development, and promoting behaviors beneficial to personal and societal well-being. Literature suggests that prosocial behavior differs according to the target to whom such behavior is oriented. The Prosocial behaviors toward different targets scale – brief version (PB-15) assesses prosocial behavior taking into account three different targets: strangers, friends, and family members, with five items for each dimension. The current study aimed to validate the PB-15 in a sample of 304 Italian emerging adults (aged 18–25 years, Mage = 21.31 ± 1.63; 78.3% females). Confirmatory factor analysis supported the original three-factor model. Internal consistency was good. Results showed that females had higher prosocial behavior toward friends and family than males, which might be due to heightened social pressure, females are socialized or social desirability to exhibit nurturance and compassion, whereas males are taught to inhibit such prosocial behavior. As expected, PB-15 strangers, friends, and family subscales showed significant negative correlations with a lack of emotional awareness. Overall, findings support the psychometric properties of the PB-15 as a brief diagnostic tool to assess prosocial behavior in a sample of Italian emerging adults. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The micro-level corporate social responsibility (CSR) literature has broadly demonstrated the effects of CSR on employees' behavior but has mostly been limited to employees' behavior within the work domain. This business-centered focus overlooks the potential of organizations to change employees' private social and environmental behavior and thus to address grand societal challenges. Based on the social psychology literature on moral consistency and moral balancing, we conduct three experiments to investigate whether employees' private prosocial behavior is consistent with their organization's corporate social (ir)responsibility or whether employees aim to balance their private prosocial behavior, e.g., by compensating for their organization's CSR activities with a reduced willingness to contribute outside the work domain. Our results provide support for a consistency effect such that employers' environmental CSR activities increase employees' donations and willingness to volunteer outside work. Environmental corporate social irresponsibility activities, on the contrary, reduce employees' private donations and willingness to volunteer. We further find that the positive effects of environmental CSR are partly explained by the strengthening of employees' environmental self-identity. Our findings highlight that organizational activities have consequences for employees' moral behavior outside the work domain and thus have important implications for research and practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Determination of the factors that predict adolescents' aggressive behaviors is important for their healthy development and the welfare of society. The aim of this study is to investigate the predictive role of self-compassion, mental toughness and emotional-psychological well-being variables on adolescents' aggressive behaviors. The sample group consisted of 1639 Turkish adolescents (828 girls, 811 boys) aged 11–16 (Mage = 13.62, SD = 1.58) years. We collected the data using the sub-dimension of Prosocial and Aggressive Behaviors, Aggressive Behaviors, Self-Compassion Scale, Mental Toughness Scale for Adolescents and The Stirling Childrens' Well-being Scale. The findings of the study showed that there was a significant negative correlation between adolescents' aggressive behaviors and their self-compassion, mental toughness, and emotional-psychological well-being. According to the results of the three-stage hierarchical regression, when we added the mental toughness variable to the first model, we found that it had a predictive role. When self-compassion and emotional-psychological well-being variables were added to the second and third models, respectively, we found that mental toughness had no significant role. Our structural regression analysis results showed that emotional-psychological well-being and self-compassion played a serial mediating role in the relationship between adolescents' mental toughness levels and their aggressive behaviors. Findings support the importance of self-compassion, mental toughness and emotional-psychological well-being in adolescents' aggressive behaviors. Overall, it is thought that the results of our study may contribute to prevention, intervention studies and policies to reduce aggressive behaviors in adolescents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mindfulness has become increasingly popular to improve physical and mental health. Its implementation transcends boundaries of disciplines that study its impact. The aim of this study is to identify and analyze the benefits of mindfulness on mental health, academic performance, well-being, mindfulness and prosocial behavior of university students, as well as to identify the most effective way to achieve habituation to the practice. An analysis and systematic review of papers published in the Scopus database was conducted. It was found that publications on the implementation of mindfulness in higher education began in 2004. Their study has been developed in 22 countries, 15 are European, 3 Asians, 2 North American, one Latin American and one from Oceania. Spain is the only Spanish-speaking country. Academically, mindfulness stimulates creativity, exploratory thinking, critical thinking, attention regulation, increases concentration and improves the learning experience. In addition, immersive virtual reality experiences were found to positively influence habituation towards mindfulness practice among university students. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Undercover videos have become a popular tool among NGOs to influence public opinion and generate engagement for the NGO's cause. These videos are seen as a powerful and cost-effective way of bringing about social change, as they provide first-hand evidence and generate a strong emotional response among those who see them. In this paper, we empirically assess the impact of undercover videos on support for the cause. We in addition analyze whether the increased engagement among viewers is driven by the negative emotional reactions produced by the video. To do so, we design an online experiment that enables us to estimate both the total and emotion-mediated treatment effects on engagement by randomly exposing participants to an undercover video (of animal abuse) and randomly introducing a cooling-off period. Using a representative sample of the French population (N=3,310), we find that the video successfully increases actions in favor of animals (i.e., donations to NGOs and petitions), but we fail to prove that this effect is due to the presence of primary emotions induced by the video. Last, we investigate whether activists correctly anticipate their undercover videos' (emotional) impact via a prediction study involving activists (exploratory analysis). Protocol registration: This manuscript is a Stage-2 working paper of a Registered Report that received In-Principle-Acceptance from Scientific Reports on November 20th, 2023 [Link to Stage-1]. The Stage-1 that received In-Principal-Acceptance can be found here: https://osf.io/8cg2d. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Because climate change and the biodiversity crisis are driven by human actions, determining psychological mechanisms underpinning support for environmental action is an urgent priority. Here, we experimentally tested for mechanisms promoting conservation-related motivation and behavior toward a flagship species, wild Tamanend's bottlenose dolphins. Following evidence that empathy increases prosocial motivations and behavior, and that the ability to identify individual humans promotes empathy, we tested whether this relationship applied to the ability to identify individual dolphins. Participants identified dolphins from their dorsal fins at above chance levels, and better individuation correlated with higher empathy for dolphins and higher willingness to pledge environmental behaviors. Pairing a narrative with an image of an injured dolphin leads to higher donations relative to a narrative alone. Our novel finding that the ability to individually identify dolphins relates to empathy and conservation-related behavior suggests pathways for strengthening environmental attitudes and behavior. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ants often face injuries during foraging, or interspecific competition, elevating infection risk and mortality among the wounded. To avoid this, ants engage in wound care on injured nestmates as a form of social immunity. In this study, we show that Cataglyphis nodus desert ants perform differentiated wound care behavior, depending on wound location and state. Leg-injured ants received significantly more wound care than antenna-injured ants. However, leg wounds with induced infections received barely any wound care from nestmates, leading to similar levels of mortality in isolation and inside the nest. Instead, such leg-infected ants were mainly found outside of the nest. Infections of antennal wounds showed no change in the level of wound care, nor increased mortality. Our results suggest that the level of wound care in ants can be flexibly adjusted to the perceived mortality risk of injuries. Leg injuries pose a greater risk of infection and mortality compared to antennal injuries, likely because of the larger wound area and increased vascular circulation, necessitating intensive prophylactic care to prevent infection. This study is the first to show wound care in Cataglyphis ants, despite their short lifespan, and offers significant insights into social immunity mechanisms. Significance statement: This study reveals the adaptive wound care behavior exhibited by Cataglyphis nodus desert ants, highlighting a crucial aspect of social immunity. Our findings demonstrate that these ants can differentiate the severity, location, and state of nestmate injuries, focusing more on prophylactic wound care (to prevent infection) rather than therapeutic care (to combat infection) in leg injuries, due to the low survival chances of infected leg wounds (which are left to die). While in antennal injuries ants can still be rescued even after infection, leading to similar levels of care and survival with and without infection. This research sheds light on the complex decision-making processes that underpin collective health management in ant colonies. By elucidating these mechanisms, our study offers broader implications for the evolution of social immunity, social behavior, and communal living strategies in other species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Values, defined by Schwartz (1994) as basic motivational cognitive structures, guide life goals, transcend contexts, and affect individuals' courses of action differently depending on their preferred values. With young children, an important question that emerges is what factors underlie the linkages between their preferred motivations (i.e., preferred values) and their behavior tendencies in key social contexts. This study proposed one potential socio-cognitive mechanism that may explain how children's values are linked to their prosocial and antisocial behaviors in kindergarten via their values-oriented social information processing patterns (SIP) and their attitudes toward their kindergarten. The sample included 121 children (59 girls; Mage = 67.45 months). Children's values, values-oriented SIP patterns, and attitudes toward kindergarten class were examined in one-on-one interviews. Teachers reported on the children's social behaviors. Results showed children's preferences for self-transcendence values were linked to their more prosocial behaviors and less antisocial behaviors in class via their self-transcendence values-oriented SIP patterns and their positive attitudes toward kindergarten. The findings offer important insights into the socio-cognitive elements that drive values-behavior relationships, as well as the links between various facets of young children's social cognition and their social behavior in kindergarten. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Education researchers and practitioners have been exploring for years the key factors impacting children's academic engagement. Still, relatively little is known about the role of children's social cognition in their academic engagement. Accordingly, the current study focuses on the potential indirect associations between young children's social information processing patterns (SIP) and their academic engagement through their social behaviors in class, specifically their prosocial and problem behaviors, and following by the quality of their relationship with their main kindergarten teacher. The study examines these indirect effects in one dual-pathway model which includes both a pathway from children's competent SIP patterns to higher levels of academic engagement and from children's aggressive SIP patterns to lower levels of academic engagement. The sample included 300 kindergarten children (151 girls; Mage = 68.76 months). Results showed that competent SIP patterns were positively linked to children's academic engagement, which encompasses both their academic self-perceptions and their attitudes toward learning, via children's prosocial behaviors in class and subsequently teacher–child relational closeness. In addition, aggressive SIP patterns were negatively linked to the kindergarteners' attitudes toward learning via the children's problem behaviors in class and subsequently teacher–child relational conflict. Results have implications for both research and practice in the understanding of the influence of social cognition, behavior, and social relationships on academic engagement for young learners. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Sharing and fairness are important prosocial behaviors that help us navigate the social world. However, little is known about how and whether individuals with Williams Syndrome (WS) engage in these behaviors. The unique phenotype of individuals with WS, consisting of high social motivation and limited social cognition, can also offer insight into the role of social motivation in sharing and fairness when compared to typically developing (TD) individuals. The current study used established experimental paradigms to examine sharing and fairness in individuals with WS and TD individuals. Methods: We compared a sample of patients with WS to TD children (6-year-olds) matched by mental age (MA) on two experimental tasks: the Dictator Game (DG, Experiment 1, N = 17 WS, 20 TD) with adults modeling giving behaviors used to test sharing and the Inequity Game (IG, Experiment 2, N = 14 WS, 17 TD) used to test fairness. Results: Results showed that the WS group behaved similarly to the TD group for baseline giving in the DG and in the IG, rejecting disadvantageous offers but accepting advantageous ones. However, after viewing an adult model giving behavior, the WS group gave more than their baseline, with many individuals giving more than half, while the TD group gave less. Combined these results suggest that social motivation is sufficient for sharing and, in particular, generous sharing, as well as the self-focused form of fairness. Further, individuals with WS appear capable of both learning to be more generous and preventing disadvantageous outcomes, a more complex profile than previously known. Conclusions: In conclusion, the present study provides a snapshot into sharing and fairness-related behaviors in WS, contributing to our understanding of the intriguing social-behavioral phenotype associated with this developmental disorder. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigated the broader autism phenotype (BAP) in mothers and siblings and the mothers' stress and perceived support levels as factors affecting typically developing siblings' adjustment by introducing the number of children with autism spectrum disorders (n-ASD) as a factor. The sample consisted of 25 families with multiple-incidence autism spectrum disorder (ASD) children (multiplex families), 38 families with single-incidence ASD children (simplex families), and 46 families with non-ASD children. The data were collected via mothers by the Autism-Spectrum Quotient, Family Support Scale, Questionnaire on Resources and Stress, Social Communication Questionnaire, and Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire. ANOVA, Kruskal-Wallis H-test, and multiple linear regression analysis were used to analyze the data. According to the findings, siblings and mothers' BAP, maternal stress, and perceived support levels significantly differed depending on the n-ASD, and the n-ASD was a significant predictor of both siblings' problem behaviors and prosocial behaviors. These findings were discussed, and limitations and suggestions were included. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Collective narcissism, as a belief about the in-group's exceptionality, is broadly studied in general inter-group relationships. While collective narcissism is gaining more and more attention, little research has been done to address the interrelation between collective narcissism and international prosocial behavior. Based on agency-communion model of collective narcissism, we assessed whether collective forms of narcissistic agency and communion predicted international prosocial behavior differently in the Chinese context or not. We also examined the mediating roles of prosocial motives and strategical motives which may play in the relationship between collective narcissism and international prosocial behavior. The results of the study indicated that: (1) Collective narcissism was positively associated with in-group satisfaction. (2) Agentic collective narcissism negatively predicted humanitarian aid, but there was no significant mediating effect of strategic motives in the relationship between agentic collective narcissism and humanitarian aid. (3) Communal collective narcissism positively predicted humanitarian aid. Interestingly, both prosocial motives and strategic motives played mediating roles in the relationship between communal collective narcissism and humanitarian aid. Altogether, these findings advanced our understanding of the mechanism driving the link between collective narcissism and international prosocial behavior in the Chinese culture. The evidence also showed that the communal aspects of collective narcissism prompt and encourage international prosocial behavior not only through prosocial motives but also strategic motives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Challenging others who post misinformation is a type of social correction that complements algorithm-based approaches. However, participation rates in such social acts remain limited. In this paper, we study design techniques that leverage principles of persuasive system design and communication theories to foster such prosocial behaviour across two distinct cultural contexts: the British and the Arab. A total of 462 participants completed an online survey (250 UK, 212 Arabs). The study compared the two cultural contexts regarding willingness to challenge misinformation and the persuasiveness of seven design techniques to increase that willingness, namely predefined question stickers, thinking face reaction, sentence openers, fact checker badge, social norm messages, tone detector, and private commenting. Moreover, it explores the impact of individuals' characteristics on their perception of the techniques as being more or less persuasive than a standard comment box. The study found that the willingness to challenge misinformation was significantly higher in the Arab context than in the UK context. Moreover, except for the private commenting, all techniques were more impactful in the Arab context than in the UK context. Some techniques, such as predefined question stickers, were more effective in both cultures compared to the standard comment box, while others, like the fact checker badge, were more effective only in the Arab context. However, in the UK, sentence openers had a lower impact. Furthermore, personality traits, age, and perspective-taking showed the potential but also the varying impacts on the persuasiveness of the techniques on users' correction of misinformation across both cultural contexts while pointing to the need for considering both personal and cultural factors in designing social-correction-based solutions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The influence of awe on prosocial behavior has inconsistent results. A meta-analysis examined the relationship between awe and prosocial behavior and its moderating factors. A total of 38 articles were found, and 57 independent effect sizes were included in the analysis (N = 20,997). The study revealed that dispositional and state awe moderately positively correlated with prosocial behavior. Additionally, age and cultural background moderated the relationship between dispositional awe and prosocial behavior. Adolescents who have a predisposition for experiencing awe are more likely to exhibit prosocial behavior. Moreover, those with dispositional awe within a collectivistic cultural background are also more inclined to engage in prosocial behavior than individuals with an individualistic cultural background. The results of the meta-analysis clarified the relationship between awe and prosocial behavior and enriched the theory of positive emotion expansion and construction. It provided a basis for subsequent research on the positive consequences of awe. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In today's knowledge economy, it is critical to make decisions based on high-quality evidence. Science-related decision-making is thought to rely on a complex interplay of reasoning skills, cognitive styles, attitudes, and motivations toward information. By investigating the relationship between individual differences and behaviors related to evidence-based decision-making, our aim was to better understand how adults engage with scientific information in everyday life. First, we used a data-driven exploratory approach to identify four latent factors in a large set of measures related to cognitive skills and epistemic attitudes. The resulting structure suggests that key factors include curiosity and positive attitudes toward science, prosociality, cognitive skills, and openmindedness to new information. Second, we investigated whether these factors predicted behavior in a naturalistic decision-making task. In the task, participants were introduced to a real science-related petition and were asked to read six online articles related to the petition, which varied in scientific quality, while deciding how to vote. We demonstrate that curiosity and positive science attitudes, cognitive flexibility, prosociality and emotional states, were related to engaging with information and discernment of evidence reliability. We further found that that social authority is a powerful cue for source credibility, even above the actual quality and relevance of the sources. Our results highlight that individual motivating factors toward information engagement, like curiosity, and social factors such as social authority are important drivers of how adults judge the credibility of everyday sources of scientific information. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article we experimentally evaluate Colombia's Think Equal program, which teaches socioemotional skills to children ages 3 to 6. Given the context of COVID-19, the original design was adapted as a hybrid model, alternating in-person and remote instruction and engaging families in the implementation of the curriculum. We found that the program had positive effects on children's prosocial behavior, self-awareness, and cognitive learning. The intervention also had an impact on the education center's personnel (community mothers) and caregivers implementing the activities. Treated community mothers had higher levels of empathy, lower negative health symptoms, better pedagogical practices, and a closer relationship with the children's caregivers compared with those in the control group. Treated caregivers had better stimulation practices and lower negative health symptoms compared with those in the control group. These findings suggest that a well-designed intervention has the potential to develop socioemotional skills in children at an early age and, at the same time, to develop capacities in those who implement the activities. Our results have important implications for the design, implementation, and evaluation of early childhood socioemotional learning programs and provide novel evidence about the challenges faced by interventions combining face-to-face and remote learning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Social capital theorists posit that association members are key agents for propagating norms of trust and trustworthiness from within associations toward the society as a whole. Nevertheless, others claim that social capital is primarily bonding, that is, it helps ingroup members better achieve internal goals, but little benefits or even costs carry over to the rest of society. We deploy experimental methods to probe into whether social capital in associations has a predominantly bridging or bonding nature. We compare members' behavior in anonymous Trust Games with behavior by a demographically comparable sample of non-members. We find that (a) Members are significantly more trusting and trustworthy than the general population both when interacting with fellow members and with people from the general population; (b) Members trust and repay trust from people from the general public nearly at the same level as they do with fellow members. Therefore, most of social capital existing within associations "bridges" over to the rest of society. We quantify 83% of additional trust, and 71% of additional trustworthiness existing in associations vis-à-vis society at large to be bridging and the remainder to be bonding. (c) Association members are no more optimistic or less accurate in predicting others' behavior than people from the general public. (d) Increased involvement in association activities is not correlated with increased pro-sociality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Scholars and leaders have assumed that prosocial motivation is the primary driver for social enterprises (SEs) to do good. Despite the significance of prosocial motivation, we argue that it may not be the single driver for SE motivation. A dual-motivations approach based on insights from motivation research is proposed to examine how different types of SE motivation can act together to influence the outcomes of SEs. Empirical findings based on survey data from Hong Kong demonstrate that dual motivations—prosocial-intrinsic and prosocial-extrinsic motivations—explain the outcomes of SEs beyond what the direct effects of prosocial motivation can explain separately. Based on moderation analyses, intrinsic motivation enhances the positive relationships between prosocial motivation and business and social outcomes, whereas extrinsic motivation undermines the relationship related to business outcomes. Implications for research on social entrepreneurship and business ethics are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To contribute to a better understanding of the determinants of climate-friendly organizational behavior, we study the potential of behavioral policy interventions and social norms to foster individual contributions to organizational decarbonization initiatives. We investigate the effects of different types of behavioral policy interventions (default nudges vs. short-term boosts) in isolation and when they are combined with normative appeals to adopt climate-friendly behaviors in an organizational context. In a 2 × 2 between-subjects experiment, we find that default nudges generally induced higher individual contributions to organizational carbon compensation programs than short-term boosts. Moreover, injunctive social norm information decreased the effectiveness of both types of behavioral interventions but affected the effectiveness of short-term boosts to a stronger extent than the effectiveness of default nudges. Contributing to the nascent literature on motivating climate change mitigating behaviors in organizational contexts, we additionally explore whether factors such as personality traits, pro-social and pro-environmental beliefs, attitudes, and behaviors, and the degree of organizational identification exert an influence on the effectiveness of the interventions and provide qualitative insights into participants' reasoning for their decisions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fear of negative evaluation and prosocial behavior have been identified as predictive factors influencing the development of loneliness in adolescence, representing typical factors in the cognitive and behavioral processes of re-affiliation. The elucidation of plausible direct and indirect pathways linking these pivotal factors to adolescents' loneliness need further exploration. This study aimed to investigate the direct and indirect relationships between the fear of negative evaluation, prosocial behavior, and adolescents' loneliness through the lens of developmental changes. A total of 533 adolescents (49.0% girls, Mage = 15.18 years, SD = 0.71) participated in this longitudinal study, assessed at three timepoints over a span of two years with 12-month intervals. Latent growth modeling uncovered direct associations between the developmental trajectories of both fear of negative evaluation and prosocial behavior with the developmental trajectory of adolescents' loneliness. The developmental trajectory of fear of negative evaluation exhibited an indirect association with the developmental trajectory of loneliness through the mediating role of prosocial behavior. These findings highlighted the roles of cognitive and behavioral re-affiliation processes, both independently and as mediators, in influencing adolescent loneliness, suggesting that interventions aimed at reducing fear of negative evaluation and promoting prosocial behavior could effectively mitigate adolescents' loneliness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The literature on school bullying and perceived social support primarily relies on variable-centered approaches, investigating the independent effects of individual sources of social support. However, victims of school bullying perceive different combinations of levels of social support from multiple sources. Hence, there lacks a holistic person-centered examination of the joint effects of multiple sources of social support. The study surveyed 915 bullying victims (51.9% boys, 48.1% girls; Mage = 13.52, SD = 0.75). Latent profile analysis identified five profiles of social support across five sources (i.e., parents, teachers, classmates, close friends, and online-only friends): online-offline supported adolescents, offline supported adolescents, moderately supported adolescents, close friend supported adolescents, and unsupported. The five social support profiles were associated differently with bullying victims' demographic characteristics (i.e., age, gender, and socioeconomic status), frequency of victimization, psychological health (i.e., subjective well-being, depression, and anxiety), and prosocial behavior. The findings support the heterogenous nature of social support perceived by bullying victims and offer insights into more tailored interventions aimed at promoting the development victims in different subgroups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Adolescence is a critical period during which youth develop and shape their behaviors. Because differences between youths are strongly connected to environmental factors, we aimed to elucidate possible pathways from home-school regulation