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Hydrogels have been the subject of significant research in the field of friction due to their exceptional lubricating properties. In this study, the G-quadruplex hydrogel with high selectivity for K+ ions was formed by introducing a mixture of G, 2-formylphenylboronic acid, and polyethylene glycol diamine into simulated artificial tears solution with high transparency, and an ultra-low coefficient of friction (COF) of about 0.004 was obtained based on the simulated ocular environment, thus achieving macroscopic superlubricity. In friction pairs simulating the ocular environment, to assess the frictional performance of the G-quadruplex hydrogel as both a lubricant and a friction pair based on the simulated ocular environment, we conducted experiments considering various factors such as concentration, sliding speed, and stress. Through these experiments, it was found that superlubricity was achieved when the G-quadruplex hydrogel was applied as lubricant or friction pair. This effect was attributed to the three-dimensional network structure and hydrophilicity of the hydrogel, which facilitated the formation of a highly bearing and flowing hydration layer, promoting macroscopic superlubricity. Compared to the G-quadruplex hydrogel with low concentration, the high concentration hydrogel (75 mM) exhibited increased mechanical strength and robustness in superlubricity. Combined with biocompatibility experiments, our synthesized G-quadruplex hydrogel has excellent biocompatibility and offers a novel approach to achieve superlubricity in ocular drug delivery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Drought stress significantly reduces crop yields at all stages of plant development. Barley, known for its abiotic-stress adaptation among cereals was used to examine the genetic basis of drought tolerance. A population of 164 spring barley lines was subjected to polyethylene glycol (PEG) induced drought stress during germination and seedling development. Six traits were measured, including germination percentage and rate, seedling length and weight, and root-to-shoot ratios. Seedling area, volume, and root and shoot diameter was acquired with a flatbed scanner. This population was also subjected to short-term drought during the heading stage in the greenhouse. Root and shoot weight and grain yield data were collected from well watered and droughted plants. Significant variation within traits were observed and several of them exhibited strong correlations with each other. In this population, two genotypes had 100% germination under PEG-induced drought and drought tolerance throughout the heading stage of plant development. A genome-wide association scan (GWAS) revealed 64 significant marker-trait associations across all seven barley chromosomes. Candidate genes related to abiotic stress and germination were identified within a 0.5Mbp interval around these SNPs. In silico analysis indicated a high frequency of differential expression of the candidate genes in response to stress. This study enabled identification of barley lines useful for drought tolerance breeding and pinpointed candidate genes for enhancing drought resiliency in barley. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Nanoparticles (NPs) as radiosensitizers present a promising strategy for enhancing radiotherapy effectiveness, but their potential is significantly influenced by the properties of their surface coating, which can impact treatment outcomes. Most Monte Carlo studies have focused on metallic NPs without considering the impact of coating layers on radiosensitization. In this study, we aim to assess both the physical and radiobiological effects of nanoparticle coatings in nanoparticle-based radiation therapy. Materials and methods: In this simulation study, we used Geant4 Monte Carlo (MC) toolkit (v10.07.p02) and simulated the bismuth, gold, iridium and gadolinium NPs coated with polyethylene glycol (PEG-400: Density: 1.13 g/cm³, Molar mass: 380–420 g/mol) as radiosensitizer for photon beams of 30, 60 and 100 keV. Secondary electron number and reactive oxygen species enhancement factor were estimated. Also, dose enhancement factor (DEF) was determined in spherical shells with logarithmic scale thickness from the nanoparticle surface to 4 mm. Results: Secondary electron emission was highest at 30 keV for gold, bismuth, and iridium NPs, while gadolinium NPs peaked at 60 keV. Coating reduced electron emissions across all energies, with thicker coatings leading to a more significant decrease. DEF values declined with increasing radial distance from the NP surface and were lower with thicker coatings. For gadolinium NPs, DEF behavior differed due to K-edge energy effects. Reactive species generation varied, showing maximum production at 30 keV for gold, bismuth, and iridium NPs, while gadolinium NPs showed peak activity at 60 keV. PEG coatings enhanced reactive species formation at 100 keV. Conclusion: The findings indicate that the coating layer thickness and material not only influence the emission of secondary particles and DEF but also affect the generation of reactive species from water radiolysis. Specifically, thicker coatings reduce secondary particle emission and DEF, while PEG coatings demonstrate a dual behavior, offering both protective and enhancing effects depending on photon energy. These insights underscore the importance of optimizing NP design and coating in future studies to maximize therapeutic efficacy in nanoparticle-based radiation therapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new species of the yeast genus Blastobotrys was discovered on ancient ship timbers in the Netherlands. The species had developed on the wood of a river barge dating to the Roman period. The growth occurred after the preservative polyethylene glycol (PEG 4000) was washed out of some of the timbers due to an undetected leak in the storage unit. Mycological analysis of various timber samples revealed the presence of Microascus melanosporus (predominant), Microascus paisii, a member of the Acremonium chrysogenum-clade, and a new Blastrobotrys species. The new species produced sporothrix-like conidiophores with clavate blastoconidia (3–7 × 1–3.5 μm) and was found to be osmotolerant, capable of growth on low water activity media like malt yeast 50% glucose agar (MY50G). In this article we formally describe and introduce Blastrobotrys nigripullensis (CBS 17879 T) based on its morphology, physiology and phylogenetic placement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wound management is a critical aspect of healthcare, necessitating effective and innovative wound dressing materials. Many existing wound dressings lack effectiveness and exhibit limitations, including poor antimicrobial activity, toxicity, inadequate moisture regulation, and weak mechanical performance. The aim of this study is to develop a natural-based nanofibrous structure that possesses desirable characteristics for use as a wound dressing. The chemical analysis confirmed the successful creation of Zein (Ze) (25% w/v) /gelatin (Gel) (10% w/v) /chitosan (CS) (2% w/v) /Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) (10% w/v) nanofibrous scaffolds loaded with vitamin E tocopheryl polyethylene glycol succinate (Vit E). The swelling percentages of nanofiber (NF), NF + Vit E, cross-linked nanofiber (CNF), and CNF + Vit E were 49%, 110%, 410%, and 676%, respectively; and the degradation rates of NF, NF + Vit E, CNF, and CNF + Vit E were 29.57 ± 5.06%, 33.78 ± 7.8%, 14.03 ± 7.52%, 43 ± 6.27%, respectively. The antibacterial properties demonstrated that CNF impregnated with antibiotics reduced Escherichia coli (E. coli) counts by approximately 27–28% and Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) counts by about 34–35% compared to negative control. In conclusion, cross-linked Ze/Gel/CS/PVA nanofibrous scaffolds loaded with Vit E have potential as suitable wound dressing materials because environmentally friendly materials contribute to sustainable wound care and controlled degradation ensures wound dressings breakdown harmlessly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The amount of total polyphenol content (TPC) in the grain could provide insights into the conditions during maturation and might also serve as an indicator of the grain's ability to germinate in the malting process or as seeds in the field. Varieties with higher natural TPC content might exhibit better germination parameters both in the field and in the malt house. This study investigates the relationship between TPC and seed germination characteristics i.e. seed vigour in four spring barley varieties over two years, considering diverse environmental conditions and exposure to drought conditions. The evaluation of seed germination characteristics in barley, with a focus on the root length and average diameter under drought conditions (−0.5 MPa) and suboptimal temperature (10 °C), was conducted. Drought conditions were induced using polyethylene glycol (PEG 6000). After durations of seven and fourteen days, the germinated seeds from the Petri dishes were scanned and subjected to analysis using WinRHIZO software following the metrics: Len 7, Len 14 (root length after seven and fourteen days in cm) and AvgD 7, AvgD 14 (root diameter after seven and fourteen days in mm). The findings support our initial hypothesis, indicating a variety-specific relationship between seed germination characteristics and increased TPC, where higher germination parameters might be associated with elevated TPC levels in some barley varieties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

