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Step-up-approach rotational atherectomy has been widely recognized in the treatment of severe calcified plaques. As an alternative, the rota-tripsy procedure is a novel strategy for the modification of calcification lesions. This study aimed to evaluate and compare the efficacy and safety of rota-tripsy and step-up-approach rotational atherectomy, given the limited clinical data available. Clinical data of 3652 patients with coronary calcification were retrospectively collected from February 2021 to February 2024. The cases were divided into two groups based on the technical approach. The primary efficacy endpoint was procedural success (stent expansion rate > 70% and no hospital major adverse cardiac events [MACEs]). The primary safety endpoint was the absence of serious angiographic complications and 30 days MACEs. A total of 37 patients (38 calcified lesions) screened and included in the study, with 18 cases (19 lesions) in group A and 19 cases in group B. The results showed no significant differences in primary efficacy endpoint. However, group A recorded a lower incidence of angiographic complications (P = 0.02) and shorter dose area product and fluoroscopy/interval times compared with group B (P < 0.01). For management of severe coronary calcification, both rota-tripsy and step-up-approach rotational atherectomy had favorable short-term clinical results; however, rota-tripsy provided improved safety and efficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To assess the sensitivity and specificity of the "triple layer sign" (TLS) (retinal pigment epithelium (RPE), neovascular tissue, and Bruch's membrane) on structural optical coherence tomography (OCT) images for the diagnosis of treatment-naïve non-exudative type-1 macular neovascularization (NE-MNV) in age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Design: Cross-sectional study. Methods: Two masked retinal experts evaluated the presence of the TLS in eyes with NE-MNV and controls with an RPE elevation without exudation due to other causes than NE-MNV in AMD [e.g., medium-large drusen, cuticular drusen, basal laminar deposits (BlamD)]. Results: 130 eyes of 98 consecutive patients met the study criteria; 40 eyes of 40 patients satisfied the criteria for being included in the NE-MNV secondary to AMD group (27 females, 13 males, with a mean age of 73.8 ± 8.0 years), and 90 eyes of 58 patients met the criteria to be included in the control group (31 eyes were included in the medium-to-large drusen sub-group, 32 eyes in the cuticular drusen sub-group, and 27 eyes in the BlamD group. The TLS was observed in 39/40 patients with NE-MNV and 8/90 controls. The sensitivity and specificity of the TLS for the diagnosis of NE-MNV were 97% and 91%, respectively. Conclusions: The TLS on OCT demonstrated high sensitivity and specificity values in detecting treatment-naive type 1 NE-MNV. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To investigate the correlation between the autonomic nervous system and choroidal vascularity in patients with central serous chorioretinopathy (CSC), using heart rate variability (HRV) analysis, optical coherence tomography (OCT) and OCT angiography (OCTA). Methods: We retrospectively analyzed data of 25 patients with unilateral CSC (50 eyes, including the unaffected fellow eyes) and 25 healthy controls. The assessment involved a 5-minute HRV analysis encompassing both frequency and time domains, especially low frequency (LF), high frequency (HF), and LF/HF ratio. In OCT (12 × 9 mm) and en-face OCTA (3 × 3 mm) scans, we measured parameters including choroidal vascularity index (CVI), choroidal vessel density in the middle and deep layers, and choriocapillaris flow void. Regression analysis was conducted to elucidate the associations between HRV parameters and OCT/OCTA measurements. Results: Normalized LF(LFnorm) and LF/HF ratios were higher in patients with CSC than in healthy controls. LFnorm and the log-transformed ratio of LF to HF [log(LF/HF)] demonstrated a significant and borderline correlation with CVI in the linear regression analysis (P = 0.040, R2 = 0.171, and P = 0.059, R2 = 0.147, respectively). Both CVI and deep choroid vessel density showed a more significant association with LFnorm and log (LF/HF) in the non-linear quadratic regression analysis than in the linear analysis (all, P < 0.04, R2 > 0.25). Conclusion: The frequency-domain parameters of HRV, including LFnorm and log (LF/HF), demonstrated a significant association with indicators reflective of large choroidal vessel luminal area on macular OCT/OCTA scans. This observation implies complicated modulation of choroidal blood flow by the autonomic nervous system in CSC. Key messages: What is known ● Previous research has established that heightened sympathetic nerve activity can lead to choroidal vessel constriction and is associated with central serous chorioretinopathy (CSC), which exhibits pachychoroid features influenced by psychological stress and autonomic imbalances. What is new ● The study quantifies the effect of sympathetic nervous system hyperactivity on choroidal blood flow in patients with CSC by using heart rate variability (HRV) metrics and correlating these with choroidal blood flow indicators assessed via optical coherence tomography (OCT) and angiography (OCTA). ● HRV parameters indicative of sympathetic activity demonstrated significant linear and quadratic correlations with the choroidal vascularity index and deep choroidal vessel density, reflecting large choroidal vessel luminal areas on OCT and OCTA scans. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Neurovascular coupling impairment and inner retinal layer thinning are early detectable retinal changes in diabetes, and both worsen during progression of diabetic retinopathy (DR). However, direct interactions between these features have not been investigated so far. Therefore, we aimed to analyze associations between the retinal functional hyperemic response to light stimulation and the thickness of individual neuroretinal layers in eyes with early non-proliferative DR. Methods: Thirty patients with type 1 diabetes featuring mild (n = 15) or moderate (n = 15) non-proliferative DR and 14 healthy subjects were included in this cross-sectional study. Retinal vessel diameters were measured before and during illumination with flickering light using a dynamic vessel analyzer. Individual layer thickness in the macula was analyzed from spectral domain optical coherence tomography. Results: Flicker light-induced vessel dilation was significantly reduced in patients compared to healthy controls (veins: 3.0% vs. 6.1%, p < 0.001; arteries: 1.3% vs. 5.1%, p = 0.005). Univariately, the response in retinal veins of diabetes patients correlated significantly with ganglion cell layer (GCL) thickness (r = 0.46, p = 0.010), and negatively with hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) levels (r=-0.41, p = 0.023) and age (r=-0.38, p = 0.037), but not with baseline diameters, glucose levels, or diabetes duration. In a multiple regression model only GCL thickness (p = 0.017, β = 0.42) and HbA1c (p = 0.045, β=-0.35) remained significantly associated with the vascular flicker light response. Conclusion: The results indicate that thinner GCL and worse glycemic control both contribute to reduced retinal neurovascular coupling in patients with clinical signs of DR. Progression of neurovascular dysfunction in DR might be related to structural