and atmosphere to youths' prosocial and antisocial behaviors. Data were derived from the China Education Panel Survey. This study involved a total of 9291 students aged 14–15 years (4834 boys, 4457 girls). We used structural equation modeling (SEM) with LISREL 8.80 and Monte Carlo resampling with R to conduct the analysis strategy. In the home-school regulation, parental supervision on the one hand and teacher criticism on the other hand have direct positive and negative predictive effects on youths' prosocial behaviors, respectively, while their direct effects on antisocial behavior are the opposite; teachers praise does not directly affect adolescents' prosocial and antisocial behaviors. In the home-school atmosphere, family interaction and perceived good class climate directly positively affect youths' prosocial behaviors, while the direct effects of both on antisocial behavior are not significant. The SEM results reveal that academic self-efficacy and depressive symptoms may be underlying mediating mechanisms through which home-school regulation and atmosphere during adolescence affect students' prosocial and antisocial behaviors. Intervention programs targeting home-school supportive environments and prevention programs targeting positive emotion and self-awareness may yield benefits for proper social behavior in adolescents. For example, by enhancing the way and frequency of parent–child interaction, teachers and students jointly create a good class climate of care and friendship to strengthen a home-school supportive environment. Improve adolescents' positive emotions such as contentment, optimism, and hope to reduce the possibility of depression. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Online health communities (OHCs) are encouraging doctors to engage in prosocial behaviors to promote sustainable development of OHCs and benefit the user base, which may further influence doctor-level performance. However, it is unclear how prosocial behavior and its intensity affect doctor-level performance, such as doctor-patient relationship, online reputation, and online demand. The purpose of this study is to test the effects of prosocial behavior and its intensity on doctor-patient relationship, online reputation, and online demand. We conducted a series of empirical analyses on 103,208 doctor-level samples from a leading OHC in China. Initially, we applied the propensity score matching (PSM) method to obtain a more balanced sample, then, we employed a negative binomial regression model to analyze the sample after PSM, and finally, we performed a robustness test using a zero-inflated negative binomial regression model and changing the time window. Our research findings indicate that prosocial behavior positively affects the doctor-patient relationship, doctors' online reputation, and online demand. The intensity of prosocial behavior has an inverted U-shaped relationship with the doctor-patient relationship, online reputation, and online demand. The doctor's clinical title negatively moderates the effect of prosocial behavior on the doctor-patient relationship and online demand. Therefore, OHC operators can draw on our findings to encourage more doctors to engage in prosocial behavior while suggesting they consider the role of the intensity of prosocial behavior and clinical title. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Childhood callous-unemotional (CU) traits are characterized by low empathy, limited prosocial behavior, and restricted social affiliation. However, few studies have investigated whether CU traits are associated with different subtypes of prosocial and affiliative behavior or the specific motivational difficulties underlying these behaviors. We addressed these questions using data from 135 young children (M = 5.48 years old; 58% female) who viewed depictions of adults or children in instrumental need, emotional need, or neutral situations. We assessed recognition, suggested initiation of, and motivation for prosocial or affiliative behavior in response to each depiction. We distinguished between subtypes of prosocial (instrumental and emotional) and affiliative (parallel, cooperative, associative) behavior, as well as self- versus other-orientated motivations. Parents reported on child CU traits and conduct problems. Overall, children accurately recognized prosocial and neutral situations, offered help, and expressed other-orientated motivations for prosocial behavior and social motivations for affiliative behavior. Higher CU traits were related to lower overall recognition accuracy, which was more pronounced for emotional need. Higher CU traits were also related to fewer offers of help and more denial of prosocial behavior, particularly for instrumental need. Finally, CU traits were related to lower probability of initiating affiliative behavior. CU traits were not differentially related to self- versus other-orientated motivations for prosocial or affiliative behavior. Findings demonstrate difficulties of children with CU traits in recognizing need and offering help. Interventions for CU traits could include modules that explicitly scaffold and shape prosociality and social affiliation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present research aimed to present psychometric evidence of reliability and validity for the Prosocialness Scale in the Brazilian context, both for use with adults and adolescents. As an alternative, a brief version of the measure was proposed. Through six studies, we obtained evidence of a single-factor structure, with appropriate model-fit indices, and internal consistency ranging between ω = 0.87–0.95. The short version, consisting of five items, also proved to be adequate in measuring the construct. Furthermore, item discrimination and difficulty indices were also investigated, based on the Graduated Response Model, as well as measurement invariance. Finally, the relationship between the Prosocialness Scale and Aggression was investigated, and a negative correlation with physical aggression was observed. In summary, the results indicate that the instrument is suitable for use in the Brazilian context. The scale can be applied both in the research context and in professional practice, for example, evaluating interventions on the topic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Episodic simulation effectively promotes an individual's willingness to help, and temporal distance can influence an individual's mental representation and reaction. However, the effect of episodic simulation on pro-social behavior at different temporal distances has not been explored, and this perspective is crucial to understand how episodic simulation can more efficiently promote individuals' pro-social behavior. The present study examined how episodic simulation and temporal distances promote pro-social behavior and its scope of applications. Experiment 1 (N = 200) used a two-factor experimental design to explore how episodic simulation and temporal distance (near: after 1 day vs. far: after 1 year) interacted to influence willingness to help and donation behavior. Experiment 2 (N = 335) employed a mixed experimental design to examine the interactive effects of episodic simulation and temporal distance on willingness to help and donation behavior among individuals with different social value orientations (pro-self orientation vs. pro-social orientation). The two experiments used a 7-point scale of willingness to help people and the amount of money donated to charity as indicators of pro-social behavior. The results showed that willingness to help and subsequent donation behavior were significantly higher after initiating the episodic simulation. Individuals matched with the far temporal distance condition (compared to the near temporal distance condition) had a significantly increased willingness to help and donation behavior. Notably, episodic simulation and far temporal distance significantly enhanced the donation behavior of individuals with a pro-self orientation but not of those