X-Ray micro-computed tomography (XCT) is used to reveal the micro-structural changes of banana pseudostem nanocellulose bioplastic due to a biodegradation process initiated in a formulated composting media that allowed the growth of aerobic microflora. The bioplastic itself was made of nanocellulose, which was isolated from banana pseudostem using the 2,2,6,6-Tetramethyl-1-piperidinyloxy (TEMPO) mediated oxidation method, and polyethylene glycol (PEG) as plasticiser. XCT provided insights into the 3D structural change of the bioplastic identifying the degradation process at two scales. The results showed that the local thickness and roughness of the bioplastic increased after degradation, while the density of the material decreased. Enlarged voids and tunnels were observed in the material after degradation. The formation of these tunnels is attributed to the popping of internal PEG-containing voids because of the generation of gases, which after forming may further accelerate biodegradation by microbial activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Water stress is one of the most significant abiotic stresses that disrupts the osmotic balance of plants and consequently reduces their growth and performance. In recent years, it has been found that serotonin, as a signaling and regulatory molecule, can play important roles in the growth and development of plants and enhance their tolerance to abiotic stresses. Saffron is a plant known for its medicinal and culinary properties. Its distinct flavor, aroma, and vibrant color make it a sought-after ingredient in various cuisines and traditional medicines. The aim of this study is to investigate the possible effect of serotonin growth regulator on some morphophysiological and biochemical characteristics of saffron plant under water stress conditions. Water stress was applied using polyethylene glycol 6000 at a level of 30%, w/v. Serotonin was also applied exogenously at a concentration of 100 µM in both foliar and root applications. The experimental findings demonstrated that water stress had a detrimental impact on various growth and photosynthetic parameters including FW, DW, SH, RWC, photosynthetic pigments content, Pn, Fv/Fm, C and Ci. Under these conditions, H2O2 content and ion leakage increased. The increase in the content of proline and sugars also confirmed that the saffron plant was placed in unfavorable growth conditions. Serotonin application in both foliar and root applications and especially root treatment under stressful conditions improved plant growth by activating enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidant systems. Overall, the exogenous application of serotonin increased the resistance of saffron plants to water stress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Diallyl thiosulfinate (DT), a major organosulfur chemical with several notable therapeutic characteristics, is highly unstable and easily degradable which restricts its extensive use in biopharmaceutical commodities. Therefore, utilizing the self-assembly nature of polyoxyethylene (Brij S20 and Brij 58), appropriate pH-responsive micelle carrier systems have been designed to entrap and improve DT's stability at an ambient temperature (25 °C) while preserving its quantity and biological activity. Comparing with the Brij S20 with the Brij 58 micelle carrier system, the latter demonstrated superior stability and entrapment of DT. In addition, it was found that DT's stability in micellized condition is significantly influenced by both pH and temperature (p < 0.05). The micelle system was capable enough to reduce degradation significantly. Additionally, the liberation of DT from micelle is greatly aided by acidic pH 1.5. Around 77% DT was released from Brij 58 system. Various biochemical analyses were done. The liberation of DT from the micelle in a controlled manner using lower pH as stimuli may facilitate its biological action at an individual's gastrointestinal lumen or near cancer cell environment having lower pH. Additionally, it was made sure that the micellization method did not impair DT's bioactivity or reduce appropriate biocompatibility. The current study increases the likelihood of creating a commercially available DT-loaded, micelle-based formulation for application in biopharma and food-related industries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An aqueous two-phase system (ATPS) composed of PEG35000, Na2CO3, K2CO3, and their mixtures at 298 K was studied. The liquid–liquid equilibrium (LLE) of these systems, including binodal curves, tie-lines, tie-line length, and slope of the tie-line, were obtained. Additionally, for the first time, salt mixtures with different initial mass ratios of 1:3, 1:1, and 3:1 were used to prepare the aqueous two-phase systems. The effect of electrolyte and salting-out power for these systems was examined and compared. Consistent with the literature, it was found that the salting-out power of Na+ is higher than that of the K+ cation. Furthermore, in Na2CO3 and K2CO3 mixtures, increasing the amount of sodium ions resulted in stronger salting-out power. The LLE data was correlated with the Othmer-Tobias, Bancroft, and Setschenow models, and good agreement was found with all three models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research aimed to synthesize polyvinyl fluoride membranes and coat them with tannic acid (TA) nanoparticles and polyethylene glycol (PEG) additives so that the membrane's removal efficacy for humic acid (HA) pollutant from agricultural wastewater was investigated. Thus, six membranes with PEG:TA ratios of 0:0, 1:0, 0:1, 1:1, 4:1, and 1:4 were synthesized. Then, the membranes' characteristics were identified by FTIR-ATR, FESEM, and AFM analysis, and HA's particle size and zeta potential were also investigated. Based on optimizing effective parameters, the operating pressure of 1.5 bar and HA concentration of 80 ppm were selected as optimal values. The membrane with PEG:TA = 4:1, as the optimally modified membrane, had a pure water flux of 446.03 L/m2.h, effluent flux of 72.43 L/m2.h, and pollutant removal rate of 86.62% at pH = 7 after 60 min had passed. These values for the pristine membrane (PEG:TA = 0:0) were 265.64 L/m2.h, 89.39 L/m2.h, and 75.59%, respectively. The results showed that although the effluent flux was lower in the optimized modified membrane than in the pristine membrane, HA removal percentage was increased. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, in order to investigate retention and selectivity mechanism on hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC), one of the most common hydrophilic stationary phases, polyethylene glycols (PEG) of different molecular weights (200, 400, 800 and 2000 Dalton) were covalently bonded to porous silica spheres via isocyanate silane. The PEG stationary phase was then characterized in detail by infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscope, nitrogen adsorption–desorption isotherms, and thermogravimetric analysis, and the PEG bonding density was determined as 2.7, 2.3, 1.4, 0.26 μmol m−2, respectively. The HILIC retention mechanism was systematically conducted by quantitative evaluation of the effect of partitioning and adsorption, hydrogen bonding and hydrophilicity, and temperature on the retention of nucleosides and nucleobases. It was found that the retention was highly relevant on the partitioning, hydrogen bonding between solutes and PEG, and strong electrostatic interactions (attractive/repulsive) between solutes and silica. To further assess the separation performance, three kinds of polar compounds (nucleosides and nucleobases, organic acids and β-blockers) were chosen as probe compounds. Among the four PEG stationary phases, it was found that the higher PEG ligand density generally resulted into more superior separation performance to these polar compounds, that is, PEG200-bonded stationary phase with highest ligand density of 2.7 μmol m−2 generated better resolution. Furthermore, higher ligand bonding mass would increase the retention of nucleosides, nucleobases and organic acids except β-blockers. Generally, the HILIC stationary phase with continuous and dense hydrophilic layer is beneficial to the separation of polar analytes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To develop thermal regulation nanofibers, this work used polyethylene glycol (PEG) solution and polylactic acid (PLA) solution as the inner and outer spinning fluids and developed PLA/PEG (PoPi) nanofibers using coaxial electrospinning process. Through XRD, FTIR, and water contact angle analysis, it was confirmed that the PLA of PoPi has a certain encapsulation effect on the inner layer of PEG, but the encapsulation effect decreases with the increase of PEG spinning solution concentration. PEG20 with a PEG spinning solution concentration of 20 wt% obtained smaller average diameters, while PEG40 with a PEG spinning solution concentration of 40 wt% showed a significant decrease in fiber formability and hydrophobicity. PEG significantly improved the mechanical properties of PoPi, and the Young's modulus, yield stress, breaking stress, and breaking strain of PEG30 were increased by 18.24 MPa, 2.13 MPa, 3.54 MPa, and 41.65%, respectively, compared to pure PLA. The DSC curves of PoPi show a melting endothermic peak attributed to PEG, and the peak temperature gradually decreases with increasing PEG concentration. The PoPi exhibits temperature hysteresis during both heating and cooling processes, with PEG30 experiencing delays of 7.6 °C and 6.8 °C compared to pure PLA after heating and cooling for 5 s, respectively, indicating excellent thermal regulation ability. This work investigated the effect of PEG spinning solution concentration on inner and outer layer differences and the performance of PoPi, providing a theoretical basis for the development of coaxial electrospinning nanofibers for thermal regulation based on low-molecular-weight PEG. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polymer-based membrane separation technology is gaining popularity due to its cost-effectiveness and operational simplicity. Cellulose acetate (CA) stands out as an attractive biobased polymer for membrane applications due to its remarkable mechanical properties and ease of manufacturing. To improve the selectivity of CA-based membranes for carbon dioxide (CO2) separation, the incorporation of polyethylene glycol methyl ether acrylate (PEGMEA), known for its CO2 absorption properties, has emerged as a promising approach for creating high-performance membrane materials with low operating pressure. This study provides insight into the production of PEGMEA-grafted CA membranes via gamma radiation and their performance for CO2/CH4 gas separation. CO2 permeation of the obtained CA-PEGMEA membranes was successfully improved and achieved the desired selectivity for CO2/CH4 separation. A comprehensive study of the membrane properties was conducted, encompassing structural characterization, surface analysis, permeability, selectivity, thermal analysis, and crystallinity, which are essential for understanding and assessing the membrane's performance. This work emphasizes gamma radiation graft polymerization and shows its applicability for high-performance gas separation membrane materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Newly, Pebax polymer (pure and composite polyether block amide) has been extensively applied for CO2 elimination from air contaminants. The Pebax involves of polyamide (PA) and stretchy polyether (PEO) portions, which can suggest excellent solubility as well as bulk-free fractional volume for CO2 permeation. In the present work, the polymeric nanocomposite membranes (Pebax/PEG/NCS) were synthesized by adding different amount of nanochitosan particles (NCS) and polyethylene glycol (PEG) to the Pebax with applying Taguchi's experimental design with Minitab software as well as using thermal phase separation method. The input variables to the software included 4 factors at 4 levels, namely wt% of PEG, wt% of NCS, temperature (°C), and pressure (bar) in the ranges of (0, 20, 30, 40), (0, 10, 20, 30), (30, 35, 40, 45), and (4, 6, 8, 10), respectively. The Taguchi method yielded 16 optimal test arrays, each with different conditions. The morphology and structure of NCS and synthesized membranes, Pebax/PEG/NCS, were studied using infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) tests. Their thermal properties were analyzed using thermal gravity analysis (TGA) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) tests. The effect of NCS amount, polymer concentration, temperature, and pressure on the performance of the Pebax/PEG/NCS was then studied. Lastly, the permeability of the constructed membranes was measured using the constant pressure-variable volume method. The first result of the present work indicated that the permeability of CO2 was higher than N2 gas due to its non-polarity and determinability. The second result obtained is that the increase of NCS increases the permeability and selectivity of N2 and CO2 gases. The third result showed that in the gas permeation test in Pebax/PEG/NCS, the maximum permeability of CO2 was from the B15 test with a value of 281.111 barrer, and the maximum permeability for N2 gas from the B14 has a permeability of 17.477 barrer at a temperature of 35 °C and a pressure of 10 bar. The obtained results are in good agreement with the literature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Current strategies for autologous chondrocyte implantation explore the use of gel systems that have structural similarity to an extracellular matrix of cartilage tissue and can act as chondrocyte carriers. However, the major requirement is to address the challenge of maintaining the phenotype and bio-functionality of chondrocytes which often undergo dedifferentiation on expansion, and the appropriate mechanical properties of the matrix that can influence cell attachment and growth. Injectable gel systems are developed in this study by blending different ratios of methacrylated chitosan and polyethylene glycol diacrylate, and photocross-linking the system to attain a stable gel. We hypothesize a multiscale approach of evaluating various parameters like the physical and structural properties of the gel, its wettability and surface free energy and mechano-rheological properties along with the biological characterization (viability assay, collagen, and glycosaminoglycan estimation by immunostaining, biochemical analysis, and RT-PCR assay) of the gel in ascertaining its ideal matrix system. The study provides a correlation between the different parameters to arrive at the most optimum characteristic of an ideal gel system which is dependent not only on the elastic modulus and surface free energy properties of the matrix but also on the composition of the matrix and the phenotype and functionality of the encapsulated chondrocytes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and aim: The ideal bowel cleansing program still needs to be explored. The aim was to compare the bowel cleansing effect and patient tolerance of low-dose polyethylene glycol (PEG) combined with different doses of linaclotide in fractionated bowel preparation. Methods: The subjects were randomly assigned to the 3LPEG group, 2LPEG + 2L group, or 2LPEG + L group. The primary outcome was to use the Ottawa Bowel Preparation Scale (OBPS) to evaluate the efficacy of bowel cleansing, and the secondary outcomes were the detection rate of adenomas and polyps, adverse reactions, tolerance, and defecation dynamics; subsets of patients with chronic constipation and irritable bowel syndrome were also analyzed. Results: A total of 753 patients were randomly assigned. In ITT analysis, the success of preparation of the 2LPEG + 2L group was better than that of the 2LPEG + L group or the 3LPEG group (92.0% vs. 82.3% vs. 82.1%; P = 0.002). Compared with the 3LPEG group, the 2LPEG + L group showed similar but non-inferior results (82.3% vs. 82.1%, P > 0.05). The 2LPEG + 2L group was similar to the 2LPEG + L group in terms of adverse reaction, tolerance, willingness to reuse, and sleep quality, but both were superior to the 3LPEG group. In a subgroup analysis of chronic constipation, the 2LPEG + 2L group had the best cleansing effect on the right colon and mid colon, while in the subgroup analysis of irritable bowel syndrome, the tolerance was better in the 2LPEG + 2L group and the 2LPEG + L group than the 3LPEG group. Conclusions: 2LPEG + 2L is a feasible bowel preparation regimen. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A semi-synthetic camptothecin derivative known as irinotecan hydrochloride is frequently used to treat colorectal cancer, including colorectal adenocarcinoma and lung cancers involving small cells. Irinotecan has a very short half-life; therefore, continuous infusions are required to keep the drug's blood levels at therapeutic levels, which could produce cumulative toxicities. Effective delivery techniques, including liposomes, have been developed to address these shortcomings. In this study, a continuous supercritical fluid approach dubbed Expansion Supercritical Fluid into an aqueous solution, in which the pressure decreases rapidly but remains over the critical pressure, is proposed to manufacture polyethylene glycolylated (PEGylated) liposomes carrying irinotecan hydrochloride. To accomplish this, PEGylated liposomes were created using a Box–Behnken design, and the operating parameters (flow rate, temperature, and pressure drop) were optimized. Encapsulation efficiency, mean size, and prepared liposome count were 94.6%, 55 nm, and 758 under ideal circumstances. Additionally, the stability of the PEGylated liposome was investigated during 8 weeks, and also PEGylated liposome-loaded irinotecan release profile was compared to conventional liposomes and free irinotecan, and a constant drug release was seen after the first burst release from liposomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Context: The DNAN/DNB eutectic is a high-energy explosive eutectic with superior safety and thermal stability compared to traditional melt-cast explosives. However, the addition of polymer binders can effectively enhance its mechanical properties, allowing for continued production demands without the need for changes to existing factory equipment. In this paper, a model of the DNAN/DNB eutectic explosive was established, and five different types of polymers—cis-1,4-polybutadiene (BR), ethylene–vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA), polyethylene glycol (PEG), fluorinated polymer (F2603), and polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF)—were added to the (1 0 − 1), (1 0 1), and (0 1 1) cleavage planes, respectively, to form polymer-bonded explosives (PBXs). The stability, trigger bond length, mechanical properties, and detonation performance of the various polymer-bound PBXs were predicted retrogressively. Among the five PBX models, the DNAN/DNB/PEG model exhibited the highest binding energy and the shortest trigger bond length, indicating a significant improvement in stability, compatibility, and sensitivity compared to the original eutectic. Additionally, although the detonation performance of DNAN/DNB decreased after the addition of binders, the final results were still satisfactory. Overall, the DNAN/DNB/PEG model demonstrated excellent comprehensive performance, proving that among the many polymer binders, PEG is the optimal choice for DNAN/DNB. Methods: Within the Materials Studio software, molecular dynamics (MD) simulations were employed to predict the properties of the DNAN/DNB eutectic PBX. The MD simulation timestep was set to 1 fs, with a cumulative simulation duration of 2 ns. A 2 ns MD simulation was conducted using the isothermal-isobaric ensemble (NPT). The COMPASS force field was applied, and the temperature was fixed at 295 K. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aqueous zinc-ion batteries (AZIBs) are considered promising candidates for scalable and sustainable energy storage devices due to their low cost and high safety advantages. However, the practical application of AZIBs is subject to the limits of the reversibility of the Zn2+ stripping/plating, such as the growth of Zn dendrites, corrosion of Zn anode, and hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). Herein, we propose a solution to the issues of AZIBs by creating a versatile electrolyte via the addition of polyethylene glycol (PEG). PEG additive changes the coordination environment of Zn2+ and disturbs the solvation structure of H2O, which is beneficial to alleviate the side reactions triggered by water molecules in the Zn2+ solvation structure. In addition, the Zn2+ nucleation behavior is optimized by texturing the hexagonal deposition plane and inducing the compact-grained deposition manner to resist corrosion reactions and dendrite aggravation. The solvation structure of Zn2+ is optimized to improve the reversibility of the Zn anode. As a result, improved reversibility of Zn plating/stripping on the Cu-working electrode is achieved by 20% PEG electrolyte with high Coulombic efficiency (CE) of 99.43% at 1 mA cm−2, stably cycled for 750 cycles. Furthermore, the Zn||Zn symmetrical half-cell with 20% PEG electrolyte shows stable plating/stripping overpotentials for more than 1400 h. Finally, the Zn||V2O5 full-cells exhibit excellent long cycling stability for over 180 cycles even at 1000 mA g−1 with a high reversible capacity of 168 mAh g−1. This work provides valuable insights into designing electrolytes for aqueous zinc metal batteries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Key message: Natural transformation with R. rhizogenes enhances osmotic stress tolerance in oilseed rape through increasing osmoregulation capacity, enhancing maintenance of hydraulic integrity and total antioxidant capacity. Transformation of plants using wild strains of agrobacteria is termed natural transformation and is not covered by GMO legislation in, e.g., European Union and Japan. In this study, offspring lines of Rhizobium rhizogenes naturally transformed oilseed rape (Brassica napus), i.e., A11 and B3 (termed root-inducing (Ri) lines), were investigated for osmotic stress resilience. Under polyethylene glycol 6000 (PEG) 10% (w/v)-induced osmotic stress, the Ri lines, particularly A11, had less severe leaf wilting, higher stomatal conductance (8.2 times more than WT), and a stable leaf transpiration rate (about 2.9 mmol m−2 s−1). Although the leaf relative water content and leaf water potential responded similarly to PEG treatment between the Ri lines and WT, a significant reduction of the turgid weight to dry weight ratio in A11 and B3 indicated a greater capacity of osmoregulation in the Ri lines. Moreover, the upregulation of plasma membrane intrinsic proteins genes (PIPs) in roots and downregulation of these genes in leaves of the Ri lines implied a better maintenance of hydraulic integrity in relation to the WT. Furthermore, the Ri lines had greater total antioxidant capacity (TAC) than the WT under PEG stress. Collectively, the enhanced tolerance of the Ri lines to PEG-induced osmotic stress could be attributed to the greater osmoregulation capacity, better maintenance of hydraulic integrity, and greater TAC than the WT. In addition, Ri-genes (particularly rolA and rolD) play roles in response to osmotic stress in Ri oilseed rape. This study reveals the potential of R. rhizogenes transformation for application in plant drought resilience. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The economic competitiveness of 2G-bioethanol technology should improve through the improvement of the sugar release and the valorization of by-products, especially lignin. Thus, an integrated scheme with corncob was developed to produce ethanol using low dosages of cellulases and value-added products from the semi-simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSSF) residue. Enzymatic hydrolysis and SSSF of acid pretreated corncob (< 20 mesh and > 20 mesh) were carried out under cellulase dosages of 5, 10, and 15 FPU/g in the absence and presence of polyethylene glycol 1500 (PEG 1500). The SSSF residue was used to obtain lignosulfonate via sulfomethylation reaction and phenolic acids via alkaline hydrolysis using 4% (w/v) sodium hydroxide and 0–5% (v/v) hydrogen peroxide. Pretreated corncob < 20 mesh allowed the reduction of cellulase dosage to 5 FPU/g without compromising sugar release. The addition of PEG 1500 boosted sugar release, reaching 56.73 g/L glucose under 20% (w/v) solids. The maximum ethanol production of 31.64 g/L was obtained using 5 FPU/g cellulases, 2% (w/w) PEG 1500, and 20% (w/v) solids (gradual addition). FTIR confirmed the preparation of lignosulfonate from SSSF residue, and the surfactant showed good stabilization performance in oil/water systems (emulsification index≈30%). High yields of p-coumaric acid (8045.3 mg/100 g) and ferulic acid (1429.4 mg/100 g) were obtained in alkaline hydrolysis with 5% (v/v) hydrogen peroxide. Based on these findings, corncob is versatile and can create a biorefinery with high economic potential. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Silica (chemical formula SiO2) is a promising, more environmentally friendly alternative to carbon black (CB) used in the rubber industry as a filler. Although silica is already used in rubber products, it is not used as extensively as CB because the polar surface of silica cannot interact well with the apolar polymer molecules of the most frequently used rubbers. To solve this problem, experts have tried different grafting methods and several coupling agents for a stronger silica-elastomer connection. In this article, we used bis[3-(triethoxysilyl)propyl] tetrasulfide (TESPT) and polyethylene glycol (PEG) combined to improve the connection between the surface of silica and the apolar styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR) matrix. We examined mechanical and structural properties and found that adding 3 phr PEG and 4.5 phr TESPT to SBR is optimal for 60 phr silica content. This ratio of additives resulted in a 48% improvement in tensile strength. The positive effect of the coupling agents shows up in abrasion mass loss and tear strength as well. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plant-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs), containing a myriad of bioactive proteins, microRNAs, lipids, and secondary metabolites, have recently become the focus of rising interest due to their important roles in various applications. The widely accepted method for isolating plant EVs is differential ultracentrifugation plus density gradient centrifugation. However, the combination of differential ultracentrifugation and density gradient centrifugation for the isolation of plant EVs is time-consuming and labor-intensive. Hence, there is a need for more efficient methods to perform the separation of plant EVs. In this study, EVs were separated from Arabidopsis thaliana leaves by a cost-effective polyethylene glycol (PEG)-based precipitation approach. The mean size of purified Arabidopsis thaliana EVs determined by dynamic light scattering was 266 nm, which is consistent with nanoparticle tracking analysis. The size was also confirmed via transmission electron microscopy with morphology of a cup-shaped appearance which is the typical mammalian exosome's morphology. Additionally, Western blotting of the purified Arabidopsis thaliana EVs, using commercially available mammalian exosomal kits, displayed surface marker tetraspanin proteins (CD9, CD63, and CD81), and endosomal sorting complexes required for transport (ESCRT)-associated proteins (TSG101 and ALIX). This demonstrates that the purified Arabidopsis thaliana EVs reveal the typical proteins reported in mammalian exosomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A simple method set for assessing biochemical changes associated with osmotic stress responses was developed using coffee (Coffea arabica L.) leaf disks. Stress was induced by polyethylene glycol (PEG) exposure. Quantitative evaluation of tissue physiological stress parameters was carried out using analytical methods to validate the conversion of classic qualitative histochemical tests for localizing lipid peroxidation, hydrogen peroxide, and total xanthine alkaloids into semi-quantitative assays. Relative electrolyte leakage (EL%) and chlorophyll content (SPAD index) were also recorded. EL% levels of treated disks were higher than those of control ones, whereas SPAD indexes were comparable. Histochemical localization indicated that levels of lipid peroxidation, H2O2, and total xanthines were also higher under osmotic stress than in control conditions. Semi-quantitative data obtained by image processing of histochemical staining consistently matched quantitative evaluations. Chromatographic analyses revealed that theophylline and caffeine concentrations increased in the presence of PEG, whereas theobromine remained constant in relation to the control. The methods herein described can be useful to rapidly acquire initial data regarding biochemical osmotic stress responses in coffee tissues based on simple staining and imaging steps. Moreover, it is likely that the same method may be applicable to other types of stresses and plant species upon minor adjustments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The synthesis of bioactive magnetic glass ceramics for hyperthermia treatment is still far from optimization due to the variable performance of many nanostructured systems. 