degeneration of the neurovascular complex in the inner retina. Key message: What is known: • Neurovascular coupling dysfunction and neurodegeneration in the inner retina are early features in eyes of diabetes patients, and both worsen during progression of diabetic retinopathy. However, direct interactions between these changes have not been investigated so far. What is new: • Our study shows that in patients with early diabetic retinopathy the reduced functional hyperemic response to flicker light stimulation correlates significantly with inner retinal layer thickness, and concurrently with worse glycemic control. • This demonstrates for the first time that retinal neurodegeneration may be an important contributor to the advancing disturbance of neurovascular coupling in eyes with clinically established diabetic retinopathy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: As a result of recent advances in the development of small microelectromechanical system mirrors, a novel forward-looking optical coherence tomography (OCT) probe with a uniquely large field of view is being commercially developed. The aim of this study is to prospectively assess the feasibility of this advanced OCT probe in interpreting ex vivo images of colorectal polyp tissue and to identify necessary steps for further development. Methods: A total of 13 colorectal lesions from 9 patients, removed during endoscopic resection, were imaged ex vivo with the OCT device and compared with histopathological images that served as the gold standard for diagnostics. Normal tissue from one patient, removed during the endoscopic procedure, was imaged as a negative control. We assessed the presence of features indicative for polyp type and degree of dysplasia, by comparing OCT images to histopathological images and by evaluating the presence of OCT-specific features identified by previous studies, such as effacement (loss of layered tissue structure), a hyperreflective epithelial layer, and irregularity of the surface. Results: As verified by corresponding histological images, tissue structures such as blood vessels and tissue layers could be distinguished in OCT images of the normal tissue sample. Detailed structures on histological images such as crypts and cell nuclei could not be identified in the OCT images. However, we did identify OCT features specific for colorectal lesions, such as effacement and a hyperreflective epithelial layer. In general, the imaging depth was about 1 mm. Conclusion: Some relevant tissue structures could be observed in OCT images of the novel device. However, some adaptations, such as increasing imaging depth using a laser with a longer central wavelength, are required to improve its clinical value for the imaging of colorectal lesions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: UVA-UVB increases skin matrix metalloproteinases and breaks down extracellular proteins and fibrillar type 1 collagen, leading to photodamage. Topical application of nicotinamide prevents UV-induced immunosuppression. Several studies have demonstrated the importance of protection against UV. This study aims to determine the biological effect of a high broad-spectrum UVB-UVA sunscreen containing nicotinamide and panthenol (SSNP) on photodamaged skin using linear confocal optical coherence tomography (LC-OCT), immunohistochemistry, and RNA profiling. Methods: Two areas of severely photodamaged forearm skin (L01 and L02) and one less sun-damaged (naturally protected) area on the inner part of the forearm (L03) were identified in 14 subjects. These areas were imaged using LC-OCT and L01 and L03 were biopsied at baseline. After 4 weeks of treatment with SSNP, L02 was reimaged using LC-OCT, and biopsied. Histology, immunostaining with p21, p53, PCNA, and CPD, and RNA sequencing were performed in all samples. Results: LC-OCT analysis showed that epidermis thickness and the number of keratinocytes is higher in the sun-exposed areas than in the non-exposed areas. Comparing before and after treatment, even though there is a trend towards normalization, the differences were not statistically significant. The expression of p21, PCNA, p53, and CPD increased in severely photodamaged skin compared to less-damaged skin. When comparing before and after treatment, only p21 showed a trend to decrease expression. RNA sequencing analysis identified 1552 significant genes correlating with the progression from non-visibly photodamaged skin to post-treatment and pre-treatment samples; in the analysis comparing pre- and post-treatment samples, 5429 genes were found to be significantly associated. A total of 1115 genes are common in these two analyses. Additionally, nine significant genes from the first analysis and eight from the second are related to collagen. Six of these collagen genes are common in the two analyses. MAPK and cGMP-PKG signalling pathways are upregulated in the progression to photodamage analysis. In the pre- and post-treatment analysis, 32 pathways are downregulated after treatment, the most statistically significant being the ErbB, Hippo, NOD-like receptor, TNF, and NF-kB signalling pathways. Conclusion: This study demonstrates the role of SSNP in collagen generation, highlights the relevance of the cGMP-PKG and MAPK signalling pathways in photodamage, and shows the ability of SSNP to downregulate pathways activated by UV exposure. Additionally, it deepens our understanding of the effect of SSNP on immune-related pathways. Plain Language Summary: This study focuses on the damage that sun exposure can do to our skin, also called photodamage. This damage is mainly caused by ultraviolet radiation, which can lead to problems such as wrinkles, changes in skin color, and sagging skin. Nicotinamide, a form of vitamin B3, helps our cells repair their DNA and prevents them from dying. Previous studies in mice have shown that nicotinamide can protect the immune system against photodamage and reduce the risk of cancer. In order to understand how sunscreen containing nicotinamide and panthenol affects photodamage, an international team of researchers gathered 14 Catalan participants and examined severely sun-damaged skin areas and less sun-damaged skin. We conducted imaging, molecular, and genetic experiments before and after 4 weeks of nicotinamide sunscreen use. The results show that severely sun-damaged skin is thicker and contains more cells called keratinocytes. Additionally, certain indicators of DNA damage and repair are more active in severely sun-damaged skin. Genetic analyses reveal that the photodamage process causes significant differences in certain genetic pathways such as cGMP-PKG and MAPK pathways. Using nicotinamide sunscreen leads to positive changes in several cellular processes, including the way cells divide, respond to stress, and produce collagen. In summary, this study gives us a deeper understanding of skin photodamage and underlines the potential benefits of adding nicotinamide to sunscreens, which could be a promising way to reduce the damage caused by UV radiation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since widespread vaccination against COVID-19, the development of effective antiviral drugs, and the decreasing number of patients with COVID-19 in intensive care, the risk from SARS-CoV-2 infection appears less threatening. However, studies show that a significant number of patients suffer from long-term sequelae, even months after SARS-CoV-2 infection. The so-called post-COVID syndrome (PCS) often presents