with a pro-social orientation. The matching of episodic simulation and distant temporal distance facilitated the production of pro-social behavior, especially for individuals with low helping tendencies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study evaluated the effect of childhood maltreatment on the prosocial behavior of Chinese university students, with a focus on the mediation effects of social support and resilience. Prosocial behavior, resilience, social support and childhood maltreatment were measured by a total of 1266 university students in China (Mage = 18.25, SD = 0.79, 38.50% men). Results indicate significant negative correlations among childhood maltreatment and social support, resilience, prosocial behavior. Furthermore, childhood maltreatment is found to have a direct effect on prosocial behavior, as well as indirect effects through the mediating roles of social support and resilience. Even after accounting for gender and age, three pathways were identified in the linked mediation effect: the mediation function of social support, the mediation function of resilience, and the linked mediation function of social support and resilience. Together, such findings shed light on the nuanced relationship between prosocial behavior and childhood maltreatment and offer doable solutions for enhancing personal prosocial behavior. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gratitude is pivotal in promoting and maintaining prosocial interactions in human society. However, it is unclear whether the prosocial function of gratitude can be observed even in situations of uncertainty about whether one can provide benefits to others. Here, we examined whether gratitude promotes prosocial behavior in uncertain situations. Participants (N = 60) were randomly assigned to either a gratitude or neutral group. Following the emotion-induced manipulation, we examined whether participants would choose a non-unique resource when selecting one of four resources (one unique and three non-unique) to leave the choice to the follower. This represented an uncertain situation in which choosing a non-unique resource does not necessarily mean the follower will choose the unique one. Results showed that participants in the gratitude group were more likely to choose non-unique resources than those in the neutral group, suggesting that gratitude promotes prosocial behavior even in uncertain situations. Our findings indicate that gratitude is widely prevalent as a lubricant for interpersonal and cooperative relationships in human society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Theory of mind (ToM) and empathy are two major influencers of prosocial behavior (PsB). Some scholars hold that children with advanced ToM and high capacity for empathy are more likely to act prosocially, but the empirical findings are mixed. To clarify the relation between ToM/empathy and PsB, we conducted two meta-analysis of cross-sectional and longitudinal studies that met appropriate inclusion criteria. In study 1, a total of 24 studies including 16, 265 participants aged 2 ~ 19 years were identified as eligible for inclusion, and 88 effect sizes for ToM-PsB were yielded. The results showed that there was a significant positive correlation between PsB and ToM (r = 0.24, 95%CI [0.18, 0.31]). Age, PsB measurement method and the cultural background had no significant moderating effect on the relationship between ToM and PsB. The ToM measurement method played a borderline significant role in moderating the relationship between ToM and PsB. In study 2, a total of 29 studies including 23, 304 participants aged 2 ~ 19 years were identified as eligible for inclusion, and 89 effect sizes for empathy-PsB were yielded. The results showed that there was a significant positive correlation between PsB and empathy (r = 0.36, 95%CI [0.30, 0.41]). Age, the measurement methods of PsB and the cultural background moderated the relationship between empathy and PsB. In conclusion, the studies integrate previous researches on the correlations between ToM/empathy and PsB, explores the causes of inconsistency (i.e., the test of moderating variables), and verifies the important role of social understanding (ToM/empathy) in PsB. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many studies have examined that bullying bystander intervention refers to a positive, pro-social bystander behavior that prevents the sustained development of bullying incidents in the face of school bullying. Limited research has investigated the different roles of bystanders and the factors that influence their behavior. This study attempts to explore the association between being bullied and intervention by bystanders in adolescent school bullying, the role of moral disengagement, and the status of only children in this context. For this purpose, 2113 middle school students completed the Being Bullied Behavior Scale, Bystander Intervention Scale, and Moral Disengagement Scale. The study findings indicate that (1) being bullied positively anticipates the intervention by bystanders in school bullying; (2) further, moral disengagement plays an essential role in mediating the effects of bullying on bystander intervention, and being bullied "masks" the related positive influence on the bystander intervention through the negative mediation of moral disengagement; and (3) finally, the status of being an only child moderates the first half of this mediating effect. Based on this, this study implies that being bullied is more effective at predicting moral disengagement for only children. Consequently, the influence of being bullied on bystander intervention in school bullying is revealed in this study, which exhibits significant practical implications for improving the ecological environment of school bullying. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pro-environmental behavior requires individuals to pay the cost to improve or protect the environment. The arousal: cost-reward model holds that emergency and cost jointly determine prosocial behaviors, and empirical evidence showed that emergency and cost were determinants of prosocial behaviors. However, the effects of emergency situations and costs on the pro-environmental behaviors and the underlying neurophysiological mechanism remain unclear. Using the event-related potential techniques, this study explored neural responses to the effects of emergency and cost on the pro-environmental behavior. Participants were asked to accept or reject pro-environmental options that involve different costs in emergency and non-emergency situations. The behavioral results showed that the pro-environmental behavior decreased as cost increase in non-emergency situations, whereas the high-cost pro-environmental behavior was significantly reduced, and low-cost and moderate-cost pro-environmental behaviors were not significant in emergency situations. The event-related potential results showed that the wave with a 300ms latency and late positive potential amplitudes of low cost were significantly higher than those of moderate and high costs in non-emergency situations, whereas there was not significant difference at the wave with a 300ms latency and late positive potential amplitudes of three costs in emergency situations. This suggests that emergency situations can induce more emotional arousal and increase low-cost and moderate-cost pro-environmental behaviors, but such empathic arousal cannot affect the high-cost pro-environmental behavior. Meanwhile, high cost generates also personal pain motivated by excessive self-sacrifice and further elicits high emotional arousal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Understanding contemporary organizations hinges on the comprehension of rules and rule behavior. This scholarship explores the idea of employees rule-breaking for pro-social reasons. It challenges the belief that workplace rule violations are only motivated by personal gain and self-interest. Through two surveys conducted among grassroots civil servants working