0.2 SiO 2 - 0.5 FeO - 0.3 CaO glass ceramics were synthesized by sol–gel method at room temperature with a precursor to solvent ratio 1:5. The effect of adding polyethylene glycol 4000 (PEG4000) with 2, 4, 8, 12 and 16 wt% in the final stage of the sol preparation, on the magnetic and phase properties of the samples was studied. Heat treatment of the samples was done at 680 and 760°C. Phase analysis showed that maghemite and hematite phases have crystallized. By adding PEG4000 from 2 to 12 wt%, the saturation magnetization of the samples increased from 6.9 to 14.95 emu g–1. Further increase of PEG did not have much effect on improving the magnetic properties. It was also seen that heat treatment at higher temperatures led to a decrease in magnetic properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, we studied the shear thickening performance of a novel silicon nitride and silica-mixed nanoparticles suspension. Silicon-nitride/silica-shear thickening fluids (Si3N4/SiO2-STFs) with different mass fraction ratios were prepared using polyethylene glycol as a dispersion medium. For the Si3N4/SiO2-STFs, the results showed that the viscosity increased from 168.35 (0.0 wt% Si3N4) to 1387.73 Pa s (7.5 wt% Si3N4), and a concomitant decrease in the critical shear rate from 10.0 to 3.55 s–1, while thickening period decreased from 60.92 to 16.03 s–1. Dynamic rheological analysis showed that compared with SiO2-based STF (SiO2-STF), the peak values of storage and loss modulus of 7.5%Si3N4/20%SiO2-STF (7.5 wt% Si3N4 and 20 wt% SiO2) increased nearly six times and three times, respectively. The results also showed that, compared with SiO2-STF, the thickening ratio of 7.5%Si3N4/20%SiO2-STF increases by 174% at 45°C and slows down the effect of temperature increase on the thickening period. This work provides a novel method for high-performance STF. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present research investigates the energy absorption of honeycomb core sandwich panels (HCSP) loaded with shear thickening fluid (STF) with different structural parameters at various impact velocities. The HCSP was aluminum, and the skin was constructed of different materials: (i) aluminum, (ii) glass-epoxy composite (GEC), and (iii) STF-impregnated fabric (STF/fabric) with a weight fraction of 15% silica particles. The experiment tests were carried out at 100 mm and 500 mm falling heights. Specific energy absorption HCSP/SF/S compared to HCSP/Al/S and HCSP/G/S increased by 6 47.49% and 23.04%, respectively. According to the results, the energy absorption of skin made of impregnated fabric is better than skin made of aluminum and composite. When the STF is under a high shear rate, the flow changes because of hydrocluster formation and changing the molecular structure from "order" to "disorder." These changes increase the viscosity notably, causing the STF to become a solid material, resulting in energy absorption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Stevia rebaudiana (Bertoni) is an industrially important herb of immense importance due to its sweetening bioactive compounds, especially rebaudioside A and stevioside. The industrial demand for steviol glycosides is mainly fulfilled by conventional agricultural practices. This resulted in non-uniform steviol glycosides (SGs) accumulation in the produce of S. rebaudiana and it is primarily due to changes in varying climatic conditions, genotypes, and cultivars. Therefore, there is an utmost need for a robust protocol to provide quality planting material to produce metabolite-enriched S. rebaudiana. Ex-vitro acclimatization in fields/natural habitats is believed to be a vital part of determining the fate of regenerated plantlets through micropropagation. In the present investigation, elicitor-treated micropropagated plantlets were allowed to harden for one month; after which percentage survival, growth and leaf biomass yield, chlorophyll fluorescence, biochemical profiling of specialized metabolites, and transcriptional profiling of candidate genes were carried out. A high percentage (80–100%) of acclimatized plants was obtained after 30 days. The 1.5 mg L−1 polyethylene glycol (PEG) treated plants attained higher shoot length (14.10 cm) and maximum leaf biomass (537.60 mg FW and 111.03 mg DW). The Chl fluorescence parameters and pigment content indicated stable photosynthetic efficiency in all conditions. Maximum total SGs were accumulated in 1.5 mg L−1 PEG-treated plants. Expression profiling of SG biosynthetic pathway genes showed an apparent correlation with the metabolite content. The study unveils that 1.5 mg L−1 PEG-treated plants perform better in growth and yield attributes and metabolite accumulation parameters after 1 month of ex-vitro acclimatization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Phase change materials with high energy storage density and stable phase change temperature are ideal choices for personal thermal therapy and heat management. However, leakage and poor flexibility have long been bottlenecks in their application. Excellent latent heat performance and flexibility are crucial, especially in the thermal management of flexible wearable devices. In this study, a simple strategy was adopted to prepare a flexible polyurethane-based phase change material using a prepolymer method with polyethylene glycol (PEG) as the phase change material. Attributed to the cross-linked network structure in the polymer, the prepared phase change material exhibits excellent thermal stability and shape stability without leakage. Additionally, it shows relatively high latent heat and good flexibility. Based on these significant comprehensive properties, a performance-improved thermal wrist wrap was designed to achieve thermal therapy and efficient human heat management. This work provides insights into the rational design of flexible and shape-stable high latent heat phase change materials, demonstrating tremendous potential applications in wearable thermal management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: This study aimed to compare oral sulfate solution (OSS) with polyethylene glycol (PEG) for bowel preparation before colonoscopy. Methods: A literature search was performed on PubMed, Ovid, and Cochrane Databases for randomized clinical trials (RCT) comparing OSS with PEG for bowel preparation before colonoscopy. The last search was performed on 22 August 2023. The primary outcome was the quality of bowel preparation. The outcomes were compared by meta-analysis and trial sequential analysis (TSA). Results: A total of 14 RCTs with 4526 patients were included. OSS was comparable with PEG regarding adequate bowel preparation [P = 0.16, odds ratio (OR) = 1.19, 95% confidence interval (CI) [0.93, 1.51], I2 = 0%]. However, OSS showed obvious priority in excellent bowel preparation (P < 0.001, OR = 1.62, 95% CI [1.27, 2.05], I2 = 0%) and total Boston bowel preparation scale (BBPS) [P = 0.02, weighted mean difference (WMD) = 0.27, 95% CI [0.05, 0.50], I2 = 84%]. Additionally, the detection rate of polyps (P = 0.001, OR = 1.44, 95% CI [1.15, 1.80], I2 = 0%) and adenoma (P = 0.007, OR = 1.22, 95% CI [1.06, 1.42], I2 = 0%) was significantly higher in the OSS group. The two groups showed comparable incidence of adverse events except for a higher incidence of dizziness (P = 0.02, OR = 1.74, 95% CI [1.08, 2.83], I2 = 11%) was indicated in the OSS group. Moreover, OSS was associated with a higher satisfaction score (P = 0.02, WMD = 0.62, 95% CI [0.09, 1.15], I2 = 70%). In the TSA, the cumulative Z-curve crossed both the conventional boundary and trial sequential monitoring boundary and the required information size has been reached for excellent bowel preparation and total BBPS. Conclusion: The current data demonstrated that OSS was associated with better quality of bowel preparation. More clinical trials are still needed to confirm other outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hypoxia is an important feature of the tumor microenvironment (TME) of most solid tumors, and it is closely linked to cancer cell proliferation, therapy resistance, and the tumor immune response. Herein, we describe a method for hypoxia-induced heterogeneous oxygen distribution in xenograft tumors based on phosphorescence imaging microscopy (PLIM) using intravascular and intracellular oxygen probes. We synthesized Ir(III) complexes with polyethylene glycol (PEG) units of different molecular weights into the ligand as intravascular oxygen probes, BTP-PEGm (m = 2000, 5000, 10000, 20000). BTP-PEGm showed red emission with relatively high emission quantum yield and high oxygen sensitivity in saline. Cellular and in vivo experiments using these complexes revealed that BTP-PEG10000 was the most suitable probe in terms of blood retention and ease of