a diagnostic and treatment challenge for physicians. This study protocol describes the "All Eyes on PCS" study, which aims to investigate the retinal microvasculature in PCS patients and COVID-19-recovered patients to provide new insights into the pathophysiology of PCS. "All Eyes on PCS" is a prospective, case–control study with the primary objective of detecting endothelial dysfunction (ED) in patients with PCS. Therefore, we intend to recruit patients with PCS, fully SARS-CoV-2-infection-recovered (CR) participants, and SARS-CoV-2-infection-naïve (CN) participants. Baseline measurements will include: (1) patient-specific characteristics, (2) biochemistry, (3) retinal vessel analysis (RVA), (4) survey questionnaires as patient-reported outcomes measurements (PROMs), (5) optical coherence tomography (OCT), OCT angiography (OCTA), and adaptive optics (AO), (6) blood pressure recordings, (7) handgrip strength test. After 6 months, baseline measurements will be repeated in the PCS cohort, and after 1 year, a telephone query will be conducted to assess residual symptoms and treatment needs. The aim of this study is to gain insight into the pathophysiology of PCS and to provide an objective biomarker for diagnosis and treatment, while also creating a comprehensive clinical database of PCS patients. ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT05635552; Date: 2.12.2022. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: To compare the long-term efficacy of navigated subthreshold micropulse laser (NSML) and continuous oral eplerenone (EPL) in chronic central serous chorioretinopathy (cCSC). Methods: This retrospective observational study included 44 eyes with cCSC (EPL: n = 26; NSML: n = 18). Best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA), central macular thickness (CMT), subretinal fluid (SRF) height, and subfoveal choroidal thickness (SFCT) were evaluated over 12 months. Results: Both groups showed significant improvements in BCVA and CMT (p < 0.05). Complete SRF resolution was achieved in both groups by 12 months, with NSML showing faster resolution (2.77 ± 1.43 vs. 6.34 ± 2.17 months, p < 0.001). The EPL group demonstrated significant SFCT reduction at 6 and 12 months (p = 0.001), while the NSML group showed no significant SFCT changes (p > 0.05). Conclusions: Both NSML and EPL improved retinal morphology and visual function in patients with cCSC. NSML achieved faster SRF resolution, while EPL resulted in more significant choroidal thickness reduction. These findings suggest distinct mechanisms of action: NSML primarily affects the retinal pigment epithelium, while EPL modulates choroidal vasculature. Treatment choice may depend on individual patient characteristics and treatment goals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: This study aimed to evaluate intraretinal microvascular abnormalities (IRMA) in eyes with advanced nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy (NPDR) using multimodal approach in co-located areas focusing on central retina (up to 50°) and to look at possible correlations between IRMA and other structural changes, like ischemia and presence of microaneurysms. Methods: The RICHARD study (NCT05112445) included 60 eyes from 60 patients with type 2 diabetes with moderate-severe NPDR, diabetic retinopathy severity levels 43, 47, and 53 (DRSS). IRMA were defined as capillary tortuosity covering a minimum circular area of 300 µm (calculated to correspond to the Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study standard photo 8A) and were identified using multimodal imaging with distinct fields of view (FoV): color fundus photography (CFP) using a Topcon TRC-50DX camera (Topcon Medical Systems, Japan), Optos California ultra wide field fundus fluorescein angiography (UWF-FFA) (Optos plc, UK), and swept-source optical coherence tomography angiography (SS-OCTA) (PLEX® Elite 9000, ZEISS, USA). Different areas of the retina were examined: central macula (up to 20°) and posterior pole (between 20° and 50°). Results: Multimodal imaging was used to identify IRMA in co-located areas (FoV < 50°) including UWF-FFA, CFP, and SS-OCTA. In eyes with DRSS levels 47 and 53, IRMA were identified in both areas of the retina, while in eyes with DRSS level 43, IRMA were detected only outside of the central macula (FoV > 20°). Our results show that when evaluating the presence of IRMA (FoV < 50°), UWF-FFA detected 203 IRMA, SS-OCTA detected 133 IRMA, and CFP detected 104 IRMA. Our results also show that the presence of IRMA was positively associated with presence of microaneurysms. Conclusions: Identification of IRMA in eyes with advanced NPDR is better achieved by UWF-FFA than CFP and SS-OCTA. A statistically significant correlation was found between the presence of IRMA and the increase in number of microaneurysms. Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov, identifier NCT05112445. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study was to assess whether growth and remodeling (G&R) theory could explain staphyloma formation from a local scleral weakening—as could occur from age-related elastin degradation, myopia progression, or other factors. A finite element model of a healthy eye was reconstructed, including the lamina cribrosa, the peripapillary sclera, and the peripheral sclera. The homogenized constrained mixture model was employed to simulate the adaptation of the sclera to alterations in its biomechanical environment over a duration of 13.7 years. G&R processes were triggered by reducing the shear stiffness of the ground matrix in the peripapillary sclera and lamina cribrosa by 85%. Three distinct G&R scenarios were investigated: (1) low mass turnover rate in combination with transmural volumetric growth; (2) high mass turnover rate in combination with transmural volumetric growth; and (3) high mass turnover rate in combination with mass density growth. In scenario 1, we observed a significant outpouching of the posterior pole, closely resembling the shape of a Type-III staphyloma. Additionally, we found a notable change in scleral curvature and a thinning of the peripapillary sclera by 84%. In contrast, scenario 2 and 3 exhibited less drastic deformations, with stable posterior staphylomas after approximately 7 years. Our proposed framework suggests that local scleral weakening is sufficient to trigger staphyloma formation under a normal level of intraocular pressure. Our model also reproduced characteristics of Type-III staphylomas. With patient-specific scleral geometries (as could be obtained with wide-field optical coherence tomography), our framework could be clinically translated to help us identify those at risks of developing posterior staphylomas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To investigate two different approaches to determine patient risk to develop cardiac events: the burden of coronary atherosclerosis, as assessed by the Gensini score, and plaque morphology, as assessed by intracoronary optical coherence tomography (OCT). We assessed the Gensini score and OCT features of plaque vulnerability in 847 patients from the CLIMA registry. Patients were divided into four Gensini quartiles. The main study endpoint was the 1-year composite of cardiac death, myocardial infarction (MI) and/or target vessel revascularization (TVR). A total of 56 patients (6.6%) experienced the one-year main composite endpoint. The composite endpoint was significantly affected by the Gensini score (hazard ratio [HR] 1.42, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.11–1.81, p = 0.005), with a low incidence in the first Gensini quartile (Q1 1.3%) and a higher incidence in the remaining groups (Q2 8.3%, Q3 8.9% and Q4 8.3%). At the multivariable analysis, the combined four OCT criteria (HR 6.4, 95%CI 3.0-13.7, p < 0.001), thin fibrous cap (HR 2.9, 95%CI 1.7-5.0, p < 0.001), lipid arc > 180° (HR 2.1, 95%CI 1.2–3.6, p = 0.010), minimum lumen area < 3.5 mm2 (HR 1.7, 95%CI 1.01-3.0, p = 0.047) and the Gensini score (HR 1.4, 95%CI 1.1–1.8, p = 0.017) were independent predictors of the main composite endpoint. In this post-hoc analysis of the CLIMA study, the burden of coronary atherosclerosis as assessed by the Gensini score and OCT plaque characteristics were independent predictors of cardiac events. Patients with the largest atherosclerosis burden and with plaque vulnerability by OCT were at the highest risk of poor outcome. Clinicaltrials.gov identifier: NCT02883088. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) offers the possibility of obtaining objective quantification of retinal vasculature, with increasing utility as biomarkers for both systemic and ocular diseases. However, the differences between different manufacturers and scan settings are still an important limitation, as many parameters could affect vessel quantification. Here we aim to study the influence of scan speed on quantitative vascular parameters using OCTA. 57 eyes in good retinal health received two consecutive 20 × 20° macular OCTA scans using SPECTRALIS SHIFT at different scan speeds: 85 and 125 kHz. Vessel density (VD) and vessel length density (VLD) in both the superficial (SVP) and deep vascular plexus (DVP), duration of the scan and Q-value were compared between scanning speeds. OCTA images taken at 85 kHz showed significantly higher VD and VLD values (% reduction in SVP: VD -4.03% to -5.8%, VLD − 4.96% to -6.07%; in DVP: VD -3.35% to -6.58%, VLD − 3.60% to -6.66%). At 125 kHz, acquisition time was reduced by 22%, but Q-values were lower (34.1 vs. 35.6). Thus, while higher A-scan rates reduce acquisition time, they lower VD and VLD in both plexus. Further studies in eyes with pathology are needed to better understand the magnitude of these changes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the commonest worldwide neurodegenerative disorder. Nevertheless, it usually face difficulties to guarantee a secured initial diagnosis. For this reason, neurologists are in dire need for developing potential biomarkers that could be relied upon confidentially in early diagnosis of AD. Hopefully, this will open the gate for novel modifying therapy to fight with all their might. In this current study, we aimed to correlate plasma levels of tau and Aβ with the changes that occur in hippocampal volume and thickness of retinal fiber layers in patients who clinically diagnosed with AD spectrum. A cross-sectional study enrolled 60 AD patients who fulfilled inclusion and exclusion criteria were subjected to cognitive, radiologic, laboratory and optical coherence tomography (OCT) assessments. Results: Tau, Aβ1–40, and Aβ1–40/Aβ1–42 ratio are significant discriminators of AD at cutoff values of >23.45, > 84.4, and > 1.95, respectively. MRI hippocampal volume in both right and left sides are also good discriminators of AD at cutoff values of ≤ 2.997, and ≤ 2.994, respectively. A significant correlations were reported between tau with Aβ1–40, Aβ1–42, MMSE and MRI right and left hippocampal volumes. On comparing moderate versus mild AD, there was a high significant levels of tau, Aβ1–42, Aβ1–40/Aβ1–42 ratio. Conclusions: We clarify that several biomarkers could be potentially used for confirming the diagnosis of AD. Assessment of plasma amyloid level, detection of hippocampal atrophy and retinal nerve fiber layer thickness changes are promising tools for early diagnosis of AD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Traditional tooth preparation can cause patient discomfort, thermal damage to tissues, and occupational health risks for clinicians. Laser-based techniques, particularly femtosecond lasers, offer an alternative due to precise, non-invasive treatment without the thermal and mechanical drawbacks. The objective of this study was to assess available evidence on the effects of femtosecond laser treatment on enamel and dentin. The study design included in vitro or in vivo studies on human teeth reporting on qualitative and quantitative parameters of laser-dental tissue interaction. The review followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR) statement. The review was registered in the Open Science Framework registry. A comprehensive literature search of PubMed, Scopus, EMBASE/Ovid, Cochrane Library, DARE, LILACS and Pro Quest databases was conducted by three reviewers until 10th January 2024 and then updated on 18th August 2024. Eligibility criteria included peer-reviewed articles published in English, focusing on human teeth, with available full text excluding reviews, conference proceedings and gray literature. The outcomes of interest were the quality of tooth preparation, surface characteristics, bond strength, thermal effects and damage to adjacent tissues with variables being laser parameters and tooth types. Methodological quality of studies was not conducted. The search yielded 48 articles after the removal of duplicates, irrelevant and non-retrievable articles. All were original in vitro studies investigating reporting on the outcomes of interest. Measurement methods included a range of microscopy, spectroscopy, optical coherence tomography, universal force testing and thermal imaging. Sapphire lasers were most commonly used with a wide range of parameters. Laser produced sharp-edged cavities with ablated surfaces free of melting (seen in approximately 10% of the craters), cracking, debris, with open dentinal tubules, increased wetting (Contact angle mean range 39.63 ̊(± 1.84 ̊) to 70.47 ̊(± 10.27 ̊) and roughness mean range 0.82 (± 0.05) to 4.20 (± 1.10)µm). Effects of femtosecond laser on bonding efficiency were inconsistent when compared to no treatment, conventional acid etching or Er:YAG laser. Femtosecond laser was shown to achieve precise tooth preparation with no or minimal thermal, mechanical and structural effects on adjacent tissue, however with variable bonding efficiency. Further research is needed to optimize laser parameters, investigate antibacterial effects, and establish long-term clinical outcomes and safety profiles. Date of registration: July 1st, 2024. Registration ID: OSF.IO/UQMNB. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To examine the morphological impact of deep learning (DL)-quantified biomarkers on point-wise sensitivity (PWS) using microperimetry (MP) and optical coherence tomography (OCT) in intermediate AMD (iAMD). Patients with iAMD were examined by OCT (Spectralis). DL-based algorithms quantified ellipsoid zone (EZ)-thickness, hyperreflective foci (HRF) and drusen volume. Outer nuclear layer (ONL)-thickness and subretinal drusenoid deposits (SDD) were quantified by human experts. All patients completed four MP examinations using an identical custom 45 stimuli grid on MP-3 (NIDEK) and MAIA (CenterVue). MP stimuli were co-registered with corresponding OCT using image registration algorithms. Multivariable mixed-effect models were calculated. 