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Background: During pregnancy, the placenta plays an important role in the development of the fetus by supplying it with oxygen and nutrition, eliminating waste, and acting as an immunological barrier. Pseudo-continuous arterial spin labelling (pCASL) MRI was recently shown to be a promising sequence for measuring perfusion in the placenta. The aim was to obtain the perfusion measurements of the placenta in normal pregnancies using 3 Tesla MRI from 19 to 38 weeks of gestational age. Results: This was a cohort observational study. One hundred and sixty (160) singleton pregnancies from 19 to 38 weeks of gestational age were included. A 3D pCASL sequence was performed in the axial plane for placental blood flow (PBF). Data post-processing was performed on a workstation using Ready View software for 3D ASL with automated generation of quantitative placental pattern-based morphometry (PBM). The mean values of placental perfusion were extracted by averaging the data obtained. A significant positive correlation was observed between the PBF and increasing GA using Karl Pearson's coefficient of correlation values (r-value 0.77, p-value < 0.001), respectively. Average PBF values from 19 to 38 weeks were (89.4 ± 13.5 to 155.3 ± 2.8 ml/100 g/min). According to our intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC), inter-observer reproducibility of placental blood flow shows good agreement between observers (0.98). Conclusions: Normal PBF values using ASL in 3 T MRI from 19 to 38 weeks of gestational age were provided. Statistical analysis revealed a significant positive correlation between gestational age and placental blood flow. In the future, it may help to identify placental perfusion abnormalities like placental insufficiency, preeclampsia, and fetal growth restriction (FGR). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Solid tumours around the foot are rare and include soft tissue sarcomas, skin and bone malignancies. Extended soft tissue defects due to oncological resection result in the loss of shock-absorbing and friction resistant tissue, which leads to altered walking patterns and pain. Replacement of plantar tissue requires soft tissue resistant to weight, pressure and shear stress. The other important desired goal of foot reconstruction is short wound healing time in order to allow adjuvant therapy at stipulated time. This is a retrospective study from March 2016 to October 2019. A total of twenty-one (n = 21) patients were operated for foot malignancies during this period in our institute and the resulting defects were reconstructed using various methods. Different reconstructive surgeries were performed depending on tumour size, location and general health status of patients. The length of hospitalization and the presence of local postoperative complications were assessed. Functional outcomes were measured in terms of MSTS score. Average age of the series is 53.1 years. Sixty-six percent of the patients (n = 14) presented with tumour at the weight bearing areas and 33% patients (n = 7) at the non-weight bearing areas of the foot. Fifty-seven percent of patients (n = 12) presented with malignant melanoma of foot, squamous cell carcinoma was seen in 33% (n = 7) patients and 4% patients (n = 1 each) presented as osteosarcoma and malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumour respectively. The mean MSTS score in patients with weight bearing areas (location) is statistically significant (p = 0.031). There is a significant correlation between the surgical complications and follow up MSTS score (p = 0.046) which signifies that flap related complications result in lower MSTS score. The mean MSTS score was 22.71/30. Complications were observed in three cases which included partial flap necrosis, graft loss and foot stiffness. Simple skin grafts to local flaps maybe a viable option in a limited resource setting based on the location of defect. Free tissue transfer is the ideal choice in case of weight bearing areas to achieve acceptable outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Host-parasite interaction studies represent the dependency of the parasites on the host through various models. Gill infesting copepods, monogeneans and isopods served as excellent models to study the details of host-parasite interaction. In the present investigation, Wallago attu (Bloch & Schneider, 1801) was extensively studied for histopathological damage caused by ectoparasites like monogeneans (Thaparocleidus indicus, Thaparocleidus wallagonius and Mizelleus indicus), copepod (Ergasilus malnadensis) and an isopod (Alitropus typus) during August 2017 to February 2018. Both the control (least infested) and severely infested gills were examined through light microscope to approximate the intensity of damage caused by above ectoparasites. Results: Pathological effects of ectoparasites displayed a fusion of secondary lamella, hyperplasia of the gill filaments and the epithelial cells, propagation of bronchial tips, thinning of the central axis, deshaping, shortening and fusion of secondary gill lamellae epithelium, severe degenerative and necrotic changes in gill filaments and secondary lamellae, curling of secondary lamellae and mucous cells proliferation. Conclusions: Ectoparasites cause severe damage to gills of W. attu, thereby diminishing the gill breathing capacity of the fish. Timely pathological studies can reveal the extent of damage caused by the parasites and thus various diagnostic programs and best management practices can be implemented in aquaculture for the better yield. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Inguinal lymph nodal dissection is notoriously associated with high morbidity. Various risk factors and technical modifications have been described in the past to overcome complications like lymphedema, wound breakdown, and infection which adversely affect the postoperative outcome and quality of life of the patient. This is a retrospective observational study from 1 January 2016 to 31 December 2019 of patients who underwent inguinal/ilio-inguinal block dissection for malignancy. Lymphedema was the most frequent morbidity seen (24%). The mean hospital stay of patients following surgery was 9.7 days (range 4 to 28 days). The inguinal drain was removed on a mean of 17.7 days (range 4 to 21 days), while mean iliac drain removal time was 11.7 days (range 4 to 21 days). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite an increase in the number of workers commuting between rural and urban areas, much of the literature on worker mobility continues to be migration centric. This paper establishes the importance of rural–urban commuting in India. As per estimates from Periodic Labour Force Survey 2018–2019, an estimated 18.8 million individuals living in rural are working in urban India and the share of earnings from urban in total non-farm rural earnings is 19.3%. Among all rural workers, 7.3% are rural–urban commuters while only 2.1% of urban workers are urban–rural commuters. We document large variations at the sub-national level. Our results from a multinomial model to understand the factors associated with commuting highlight the importance of lagged regional unemployment rate. A high rural unemployment rate acts as a push factor, and a low urban unemployment rate acts as a pull factor for rural–urban commuting. The urbanness of occupations in a region is also an important correlate of commuting. The paper concludes by highlighting the need to prioritize questions in India's labour force survey that would help understand the nature of labour mobility and strength of rural–urban linkages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: To evaluate the success rate of mixture of ozonated oil and zinc oxide as a primary teeth root filling material. Study design: Prospective randomised clinical study. Methods: The study included 60 infected primary mandibular molars which were equally divided into study group (ozonated oil-ZnO) and control group (zinc oxide-eugenol). Pulpectomy procedure was performed and the children were followed at regular intervals. All the children were available for evaluation at the end of 12 months. The teeth were evaluated for success or failure based on clinical and radiographic criteria by a blinded investigator. Statistics: The proportional values were compared using χ test. Results: Clinical and radiographic evaluation suggested that teeth obturated with ozonated oil-zinc oxide demonstrated good success rate (93.3 %) as compared to zinc oxide eugenol (63.3 %). However, no statistically significant variation ( p = 0.408) was observed between the groups. Conclusion: Ozonated oil-ZnO demonstrated a good clinical and radiographic success at 12 months follow-up and it can be considered as an alternative obturating material in infected primary teeth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article offers information on the stable dibismuthene compound. It states that effective silicon chemistry arises from differences of carbon compound chemistry. Also mentioned is the activity of Robert West, father of modern organosilicon, regarding isolation of divalent silicon which involves kinetic stabilisation of double bonded system.

The method of isotopic perturbation of equilibrium is described. In conjunction with nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, the procedure can be used to distinguish between double well and single minimum potential energy surfaces. Some representative studies on classical and nonclassical carbocations are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a reprint of the article "The Control of Tuberculosis: A Continuous Game of Snakes and Ladders," by T. Ramakrishnan and P. Chandrasekhar, which appeared in the 1999 issue of "J. Biosciences" Vol. 24. It offers a brief history of tuberculosis (TB) which is caused by Myobacterium tuberculosis. Moreover, it mentions that researchers of the study underwent traumatic experience of seeing a very close relative suffering from TB.