intravenous administration in mice. PLIM measurements of xenograft tumors in mice treated with BTP-PEG10000 allowed simultaneous imaging of the tumor microvasculature and quantification of oxygen partial pressures. From lifetime images using the red-emitting intracellular oxygen probe BTPDM1 and the green-emitting intravascular fluorescent probe FITC-dextran, we demonstrated hypoxic heterogeneity in the TME with a sparse vascular network and showed that the oxygen levels of tumor cells gradually decreased with vascular distance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, the effect of cross-linking agent on structural, morphological and luminescence properties of Ce-doped Gadolinium–aluminium–gallium garnet (called GAGG:Ce3+) was studied. Monoethylene glycol (EG) and various molecular weights (MWs) of Polyethylene glycol (PEG 400 and 1000) were used as cross-linking agents for sol–gel derived samples which were characterized by differential scanning calorimetry/thermogravimetry (DSC/TG), X-ray diffraction (XRD), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectrometry (FTIR) and photoluminescence (PL). XRD analysis showed that GAGG: Ce3+ crystallized in a single stable cubic phase for EG prepared sample and, independently in mixed cubic/perovskite phases for PEG 400 and 1000 prepared samples. FE-SEM investigation indicated a significant influence of the cross-linking agent on the morphology and the size of particles. Largest particles were obtained in PEG 1000 sample with an average size of ~ 414 nm. For PL, the highest emission intensity was observed for EG sample which is ascribed to single cubic phase. However, high luminescence quenching was found in high MWs of PEG samples that can be attributed to the growth of secondary phases, defect generation and high Ce4+ content. The nanogarnet obtained using EG presented a pure stable cubic phase and high luminescence emission making it a potential candidate to serve as an efficient scintillator. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Importance: The formation of adhesions after gynecological surgery not only has detrimental impacts on those affected, including pain, obstruction, and infertility, but also imposes a high economic burden on healthcare systems worldwide. Objective: The aim of this review was to evaluate the adhesion prevention potential of all currently available adhesion barriers for gynecological surgery. Evidence acquisition: We systematically searched MEDLINE and CENTRAL databases for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) on the use of adhesion barriers as compared with peritoneal irrigation or no treatment in gynecological surgery. Only RCTs with second-look surgery to evaluate adhesions in the pelvic/abdominal (but not intrauterine) cavity were included. Results: We included 45 RCTs with a total of 4,120 patients examining a total of 10 unique types of barriers in second-look gynecological surgery. While RCTs on oxidized regenerated cellulose (significant improvement in 6 of 14 trials), polyethylene glycol with/without other agents (4/10), hyaluronic acid and hyaluronate + carboxymethylcellulose (7/10), icodextrin (1/3), dextran (0/3), fibrin-containing agents (1/2), expanded polytetrafluoroethylene (1/1), N,O-carboxymethylchitosan (0/1), and modified starch (1/1) overall showed inconsistent findings, results for expanded polytetrafluoroethylene, hyaluronic acid, and modified starch yielded the greatest improvements regarding adhesion reduction at 75%, 0–67%, and 85%, respectively. Conclusions and relevance: Best results for adhesion prevention were reported after applying Gore-Tex Surgical Membrane, hyaluronic acid, and 4DryField®. As Gore-Tex Surgical Membrane is nonabsorbable, it is associated with a greater risk of new adhesion formation due to second-look surgery to remove the product. 4DryField® yielded the greatest improvement in adhesion score compared to all other barrier agents (85%). For better comparability, future studies should use standardized scores and put more emphasis on patient-reported outcome measures, such as pain and infertility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to explore the optical, structural, and chemical characteristics of polyethylene glycol (PEG) on graphene quantum dots (GQDs) for use in dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs). Although GQDs have the potential to enhance photon absorption in DSSCs, direct contact with the dye can lead to the degradation of GQD properties and reduced DSSC performance. To address this issue, PEG was applied as a passivation layer on GQDs co-sensitized with N719 dye, resulting in improved DSSC efficiency. The PEG-GQDs produced enhanced blue luminescence and good ultraviolet-to-visible light absorption with minimum structural defects confirmed by the Raman results. PEG also functions as a linker, facilitating the effective attachment of GQDs and dye. The nonpolar pro-oil groups on the GQD surface are adsorbed through coordination bond exchange (–OH functional group of the GQD), allowing for good dye permeability. The DSSC based on GQDs achieved a lower power conversion efficiency (0.93%) compared to the DSSC based on PEG-GQDs (1.27%). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Isoprene is a common monomer in industrial synthetic rubber. We report the in vitro synthesis of isoprene in a multi-step enzyme cascade immobilized biocatalyst by the mevalonate pathway (MVA pathway). This method offers a new way for expanding the biosynthesis of isoprene. The cascade immobilized biocatalyst (PE-SBA-15-FiEs) was constructed by adsorption- cross-linking, with the five key enzymes (mevalonate kinase (MVK), phosphomevalonate kinase (PMK), Mevalonate diphosphate decarboxylase (MVD), isopentenyl disphosphate isomerase (IDI), and isoprene synthetase (ISPS)) of the MVA pathway immobilized on mesoporous molecular sieve SBA-15 as the carrier with polyethylene glycol diglycidyl ether as the cross-linker. At the optimal reaction pH and temperature, the yield of isoprene reached 453.15 mg/L with the PE-SAB-15-FiE, as compared to 274.52 mg/L with the free enzymes. After it had been used five times, the yield of isoprene was still 404.26 mg/L. Furthermore, the yield of isoprene still reached 372.59 mg/L when it was stored for 30 days at room temperature. Thus, the assembled PE-SBA-15-FiEs cascade immobilized biocatalyst has promising application prospects for the industrial production of isoprene. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cellulose acetate (CA) is a sustainable alternative to low-density polyethylene (LDPE), which is a major source of plastic waste. However, the barrier properties and mechanical strength of CA may limit its application as single-use food plastic packaging. This study aims to overcome these limitations by incorporating polyethylene glycol (PEG) 1450 ranging from 10 to 50% w/w. PEG 1450 improved water vapor barrier but increased moisture content, though both values remained similar up to 50% w/w PEG 1450. CA bioplastic films showed significantly higher (p < 0.05) UV–Vis absorbances at 40% w/w PEG 1450, suggesting that a high concentration of PEG 1450 can prevent lipid oxidation but also increase opacity as reflected on the physical appearance. The reduced transparency was caused by aggregation and physical exclusion of PEG 1450 from the CA matrix which was observed under a scanning electron microscope (SEM). Meanwhile, PEG 1450 was miscible and compatible with CA at low concentration. In terms of mechanical properties, inclusion of PEG 1450 at 10 and 20% w/w improved the tearability of CA bioplastic films. In short, the incorporation of PEG 1450 improved barriers against UV and water vapor and tearability, making it superior to commercial LDPE plastic in some respects but lacking in others. Nonetheless, its advantages make it suitable for producing single-use food packaging, hence potentially replacing LDPE. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polyethylene glycol (PEG) is a preferred hydrophilic polymer as an additive for casting solutions. In this study, polymeric membranes containing 1,10-phenanthroline and different molecular weights of polyethylene glycol (PEG) are tested for the morphological change and metal retention on the membrane surface. Additives in the form of PEGs with molecular weights of 400 Da, 600 Da, and 6000 Da were used. The morphology of each membrane was examined using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). It appears that copper has more retention than cadmium in all membrane components in SEM–EDS analysis. FTIR spectra findings provided evidence that PEG binds to the PVC backbone through hydrogen bonds involving chlorine atoms in the PVC and hydrogen atoms in the hydroxyl groups of PEG. The porosity of the membrane was determined by gravimetric method. The molecular weight of PEG in the membrane seems to be increasing, the porosity of the membrane improved. The porosity of the membrane obtained with PVC/ PEG/ 1,10-phenanthroline is 62.85 for PEG 400, 80.00 for PEG 600 and 83.50 for PEG 6000. The order of metal retention on the surface of the membranes consisting of PVC-1,10 phenanthroline and PEGs are Cu > Cd, indicating that with its large diameter (140 pm), cadmium cannot settle into the pores as much as copper. Except for PEG 600, the retention of both metals decreased with the addition of phenanthroline to the membrane containing PEG. The amorphous structure was detected from the XRD of the membranes. Thermal analysis of the membrane was determined by TG-DSC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In modern