in public welfare programs, this research delves into the impact of social, relational, and bureaucratic factors on employees' attitudes and behaviors toward pro-social rule-breaking. The study discovered that when individuals receive social support and witness co-workers' rule-breaking, they are likelier to exhibit pro-social rule-breaking attitudes and behaviors. In contrast, organizational structure variables bureaucratic centralization and formalization and disciplinary control factors bureaucratic rule-breaking punishment and the certainty of detection diminish employees' willingness to break the rules for pro-social reasons. The findings highlight the importance of recognizing social, relational, and bureaucratic organizational attributes to better understand pro-social rule-breaking among grassroots civil servants in public sector welfare agencies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The nurturing of offspring within divorced families has consistently been a matter of concern. Parental divorce is a pivotal environmental determinant influencing the progression of adolescents' prosocial behavior. Apart from the family, school serves as another significant sphere for adolescents, hence, school acceptance and support might also bear a substantial impact on shaping adolescents' prosocial behavior. This investigation undertook a comprehensive longitudinal survey to elucidate the correlation between parental divorce and prosocial behavior in adolescents, subsequently exploring the moderating role of school acceptance and support on the connection between parental divorce and prosocial behavior. A collective sample of 1,655 and 1,322 Chinese adolescents partook in this study during the first year (Term 1 - T1) and the subsequent year (Term 2 - T2), respectively. The findings demonstrated that parental divorce was negatively correlated with prosocial behavior in adolescents, both concurrently and longitudinally. Additionally, school acceptance and support altered the relationship between parental divorce and prosocial behavior. Specifically, school acceptance and support could ameliorate the detrimental effect of parental divorce on prosocial behavior in adolescents. This study provides a unique perspective which may be beneficial in fostering adolescents' prosocial behavior in divorced households. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to investigate the atemporal mediating role of secondary irrational beliefs in the relationship between primary irrational beliefs and prosocial-antisocial behaviors in athletes. Ninety-two males (Mage=19.83 ± 2.80) and 32 females (Mage=19.28 ± 1.44), a total of 124 athletes (Mage=19.69 ± 2.52) voluntarily participated in this study. Irrational Performance Belief Inventory-2 and Prosocial and Antisocial Behavior Scale were administered, and regression analysis was performed by using bootstrapping via PROCESS macro v4.2. Analysis indicated a significant atemporal direct effect of awfulizing belief on prosocial behaviors toward teammates and opponents. The direct effect of low frustration tolerance belief on prosocial behaviors toward opponents was also significant. Demandingness, awfulizing, and depreciation beliefs had atemporal direct effects on antisocial behaviors toward teammates. There were significant atemporal indirect effects of demandingness belief on prosocial behaviors toward teammates through awfulizing, prosocial behaviors toward opponents through low frustration tolerance, and antisocial behaviors toward teammates through low frustration tolerance and depreciation. In conclusion, there is atemporal mediating role of secondary irrational performance beliefs in the relationship between primary irrational performance beliefs and prosocial-antisocial behaviors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study is to investigate how young children define trust and to find out if there is a relationship between the people whom they trust and the people with whom they share their favorite food and toy. The participants consist of 273 kindergarteners enrolled in five public kindergartens. Research assistants asked the participants questions such as what they think trust is, who they trust, with whom they want to share their favorite food and favorite toy, and why. Findings did not reveal age or gender as factors for children's trust and sharing decisions. Children's trust decisions were not associated with their sharing decisions. Accordingly, it appears that children perceive trust and sharing as two separate concepts. This might be due to the abstract nature of trust and the social nature of sharing, in which immediate reciprocity might play a more important role in children's sharing decisions. Children mentioned reciprocity as the second highest reason for their sharing decisions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Drawing on emotional contagion theory and language-mediated association theory, this study develops a research model to examine how textual and facial emotions affect charitable crowdfunding performance. We use computer-aided techniques to extract and measure specific textual and facial emotions in pitches. The proposed model is tested via regression analysis with a sample of 1372 campaigns collected from the largest charitable crowdfunding platform in China—Tencent Gongyi. Moreover, we conducted a fuzzy-set qualitative comparative analysis to examine the complementarity of textual and facial emotions, which supplements the regression analysis results. Our findings show that both textual and facial emotions can impact funding outcomes. However, the effects of specific emotions vary: some (e.g., textual sadness and facial anger) are positive, some (e.g., textual anger and facial fear) are negative, and others (e.g., textual fear, textual disgust, and facial sadness) are insignificant. Moreover, facial emotions complement textual emotions in their effects on funding outcomes. This research outlines a framework to offer a more detailed and comprehensive understanding of emotions in charitable crowdfunding. It also contributes to existing research by revealing the vital but complex role of emotions in the persuasive process of prosocial behaviors and by uncovering the different cognitive mechanisms underlying the impacts of textual and facial emotions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As technology has been developing by leaps and bounds, concerns regarding adolescent online behavioral patterns have garnered significant attention. Nevertheless, current research exhibits limitations in both perspective and depth. Consequently, this study introduces a moderated mediation model to investigate whether the mediating effect of self-efficacy and the moderating effect of emotional regulation strategies are valid in the relationship between family communication patterns and adolescent online prosocial behavior. A questionnaire survey encompassing 1183 adolescents across 12 schools in three cities of mainland China was conducted. The findings reveal that conversation orientation contributes to the augmentation of adolescents' self-efficacy and online prosocial behavior, whereas conformity orientation follows a reversed trend. Furthermore, self-efficacy serves as a mediator in the relationship between conversation orientation and conformity orientation, influencing adolescent online prosocial behavior in both positive and negative manners. Additionally, this study underscores the significance of emotion regulation strategies; cognitive reappraisal not only reinforces the positive effects of conversation orientation, but also mitigates the adverse effects of conformity orientation, while expressive suppression demonstrates the inverse effect. This research yields a comprehensive and insightful understanding of adolescent online prosocial behavior, furnishing a valuable theoretical foundation for future research and practice in family education. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to investigate the relationship between sense of community and subjective well-being among older adults in China, and to further explore the potential mediating role of prosocial behavior and meaning in life in this association. Using a cross-sectional design, a cohort of 283 Chinese old adults aged between 60 and 85 years (Mage = 65.26, SDage = 5.73; 62.2% females) completed measures related to sense of community, prosocial behavior, meaning in life, and subjective well-being. To examine the mediating roles of prosocial behavior and meaning in life on the link between sense of community and subjective well-being, the PROCESS macro model4 and model6 were used to conduct single and serial mediation analysis, respectively. The results fully supported the proposed serial mediation model. The serial mediation model obtained in this study sheds light on the relationships between these factors and suggests that promoting sense of community independent of considering prosocial behavior and meaning in life may be insufficient to achieve good subjective well-being in Chinese older adults. These findings contribute to the refinement of interventions targeting the subjective well-being of older adults by emphasizing the importance of considering both the physical and social environments of the community. Highlights: Sense of community significantly and positively predicted Chinese older adults' subjective well-being. Prosocial behavior and meaning in life mediated the association between sense of community and subjective well-being separately. Prosocial behavior and meaning in life were identified as serial mediators in the relationship between sense of community and subjective well-being among Chinese older adults. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current correlational study aimed to examine the relationship between father involvement, co-parenting relationship quality, and social-emotional behaviors of children and adolescents ages 4–17 in the collectivistic, patriarchal societal context of Pakistan. A purposive sampling strategy was used to collect data from 160 fathers, who gave information about their involvement in child-rearing activities, co-parenting relationship quality with their wives, and the social-emotional behaviors of their children. The results indicated that father involvement has a negative correlation (r =.11; p =.07) with child problem behaviors; moreover, there was a significant positive correlation with child pro-social behaviors (r =.15; p =.04). Whereas co-parenting relationship quality had a significant negative correlation (r =.30; p <.001) with child problem behaviors and a significant positive correlation of (r =.29; p <.001) with child pro-social behaviors. Results of the moderation analysis showed that the working hours of the father moderate the relationship between father involvement and the pro-social behaviors of children (B = −.014, p =.02). In conclusion, it can be stated that flexibility in the work hours of fathers and helping them be involved with their families can aid the healthy development of children and families in Pakistan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fandom philanthropy refers to charitable activities primarily undertaken by fans united within the fandom. Often inspired or endorsed by celebrities, these charitable activities involve many stakeholders to contribute to a social cause collectively. Today, taking full advantage of social media, fandom philanthropy has attracted increasing attention. Drawing on the theory of normative social behavior (TNSB), the present study attempts to unravel the associations between different norms and fans' online engagement intentions regarding fandom philanthropy. Based on survey data from 463 participants who self-identified as celebrity fans, the study revealed that perceived descriptive norms from the celebrity and peers were positively associated with fans' online engagement intention. While fans' attitudes towards fandom philanthropy mediated the relationship between descriptive peer norms and online engagement intentions, descriptive celebrity norms did not significantly correlate with fans' attitudes. The direct and moderation effects of personal norms were also explored. Results showed that personal norms were strongly associated with fans' attitudes and online engagement intentions. The relationship between descriptive celebrity norms and online engagement intentions was more salient among fans with weaker personal norms. Theoretically, the present study tests and confirms the norm-behavior relationship in TNSB in the fandom philanthropy context. Perceived descriptive norms with celebrities and peers as two referent groups and their conditional influences depending on personal norms are explored. Practically, the findings suggest the potential of leveraging celebrity and peer norms in advocating individual engagement in fandom collective activities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Family members and friends can play an important role in adolescents' prosocial behavior. To better understand the relation between support and prosocial behavior in adolescence, it's important to conduct longitudinal studies that distinguish between within-dyad variance and between-dyad variance. The current study investigated longitudinal associations between adolescents' prosocial behavior, autonomy support, and emotional support from family and friends across adolescence. Across six annual years, 497 Dutch adolescents (284 boys; mean age T1 = 13.03 years, SDage = 0.46), fathers, mothers, siblings, and friends reported on their prosocial behavior. Adolescents also reported on perceived autonomy and emotional support. Between-dyads almost all associations of support and prosocial behavior of family members and friends with adolescents' prosocial behavior were significant, with higher levels of adolescents' prosocial behavior being associated with higher levels of prosocial behavior and support from fathers, mothers and friends. Within-dyads, several concurrent associations were significant, but within-dyads links between prosocial behavior and autonomy support are particularly driven by adolescent-mother or adolescent-sibling effects. This study highlights processes that occurred either at the between-dyad level or at the within-dyad level, but that varied per relationship type and that adolescents are the main catalysts in within-dyads changes in prosocial behavior and support. Preregistration: This study was preregistered on 20 January 2020 at https://osf.io/vxkm3/?view_only=dca87fd1585c444ba5cd5a00c22280ae. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Prosocial behavior (PSB) is vital for positive social development among adolescents, contributing to improved peer relationships, emotional well-being, and social competence. Gratitude, a positive emotion arising from recognizing and appreciating benefits received from others, has been identified as a potential contributor to adolescent PSB. This study aimed to investigate the mediating roles of social support (SS) and basic psychological needs (BPNs) in the relationship between gratitude and PSB among adolescents. A total of 390 middle school students participated in a longitudinal study, completing questionnaires assessing gratitude, SS, BPNs and PSB at two time points with a six-month interval. The results indicated that gratitude positively correlated with SS, BPNs, and PSB. Structural equation modeling revealed that SS, competence needs and relatedness needs partially mediated the relationship between gratitude and adolescent PSB. Moreover, a chain-like mediation effect was observed, wherein SS influenced autonomy needs and relatedness needs, which in turn predicted PSB. These findings emphasize the importance of gratitude in fostering PSB among adolescents and highlight the mediating roles of SS and BPNs in this relationship. Furthermore, our study elucidated the different roles of the three BPNs and further refine and expand the self-determination theory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]