Both China and India, considered generally to be the "success stories" of globalization with relatively high growth rates in output over last two decades or so, have experienced slower expansion in employment, especially in the organized sector. Moreover, the bulk of new employment is in lower productivity activities under uncertain and often oppressive conditions. This paradoxical situation has characterized both the countries essentially during the period when they have opened their economies to trade and investment. The major factors behind this are changes in the pattern of demand for goods and services in the developing countries as well as adoption of labour-saving and productivity-enhancing technologies in the production process. The authors strongly argue for a change in the policy regime in which generation of good quality employment is the most critical variable. Another important requirement of this strategy is public expenditure, especially in the social sectors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The synthesis of a FeVI complex in an octahedral coordination geometry has been achieved recently by Wieghardt and coworkers. This is only the second hexavalent iron complex known after the tetrahedral ferrate ion, [FeO4]2-.The synthesis of the new FeVI complex involves a low temperature photolysis of an FeIV(N3) precursor which leads to the formation of the FeVI complex containing a Fe≡N triple bond. The structural characterization of the FeVI complex has been achieved by a variety of spectroscopic techniques including Mössbauer spectroscopy and X-ray absorption spectroscopy. Experimentally it is found that the FeVI complex is diamagnetic. Theoretical calculations reveal that the FeVI complex has an electronic configuration 3d² (S = 0); the d electrons are paired in a dxy orbital. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: To establish the efficacy of ultrasound (US) of the abdomen as a diagnostic test in Typhoid. To determine the ultrasound diagnostic criteria in cases of Typhoid.Methods: The Widal test is the most commonly used method of detecting Typhoid fever, but does not provide results until a week after onset of fever due to the need for enough antibodies to develop to render a positive result. Abdominal Ultrasound was performed within three days of the onset of fever in 80 cases suspected to be having Typhoid fever. Subsequent follow-up scans were performed at five days, ten days and fifteen days. Subsequently, all 80 cases were found to be Widal positive and Salmonella culture was positive in 32 cases. We present our findings in 26 patients in the age group between 4 to 20 years in whom both Widal test and Salmonella culture was subsequently positive.Results: The US findings were as follows: splenomegaly (n-26, 100%); Bowel wall thickening (n-22, 85%); mesenteric lymphadenopathy(n-20,77%); hepatomegaly with normal parenchymal echotexture (n-8, 31%); thickened gall bladder (n-16, 62%); biliary sludge (n-6, 23%); positive US Murphy's sign (n-7, 27%); pericholecystic edema with increased vascularity (n-6, 23%); mucosal ulceration in the wall of the gall bladder (n-1, 3.8%).Conclusion: In endemic areas like India, ultrasound findings of hepatomegaly, splenomegaly, ileal and cecal thickening, mesenteric lymphadenopathy and thick-walled gallbladder are diagnostic features of typhoid. Ultrasound can be a non-invasive, economical and a reasonably sensitive tool for diagnosing typhoid when serology is equivocal and cultures are negative. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To study the ultrasound (US) findings and clinical significance of transient small bowel intussusceptions (TSBI) in adults and children. Methods: Clinical records and US findings of 108 consecutive patients of intestinal intussusception diagnosed on US between August 1995 and August 2004 were reviewed. In all cases, the length, diameter, wall thickness and color Doppler study of the bowel segment involved in intussusception were evaluated. Subsequent follow-up scans were performed at 30 min, 3 days and 2 weeks. Patients were clinically followed up for 6 months. Results: Forty-one patients were diagnosed as TSBI. Thirty-six intussusceptions were incidentally detected during US performed for some unrelated disease or vague abdominal symptom. Five patients presented with signs of obstruction at the time of the initial US diagnosis; however, the intussusceptions resolved without any treatment and were not detected on follow-up scans. Sixty-seven symptomatic patients required surgical intervention. Conclusion: Incidentally detected, small bowel intussusceptions without an identifiable pathological lead point, with a normal wall thickness, a length of less than 3.5 cm, normal nondilated proximal bowel and normal vascularity on color Doppler reduce spontaneously and are of no clinical significance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on an article published in the periodical "The Quarterly Journal of Economics" related to the Bayesian Nash equilibrium where individuals discard their own private information and willingly follow the herd.