medical practice, where polyethylene glycol is widely used as a component of various drugs, such as vaccines, chemotherapy drugs, and antibiotics, including vaccines, the issue of allergic reactions to this substance is becoming increasingly important. The purpose of this study is to review and systematise data on various aspects of allergic reactions to polyethylene glycol with the aim of better understanding their pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, diagnostic methods, and possible treatment approaches. The study analysed literature data in modern databases, such as MEDLINE, PubMed, and Scopus, on allergic reactions to polyethylene glycol, using the keywords: "PEG", "polyethylene glycol", "allergy", "side effect". The main aspects of allergy to this substance were highlighted, including mechanisms of development, diagnostic methods, and possible treatment strategies. The analysis found that allergic reactions to polyethylene glycol can manifest in a variety of ways, including anaphylaxis and systemic reactions. A possible role for the immune response has been identified, including the production of IgE and IgM antibodies, complement activation, and accelerated clearance in response to polyethylene glycol, in blood plasma. Data are also provided on how to diagnose an increased risk of an allergic reaction in patients who have previously received drugs with this type of drug transporter and in patients receiving high molecular weight types of polyethylene glycol. The results of this review contribute to a better understanding of allergic reactions to polyethylene glycol and provide information for the development of more effective diagnostic and treatment methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Typically, hydrogels are described as three-dimensional networks of hydrophilic polymers that are able to capture a certain mass of water within their structure. Recently, hydrogels have been widely used as drawing agents in forward osmosis (FO) desalination processes. The major aim of this study is to prepare a novel semi-interpenetrating hydrogel by crosslinking sodium alginate (SA) and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) by using the epichlorohydrin (ECH) crosslinker and polyethylene glycol (PEG) interpenetrated within the hydrogel's network as a linear polymer. Based on the optimum composition of SA/PVA composite hydrogel obtained from our earlier research, the effect of various percentages of PEG on the response of the hydrogel was investigated. The optimal composition of SA/PVA/PEG hydrogel was characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), compression strength testing, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The morphological and mechanical properties of the SA/PVA/PEG semi-interpenetrating hydrogel were also compared to those of the SA/PVA composite hydrogel. Moreover, the performance of the optimal SA/PVA/PEG hydrogel in a FO batch unit as a drawing agent was investigated based on the optimal operation conditions from our previous experiments. The results showed that the optimal PEG/polymer blend mass ratio was 0.25, which increased the swelling ratio (SR) (%) of the hydrogel from 645.42 (of the neat SA/PVA hydrogel) to 2683. The SA/PVA/PEG semi-interpenetrating hydrogel was superior to the SA/PVA copolymer hydrogel in pore structure and mechanical properties. Additionally, in terms of FO desalination, the achieved water flux by SA/PVA/PEG hydrogel is higher than that accomplished by SA/PVA hydrogel. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polyethylene glycol (PEG) / Cellulose nanocrystal (CNC) structural colored films with good flexibility and humidity sensitive were prepared by using the evaporation-induced self-assembly method. The influence of PEG's molecular weight and content on the change of structural color, toughening and humidity-sensitive of CNC films were systematically investigated through optical properties, morphologies, mechanical properties, and humidity responsiveness. Optical measurement results showed that the structural color and the maximum reflected light wavelength (λmax) of CNC films were red-shifted by adding PEG. The higher the PEG molecular weight and content, the more obvious the red-shift was. Morphology characterization demonstrated the red-shift was attributed to the increasing pitch of the chiral nematic phase structure. Mechanical results showed that adding PEG significantly improved the toughness of CNC films, the higher the PEG molecular weight and content, the higher toughening effect. The toughness enhancement can be attributed to PEG being soft and having good interaction with CNCs, can be regarded as an energy dissipating binding phase which increased the energy dissipation during CNCs movement. Humidity responsiveness showed that the humidity sensitivity of CNC film was improved with PEG concentration increasing, but was independence of PEG molecular weight. Furthermore, the rheological behavior and thixotropy recovery were studied to explain the influence of PEG on the self-assembly behavior of CNCs in suspension. This study provides a foundation for regulation of CNC structural colored films with good toughness and humidity-sensitive. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Climate change poses a pervasive global threat to humanity, and regrettably, the textile industry stands as the second-largest contributor to greenhouse gas emissions due to its large supply chain. Pollution involves various sub-sectors, including water pollution, where urea emerges as a hazardous chemical detrimental to both human health and aquatic life. This research is dedicated to fostering a sustainable, urea-free approach in the printing of cotton fabric by altering the reactive printing recipe and methodology. Three modified trial recipes (T1, T2, T3) and one controlled conventional recipe (C) were tested. The C included sodium alginate (2%), urea (15%), and sodium bicarbonate (2.5%). In contrast, the modified recipe trials incorporated polyethylene glycol 400 (PEG 400) in the replacement of urea. A total of four recipes (one C and three modified T1 with 1% PEG 400, T2 with 2% PEG 400, T3 with 3% PEG 400 in the printing paste recipes) were examined using two monochlorotrizaine reactive dyes (Reactive C.I. Red 45, Reactive C.I. Violet 01). Characterization like shade variation, dye penetration into the fabric, sharpness of the edges, tinting on the adjacent white fabric, acidic and alkaline perspiration fastness, washing fastness, rubbing fastness, and fabric hardness, affirmed that T2 recipe yielded the best results in fabric testing, cost reduction, and water pollution reduction while increase in the PEG 400 concentration from 2 to 3% have no significant change in the overall results. This research is a contribution in sustainable reactive printing of cellulosic cotton fabric. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Employing polymer additives is an effective strategy to realize the manipulation of polymorphic transformation. However, the manipulation mechanism is still not clear, which limit the precise selection of polymeric excipients and the development of pharmaceutical formulations. Methods: The solubility of cimetidine (CIM) in acetonitrile/water mixtures were measured. And the polymorphic transformation from CIM form A to form B with the addition of different polymers was monitored by Raman spectroscopy. Furthermore, the manipulation effect of polymers was determined based on the results of experiments and molecular simulations. Results: The solubility of form A is consistently higher than that of form B, which indicate that form B is the thermodynamically stable form within the examined temperature range. The presence of polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) of a shorter chain length could have a stronger inhibitory effect on the phase transformation process of metastable form, whereas polyethylene glycol (PEG) had almost no impact. The nucleation kinetics experiments and molecular dynamic simulation results showed that only PVP molecules could significantly decrease the nucleation rate of CIM, due to the ability of reducing solute molecular diffusion and solute–solute molecular interaction. A combination of crystal growth rate measurements and calculations of the interaction energies between PVP and the crystal faces of CIM indicate that smaller molecular weight PVP can suppress crystal growth more effectively. Conclusion: PVP K16-18 has more impact on the stabilization of CIM form A and inhibition of the phase transformation process. The manipulation mechanism of polymer additives in the polymorphic transformation of CIM was proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The solid–liquid phase transfer catalyzed (S-L PTC) properties of polyethylene glycol (PEG) were investigated in the preparation of dialkyl disulfide (R2S2) by oxidative coupling of alkyl mercaptan and sulfur with K2CO3 as catalyst under atmospheric pressure and solvent-free conditions. The results have showed that the S-L PTC properties of PEG are not significantly different from those of crown ether. The S-L PTC properties of PEG are reduced due to methylation of the terminal hydroxyl groups, indicating that the terminal hydroxyl group in PEG plays an important role in stabilizing the [PEG-K2+ CO32−] complex. The results of infrared spectral analysis confirm that CO32− in K2CO3 has a strong interaction with the terminal hydroxyl group in PEG. At the fixed molar ratio of –CH2CH2O-/K2CO3, the increase of PEG chain length has a positive correlation with the S-L PTC performance. The reaction rate and yield of R2S2 can be improved by increasing the amount of K2CO3 and the molar ratio of -CH2CH2O-/K2CO3 appropriately. The PEG400/K2CO3 system exhibits very high catalytic activity for the oxidative coupling reaction of alkyl mercaptan with sulfur as oxidant. The yield of the reaction product (n-C8H17)2S2 can still reach more than 97% by using 0.1 mol% K2CO3 and 0.006 mol% PEG400 (based on sulfur). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Computed tomography angiography (PMCTA) is increasingly used in postmortem cases. Standardized validated protocols permit to compare different PMCTA images and make it more easily to defend a case in court. In addition to the well-known technique by Grabherr et al. (2011) which is using paraffin oil as a carrier substance, water-soluble polyethylene glycol 200 (PEG200) can be used in combination with the contrast agent Accupaque® 300. As to date, there exists no standardized protocol for the use of this contrast agent mixture, the aim of this study was to develop a protocol using it. Between 2012 and 2022, 23 PMCTA with PEG200 and Accupaque®300 were performed at the University Centre of Legal Medicine Lausanne (Switzerland) and the Institute of Forensic Medicine Munich (Germany). The images obtained were evaluated regarding the opacification of the vessels and possible artefacts. The best image quality was obtained with a mixing ratio of 1:15 (Accupaque®300:PEG200) and a perfusion volume of 1000 ml in the arterial, 1400 ml in the venous and 350 ml in the dynamic phase. The infusion rates described by Grabherr et al. were confirmed for the three phases. Overall, the opacification of the vessels was diagnostically sufficient. In 13 cases no opacification of the right coronary artery was observed due to a stratification artefact. By using the PMCTA protocol with PEG200 as a carrier, a good overall image quality can be achieved. This protocol offers the possibility to standardize PMCTA with PEG200. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chitosan (CS) is a biopolymer that offers a wide range in biomedical applications due to its biocompatibility, biodegradability, low toxicity and antimicrobial activity. Syringaldehyde (1) is a naturally occurring organic compound characterized by its use in multiple fields such as pharmaceuticals, food, cosmetics, textiles and biological applications. Herein, development of chitosan derivative with physicochemical and anticancer properties via Schiff base formation from the reaction of chitosan with sustainable eco-friendly syringaldehyde yielded the (CS-1) derivative. Moreover, in the presence of polyethylene glycol diglycidyl ether (PEGDGE) or sodium tripolyphosphate (TPP) as crosslinkers gave chitosan derivatives (CS-2) and (CS-3NPs) respectively. The chemical structures of the new chitosan derivatives were confirmed using different tools. (CS-3NPs) nanoparticle showed improvement in crystallinity, and (CS-2) derivative revealed the highest thermal stability compared to virgin chitosan. The cytotoxicity activity of chitosan and its derivatives were evaluated against HeLa (human cervical carcinoma) and HEp-2 (Human Larynx carcinoma) cell lines. The highest cytotoxicity activity was exhibited by (CS-3NPs) compared to virgin chitosan against HeLa cell growth inhibition and apoptosis of 90.38 ± 1.46% and 30.3% respectively and IC50 of 108.01 ± 3.94 µg/ml. From the above results, it can be concluded that chitosan nanoparticle (CS-3NPs) has good therapeutic value as a potential antitumor agent against the HeLa cancer cell line. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The industry's mechanical equipment often faces a significant demand for damping rubber. Simultaneously improving damping and toughness of rubber materials is a challenging task. It was achieved by incorporating crystal particles into the chlorinated butyl rubber (CIIR) network, inspired by the "sliding crystal mechanism". To create the elastomers with high damping and toughness, polyurethane was used along with polyethylene glycol as a soft segment. The combination factors, including coordination and hydrogen bonds, played a crucial role in facilitating the formation of crystal particles within the material. These crystal particles acted as rigid fillers, enhancing the material's toughness. Additionally, the sacrificial reversible bonds present in the crystal particles allowed for energy dissipation during stress. These bonds can be repeatedly broken and regenerated, enabling the material to dissipate energy efficiently. Comparing these elastomers to pure CIIR, they exhibited a tensile strength and elongation at break of 5.76 MPa and 1973%, a fracture energy of 28.73 MJ/m3, a damping factor of 1.52, and a damping temperature range of 80 °C. These results indicate significant improvements in both damping and toughness properties. This advancement could have valuable implications for the industry's mechanical equipment, which often relies on effective damping rubber. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A binary porous material of SiO2 and SiO2–modified expanded graphite (MEGR) was simultaneously prepared based on a low-cost and template-free approach in which a commercially abundant sodium silicate was used as a SiO2 precursor in the presence of expanded graphite (EGR). The polycondensation and excessive aggregation of SiO2 on the surfaces of EGR enabled the formation of highly interconnected porous networks. Besides, the hydrophilicity of MEGR was improved due to the presence of multiple silanol groups from anchored SiO2. The SiO2/MEGR was then used as a binary porous support for the adsorption and stabilization of polyethylene glycol (PEG), forming composite phase change materials (CPCMs) for thermal energy storage. The prepared PEG/SiO2/MEGR CPCMs were investigated for thermal properties with varying PEG content (50–90%) and a fixed SiO2:MEGR ratio of 75:25. The presence of MEGR with desirable porous structure and improved hydrophilicity contributed to the PEG adsorption capacity of SiO2/MEGR. Indeed, the loading of PEG was improved from 60% of pristine SiO2 to 80% of SiO2/MEGR. In addition, the thermal conductivity of the 80% PEG/SiO2/MEGR composite was enhanced to 2.865 W/m K, which was 11.2 times greater than that of pure PEG. Furthermore, the PEG/SiO2/MEGR composite retained high thermal stability and excellent thermal reliability after 500 melting/crystallization cycles. The facile preparation and high thermal performance make the PEG/SiO2/MEGR composite competitive for thermal energy storage applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Generating 3D bone cell networks in vitro that mimic the dynamic process during early bone formation remains challenging. Here, we report a synthetic biodegradable microporous hydrogel for efficient formation of 3D networks from human primary cells, analysis of cell-secreted extracellular matrix (ECM) and microfluidic integration. Using polymerization-induced phase separation, we demonstrate dynamic in situ formation of microporosity (5–20 µm) within matrix metalloproteinase-degradable polyethylene glycol hydrogels in the presence of living cells. Pore formation is triggered by thiol-Michael-addition crosslinking of a viscous precursor solution supplemented with hyaluronic acid and dextran. The resulting microporous architecture can be fine-tuned by adjusting the concentration and molecular weight of dextran. After encapsulation in microporous hydrogels, human mesenchymal stromal cells and osteoblasts spread rapidly and form 3D networks within 24 hours. We demonstrate that matrix degradability controls cell-matrix remodeling, osteogenic differentiation, and deposition of ECM proteins such as collagen. Finally, we report microfluidic integration and proof-of-concept osteogenic differentiation of 3D cell networks under perfusion on chip. Altogether, this work introduces a synthetic microporous hydrogel to efficiently differentiate 3D human bone cell networks, facilitating future in vitro studies on early bone development. Generating 3D bone cell networks in vitro that mimic the dynamic process during early bone formation is vital for creating in vitro models of bone development for disease modeling and drug testing, but remains challenging. Herein, the authors report a synthetic biodegradable microporous hydrogel for in vitro generation of functional human bone cell networks in 3D and microfluidic integration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examines the presence of bisphenol A (BPA), S (BPS), F (BPF), and M (BPM) in various recycled plastics readily available on the market (LDPE, HDPE, PET, and PP), in light of European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) limits. Twenty samples of different origin are analyzed, cleaning treatments are applied, and the migration potential of these bisphenols into food is studied. BPM is absent in all samples, but a post-consumer recycled LDPE sample reveals high bisphenol concentrations, raising concerns, reaching 8540 ng/g, 370 ng/g, and 29 ng/g of BPA, BPS, and BPF, respectively. Migration tests show substantial migration of these contaminants into food simulants. Using a cleaning treatment with polyethylene glycol (PEG 400) reduces BPA in LDPE, HDPE, PP, and PET samples by 95%, 99%, 97% and 28%, respectively, highlighting the importance of cleaning treatments across various polymers in plastic recycling. These findings not only protect food safety but addressing environmental challenges associated with plastic recycling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]