3.600 PWS from 20 eyes of 20 patients were analyzed. Decreased EZ thickness, decreased ONL thickness, increased HRF and increased drusen volume had a significant negative effect on PWS (all p < 0.001) with significant interaction with eccentricity (p < 0.001). Mean PWS was 26.25 ± 3.43 dB on MP3 and 22.63 ± 3.69 dB on MAIA. Univariate analyses revealed a negative association of PWS and SDD (p < 0.001). Subclinical changes in EZ integrity, HRF and drusen volume are quantifiable structural biomarkers associated with reduced retinal function. Topographic co-registration between structure on OCT volumes and sensitivity in MP broadens the understanding of pathognomonic biomarkers with potential for evaluation of quantifiable functional endpoints. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Standard-of-care (SoC) imaging for assessing colorectal polyps during colonoscopy, based on white-light colonoscopy (WLC) and narrow-band imaging (NBI), does not have sufficient accuracy to assess the invasion depth of complex polyps non-invasively during colonoscopy. We aimed to evaluate the feasibility of a custom endoscopic optical coherence tomography (OCT) probe for assessing colorectal polyps during routine colonoscopy. Patients referred for endoscopic treatment of large colorectal polyps were enrolled in this pilot clinical study, which used a side-viewing OCT catheter developed for use with an adult colonoscope. OCT images of polyps were captured during colonoscopy immediately before SoC treatment. A deep learning model was trained to differentiate benign from deeply invasive lesions for real-time diagnosis. 35 polyps from 32 patients were included. OCT imaging added on average 3:40 min (range 1:54–8:20) to the total procedure time. No complications due to OCT were observed. OCT revealed distinct subsurface tissue structures that correlated with histological findings, including tubular adenoma (n = 20), tubulovillous adenoma (n = 10), sessile serrated polyps (n = 3), and invasive cancer (n = 2). The deep learning model achieved an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUROC) of 0.984 (95%CI 0.972–0.996) and Cohen's kappa of 0.845 (95%CI 0.774–0.915) when compared to gold standard histopathology. OCT is feasible and safe for polyp assessment during routine colonoscopy. When combined with deep learning, OCT offers clinicians increase confidence in identifying deeply invasive cancers, potentially improving clinical decision-making. Compared to previous studies, ours offers a nuanced comparison between not just benign and malignant lesions, but across multiple histological subtypes of polyps. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to describe a novel sandwich technique of minimally invasive surgical implantation by using corneal stromal lenticules for corneal perforation. This prospective observational study included nine patients aged 23–79 years (mean, 54 ± 9) from Tianjin Eye Hospital. Corneal stromal lenticules with a central thickness of 120 μm were obtained from small incision lenticule extraction(SMILE). With the corneal perforation as the central point, an iris-repositor was used to manually create a mid-stromal pocket; the stromal lenticular button was gently inserted into the intrastromal pocket and flattened. The graft was sandwiched between the anterior and posterior corneal stromal pockets; the incision was closed using two sutures. The primary health outcome measured in this study was the logMAR best spectacle-visual acuity at 6 months postoperatively. Corneal perforation closure and anterior chamber formation occurred immediately after surgery. No epithelial implantation, infection, or allogeneic rejection was observed during the follow-up. No patients required a penetrating keratoplasty. Anterior segment optical coherence tomography revealed a mean thickness of the grafted tissue of 122 ± 21 μm, with a clear interface in all cases. Comparing the baseline and postoperative 6-month values, the mean logMAR best spectacle-corrected visual acuity was improved from 0.18 ± 0.12 to 0.52 ± 0.31 (P < 0.001). There was significant reduction in the mean manifest spherical equivalent, refractive cylinder, and mean keratometry readings. The novel minimally invasive surgical method for corneal implantation. It was an effective alternative treatment that could restore corneal integrity and improve vision in patients with corneal perforations. This method appears safe, easy, cost- and time-effective, and reliable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Impaired visual function is a prevalent feature of optic neuritis (ON) in multiple sclerosis (MS). Abnormal visual evoked potential (VEP) findings of increased latencies, reduced amplitudes and abnormal waveforms as well as decreased retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) assessed by optical coherence tomography (OCT) are hallmarks of ON-induced visual dysfunction. Here we utilized the experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) mouse model of MS to investigate the functional and pathological progression during early (before any clinical symptoms), peak (initial maximal clinical symptoms), and late (chronic disease for > 3 weeks) disease stages. Demyelination and initial stages of axon damage were observed in early EAE. Significant demyelination, inflammation, increased axon damage and impaired P1/N2 amplitudes and latencies by VEP were seen in middle and late EAE groups. A decrease in RNFL thickness by OCT was observed only during late EAE. NanoString analysis of optic nerves from late EAE indicated elevated inflammation-related genes, reduced myelin-related genes, and changes in axon degeneration-related genes. Early inflammatory demyelination and functional deficits of the visual pathway, if untreated, may lead to severe irrecoverable axon damage in EAE. These studies potentially help explain the progression of visual dysfunction during MS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The recent rise of artificial intelligence represents a revolutionary way of improving current medical practices, including cardiovascular (CV) assessment scores. Retinal vascular alterations may reflect systemic processes such as the presence of CV risk factors. The value of swept-source retinal optical coherence tomography–angiography (SS OCT-A) imaging is significantly enhanced by image analysis tools that provide rapid and accurate quantification of vascular features. We report on the interest of using machine-learning (ML) and deep-learning (DL) models for CV assessment from SS OCT-A microvasculature imaging. We assessed the accuracy of ML and DL algorithms in predicting the CHA2DS2-VASc neurocardiovascular score based on SS OCT-A retinal images of patients from the open-source RASTA dataset. The ML and DL models were trained on data from 491 patients. The ML models tested here achieved good performance with area under the curve (AUC) values ranging from 0.71 to 0.96. According to a classification into two neurocardiovascular risk groups, the EfficientNetV2-B3, a well suited DL model for retinal OCT-A images, predicted risk correctly in 68% of cases, with a mean absolute error (MAE) of approximately 0.697. Our models enable a confident prediction of the CHA2DS2-VASc score from SS OCT-A imaging, which could be a useful tool contributing to the assessment of neurocardiovascular profiles in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study evaluated changes in retinal sensitivity (RS) during aflibercept treatment in neovascular age-related macular degeneration (nAMD) patients with good vision. Treatment-naive nAMD patients with visual acuity better than 20/40 were treated with an aflibercept loading regiment, and RS was measured using the MAIA microperimetry device. The study examined RS differences based on visit, region, adjacent local pathology, outer retinal changes and optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) data were investigated. Twelve patients completed the protocol. Mean RS improved from 17.9 (3.9) µm at baseline to 20.4 (4.7) µm at final visit, while best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) did not change. (P = 0.041) RS at baseline is worst in the presence of intraretinal fluid (IRF) and improved after treatment for all retinal pathologies except IRF. RS improvement occurred even with initial outer retinal damage. A Linear mixed model showed subretinal hyperreflective material, baseline IRF height, outer retinal integrity, fibrovascular pigment epithelial detachment height, and local choroidal vascular index as factors associated with RS. In conclusion, RS improved with aflibercept treatment in nAMD eyes with good initial visual acuity, despite no change in BCVA, except when IRF was present. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Self-supervised learning has become the cornerstone of building generalizable and transferable artificial intelligence systems in medical imaging. In particular, contrastive representation learning techniques trained on large multi-modal datasets have demonstrated impressive capabilities of producing highly transferable representations for different downstream tasks. In ophthalmology, large multi-modal datasets are abundantly available and conveniently accessible as modern retinal imaging scanners acquire both 2D fundus images and 3D optical coherence tomography (OCT) scans to assess the eye. In this context, we introduce a novel multi-modal contrastive learning-based pipeline to facilitate learning joint representations for the two retinal imaging modalities. After self-supervised pre-training on 153,306 scan pairs, we show that such a pre-training framework can provide both a retrieval system and encoders that produce comprehensive OCT and fundus image representations that generalize well for various downstream tasks on three independent external datasets, explicitly focusing on clinically pertinent prediction tasks. In addition, we show that interchanging OCT with lower-cost fundus imaging can preserve the predictive power of the trained models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Functional maturation of the visual cortex is induced by visual experiences during critical periods. Blind animals and humans exhibit improved auditory abilities after losing their vision. Here we investigated the response of the visual cortex to white noise stimuli during the progression of photoreceptor degeneration in a rat model of blindness (Royal College of Surgeons [RCS] (rdy/rdy) rats). Optical coherence tomography of RCS (+/+) rats with normal visual function revealed normal photoreceptor cells, whereas 3-month-old RCS (rdy/rdy) rats demonstrated photoreceptor cell degeneration. Visual cortex responses (VCRs) to a single flash stimulus were negligible in 3-month-old photoreceptor-degenerated rats. However, VCRs with white noise stimuli were significantly increased in blind versus RCS rats (+/+). Slight changes in the intrinsic optical signals of the control rats were observed on the ventral side of the visual cortex. In contrast, responses were markedly increased throughout the visual cortex of RCS (rdy/rdy) rats. These results indicate that the visual cortex rapidly acquires auditory system function over the first 3 months of life and that the entire visual cortex, rather than just the portion close to the auditory cortex, responds to white noise. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Corneal transplantation is the primary treatment for irreversible corneal diseases, but due to limited donor availability, bioengineered corneal equivalents are being developed as a solution, with biocompatibility, structural integrity, and physical function considered key factors. Since conventional evaluation methods may not fully capture the complex properties of the cornea, there is a need for advanced imaging and assessment techniques. In this study, we proposed a deep learning-based automatic segmentation method for transplanted bioengineered corneal equivalents using optical coherence tomography to achieve a highly accurate evaluation of graft integrity and biocompatibility. Our method provides quantitative individual thickness values, detailed maps, and volume measurements of the bioengineered corneal equivalents, and has been validated through 14 days of monitoring. Based on the results, it is expected to have high clinical utility as a quantitative assessment method for human keratoplasties, including automatic opacity area segmentation and implanted graft part extraction, beyond animal studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To investigate the associations of tomographic parameters in anterior segment optical coherence tomography (AS-OCT) with sex and age in a cohort study. Study Design: A cohort design. Materials and methods: AS-OCT data from 391 Japanese participants aged ≥ 35 years were obtained using swept-source OCT. In the cornea, the keratometric power at the flat (Kf) and steep (Ks) meridians, maximum keratometric power (Kmax), keratometric cylinder, spherical power, regular astigmatism, asymmetry, higher-order irregularity (HOI) from the anterior and posterior surfaces, and the central and thinnest corneal thicknesses were evaluated. Also, anterior chamber depth (ACD), lens thickness, crystalline lens rise (CLR), and nasal and temporal angle opening distances at 500 μm from the scleral spur (AOD500) were assessed. Sex differences and age-related changes were analyzed. Results: Women exhibited higher anterior Kf, Ks, and Kmax and lower posterior Kf, Ks, and Kmax than men. The ACD and nasal/temporal AOD500 were shorter in women than in men. The CLR was higher in women, whereas the lens thickness did not differ between the sexes, indicating a more anteriorly positioned lens in women. Age-related changes included increased anterior/posterior HOI, increased lens thickness and CLR resulting in decreased ACD and AOD500. Conclusion: This study reveals sex-related differences in corneal shape, anterior chamber conformation, and lens position, as well as age-related changes in tomographic parameters. ACD, CLR, nasal and temporal AOD500 showed significant sex differences in the 50–70 s, whereas lens thickness showed no difference. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To investigate the visual prognosis of metamorphopsia in patients undergoing surgery for stage 3 idiopathic epiretinal membrane (ERM) by Govetto classification using preoperative optical coherence tomography (OCT) parameters. Study design: Retrospective clinical study. Method: This study included 45 eyes of 45 patients with a minimum follow-up period of 3 months. The best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) and metamorphopsia score using the M-CHARTS were recorded. Central foveal thickness (CFT), inner nuclear layer thickness (INL), ectopic inner retinal layer thickness (EIFL), outer retinal layer thickness, disruption of the ellipsoid zone, cotton ball sign, and intraretinal cystoid changes were measured based on spectral domain OCT. Preoperative and postoperative values and conditions were compared, and correlations between the preoperative values or conditions and postoperative metamorphopsia scores or BCVA were analyzed. Results: After surgery, the horizontal, vertical, and mean metamorphopsia scores, as well as BCVA, CFT, INL, and EIFL significantly improved (p < 0.001). Using multivariate analysis, only preoperative CFT was a significant explanatory parameter for both the postoperative horizontal metamorphopsia scores and mean values of the postoperative horizontal and vertical metamorphopsia scores (p = 0.019 and p = 0.011, respectively). Age (p = 0.011) and preoperative CFT (p = 0.026) were significant explanatory parameters of postoperative BCVA. Conclusion: Preoperative CFT significantly correlated with postoperative metamorphopsia in patients undergoing surgery for stage 3 idiopathic ERM. This finding might help surgeons predict postoperative visual outcomes and make timely surgical decisions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To clarify the clinical features including multimodal imaging of primary choroidal lymphoma. Study design: Retrospective, observational case series Methods: Six consecutive patients with primary choroidal lymphoma diagnosed at Tokyo Medical University Hospital were studied. Demographic profile, clinical features and multimodal imaging were reviewed retrospectively. Results: The patients comprised 3 men and 3 women with average age of 68.2 ± 12.4 years. Clinical diagnosis before referring to our hospital included Vogt–Koyanagi–Harada disease, posterior scleritis, and choroidal hemangioma, and no patients had been diagnosed with choroidal lymphoma. Average duration from onset of ocular symptoms to establishing a diagnosis was 14.2 months. Ocular fundus examination revealed yellowish orange nummular infiltration in all six cases, and granular pigment deposits at the posterior pole in four cases. Optical coherence tomography showed increased choroidal thickness and waving of the retinal pigment epithelium in all cases. Ultrasonography depicted choroidal thickening and extraocular nodular lesions adjacent to the posterior sclera in all cases. None of the cases showed elevated interleukin-10 in the aqueous humor. Ocular fundus manifestations and visual acuity improved after external beam radiation therapy, except one case with bullous retinal detachment from the initial visit. Conclusions: Characteristic ocular fundus manifestation together with multimodal imaging findings are useful for the clinical diagnosis of primary choroidal lymphoma. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To investigate the incidence and distribution of fingerprint-like microwaves in the Henle fibre layer (HFL) of the eyes with epiretinal membrane (ERM). Methods: Patients with idiopathic ERM were included. The fingerprint sign was defined using en-face optical coherence tomography images of the HFL, and its extent was classified into three grades. Results: At baseline, fingerprint sign was found in 70 of 83 (84.3%) eyes with ERM and was more frequently observed in eyes with a higher ERM stage (P < 0.001). Its extent increased (P < 0.001) with an increase in ERM stage or the central macular thickness (P < 0.001). Best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) was worse in eyes with a fingerprint sign than in those without (P = 0.024). Metamorphopsia was more common in eyes with a greater extent of fingerprint-like microwaves (P = 0.048). The fingerprint sign persisted over a mean follow-up period of 18.0 ± 23.3 without surgery. In 45 eyes that underwent surgery, the extent of fingerprint-like microwaves decreased at 1.2 months (P = 0.001), and further decreased at 13.7 months postoperatively (P = 0.019). However, the proportion of eyes with a fingerprint sign after surgery was similar to that observed preoperatively (P = 0.912). Conclusions: Fingerprint-like microwaves were commonly found in eyes with ERM and were associated with ERM severity and BCVA. The microwaves remained long after surgery, although their extent may have decreased after the ERM was resolved. These results suggest that ERM traction may cause long-lasting changes in the HFL. Key messages: What is known • Numerous studies have investigated various optical coherence tomography (OCT) biomarkers for evaluating patients with epiretinal membrane (ERM); however, the alterations in the Henle fibre layer (HFL) and their significance remain unclear. What is new • Fingerprint-like microwaves in the HFL of patients with ERM were frequently observed on en-face OCT images and were associated with ERM severity and visual acuity. • The microwaves persisted long after surgery, although their extent may have decreased following the resolution of ERM, suggesting long-lasting changes in the HFL due to ERM traction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To investigate the relationships between macular complications and causative genes frequently found in Japanese patients with retinitis pigmentosa (RP). Methods: In the retrospective and observational study, we analyzed the data of 75 patients with RP (EYS-RP: 42 patients; USH2A-RP: 19 patients; RHO-RP: 14 patients) who were followed-up at Kyushu University Hospital and whose causative genes had been identified. Macular complications including epiretinal membrane (ERM), macular edema (ME), and macular hole (MH) were evaluated using optical coherence tomography and fundus photography. Main outcome was the proportion of macular complications. Results: The proportion of ERM was 35.7% in the EYS group, 10.5% in the USH2A group and 14.3% in the RHO group. The proportion of ME was 7.1% in the EYS group, 5.3% in the USH2A group and 14.3% in the RHO group, and that of MH was 2.4% in the EYS group, 5.3% in the USH2A group and 0% in the RHO group. In the EYS group, the proportion of ERM was relatively higher (p = 0.06), and the presence of EYS was significantly associated with a higher age- and sex-adjusted OR for ERM (OR = 5.67, 95% CI = 1.59–25.20). There was no significant difference in the proportion of MH or ME among causative genes. Conclusions: EYS causative gene may be associated with higher rate of ERM complication in RP. Key messages: What is known: • Although retinitis pigmentosa (RP) has been associated with macular complications, the relationship between genetic mutations of RP and macular complications remains to be fully investigated. What is new: • We cross-sectionally examined the relationship between causative genes which were relatively common in Japan and macular complications in RP patients. • The complication rate of epiretinal membrane might be higher in patients with the EYS-RP gene. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The aim of this study is to evaluate long-term anatomical and functional outcomes of autologous internal limiting membrane (ILM) transplantation in refractory highly myopic macular holes (HMMHs). Methods: Retrospective interventional analysis of 13 eyes with refractory HMMH undergoing autologous ILM transplantation with gas tamponade. Best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA, Snellen), optical coherence tomography and fundus photography were scheduled at baseline and every follow-up visit (1, 3, 6, 12, 18, 24 months and the most recent). Preoperatively, we collected minimum linear diameter (MLD) and basal diameter (BD). Post-operatively, rates of external limiting membrane (ELM)/ellipsoid zone (EZ) restoration, excessive gliosis and subfoveal retinal pigmented epithelium (RPE) atrophy were evaluated. Results: Average AXL was 31.45 ± 2.07 mm and mean follow-up was 47.2 ± 31.4 months. Anatomical success was reached in 7/13 eyes (54%), while 2 cases showed persisting HMMH, 2 cases had early recurrence and 2 cases late recurrence. BCVA went from 0.19 ± 0.18 to 0.22 ± 0.20 at final follow-up (p = 0.64), improving in 5/13 eyes (38%). One eye showed continuous ELM and EZ lines, while another eye showed an irregular ELM but no EZ. Post-operatively, 5 eyes (71%) developed progressive atrophy of the subfoveal RPE, while excessive gliosis was reported in 3 eyes (43%). Furthermore, one patient developed post-operative chronic macular edema-like changes in the perifoveal area. Conclusion: Autologous ILM transplantation showed controversial anatomical outcomes and and poor visual results in refractory HMMH. Moreover, progressive subfoveal patchy atrophy and excessive gliosis are possible post-operative complications. Key messages: What is known: • Various surgical techniques have been proposed to treat refractory highly myopic macular holes (HMMHs), including autologous internal limiting membrane (ILM) flap transplantation, autologous retinal transplantation and lens capsule transplantation. • Long-term analysis of the outcomes of autologous ILM transplantation still lacks in HMMH. What is new: • Primary anatomical success was reached in 54% of cases and only 38% of eyes showed improvements in visual outcomes. • Progressive subfoveal patchy atrophy and excessive gliosis were two of the most frequent adverse effects, negatively influencing visual outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To evaluate the reflectivities of the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE), ellipsoid zone (EZ), and external limiting membrane (ELM) in the central fovea, perifoveal, and parafoveal regions with Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) and the change in choroid vascular index (CVI) in patients using hydroxychloroquine (HCQ). Methods: Sixty-one patients underwent HCQ treatment; age and sex-matched 44 control group subjects were included in the study. The RPE, EZ, and ELM reflectivities were measured with the ImageJ program at 5 points, and CVI was calculated. Results: RPE, EZ, and ELM reflectivities in the central fovea were higher in the HCQ group than in the control group (p < 0.001, p = 0.013, p = 0.022). In the HCQ group, there was a decrease in RPE reflectivities in the temporal, nasal parafovea, and nasal perifovea (p = 0.001, p = 0.03, p = < 0.001). EZ and ELM reflectivity in the nasal parafovea and nasal perifovea was lower in the patient group than in the control group (p = 0.007, p = 0.005, p = 0.009, p = 0.001). In the HCQ group, all absolute para and perifoveal reflectivities relative to the fovea decreased significantly more than in the control group (p < 0.05). Conclusion: In patients who underwent HCQ treatment, there is a decrease in the reflectivities of the para and perifoveal RPE, EZ, and ELM compared to the fovea. This decrease is more pronounced than the decrease in reflectivity in the para and perifoveal regions compared to the fovea in people who do not use HCQ. This situation can be considered as a sign of toxicity that is a precursor to overt maculopathy. Key Messages: What is known: • Damage to outer retinal structures, such as the ellipsoid zone and external limiting membrane in the parafoveal and perifoveal regions, can occur due to hydroxychloroquine use. What is new: • In patients who underwent hydroxychloroquine treatment, there is a decrease in the reflectivities of the para and perifoveal retina pigment epithelium, ellipsoid zone, and external limiting membrane compared to the fovea. • Increased reflectivities of retina pigment epithelium, ellipsoid zone, and external limiting membrane in the fovea may occur due to hydroxychloroquine use. This association, potentially linked to an undisclosed cause, warrants further investigation through studies involving a larger cohort of patients and employing varied methodologies for verification. • Quantitative evaluation of the hyperreflective bands on optical coherence tomography is a precious clinical instrument, especially for photoreceptor structures in patients undergoing hydroxychloroquine treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To evaluate the frequency and size of intervortex anastomosis at the posterior pole on en-face spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) images in central serous chorioretinopathy (CSC) cases and their fellow eyes and its associations with choroidal morphology. Methods: Sixty-five treatment-naive eyes of 65 patients with CSC, 65 fellow eyes, and 55 eyes of healthy age-matched participants were included. The presence of intervortex anastomosis at the watershed zone and asymmetry of the choroidal vessels between the superior and inferior macula were evaluated using 6 × 6 mm en-face SD-OCT. The diameter of the widest Haller vessel and the diameter of the widest anastomotic Haller vessel passing through the watershed zone were measured on en-face SD-OCT images. The choroidal vascularity index (CVI) was assessed using ImageJ software. Results: Intervortex vein anastomosis on the horizontal watershed zone was detected in 75.4% diseased eyes, 61.5% in fellow eyes, and 36.4% in healthy age-matched controls (p < 0.001). The mean CVI was significantly higher in both diseased (74.3 ± 2.3%) and fellow (73.8 ± 2.2%) eyes of CSC cases than in healthy controls (72.5 ± 2.3%) (p = 0.002, p = 0.013, respectively). In the cases with intervortex vein anastomosis, the diameter of the widest anastomotic Haller vessel passing through the watershed zone was 0.40 ± 0.10 mm in diseased eyes, 0.35 ± 0.11 mm in fellow eyes, and 0.30 ± 0.09 mm in healthy age-matched controls (p = 0.001). Conclusions: Intervortex anastomosis might be seen as a variation in normal eyes, however, its frequency and the size of anastomotic vessels are significant higher in not only CSC but also in fellow eyes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To propose an ultrathin biological amniotic membrane (btAM) thinner than 10 μm as the graft to treat highly myopic macular holes (MH). Methods: This pilot study included 14 patients affected by refractory macular holes associated with high myopia. btAM was used as a bandage covering the holes. The best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA), fundus photography, and optical coherence tomography (OCT) before and after surgery were compared. Results: The mean MH size was 865.93 ± 371.72 μm and all the MHs achieved anatomical closure. The btAM located centrally and fully on MHs from fundus photography yet no obvious visual masking was complained. The average BCVA 1 month, 3, and 6 months after surgery were 0.95 ± 0.24, 0.92 ± 0.23, 0.92 ± 0.23 logMAR, respectively, improved significantly compared to pre-operative BCVA (1.24 ± 0.42 logMAR, all P < 0.05). Ten out of 14 (71.4%) exhibited 2C closure patterns (formally closed and no bare RPE) on OCT. Conclusion: The btAM thinner showed a favorable anatomical success with less risk of parafoveal atrophy or iatrogenic injuries and shortened the dissolving time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: P2X7 receptor (P2X7R) is a purinergic cation channel whose activation has been linked with age-related macular degeneration (ARMD). Several nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors, zidovudine (AZT), lamivudine (3TC) and abacavir (ABC), have been shown to inhibit P2X7R and improve outcomes in animal models of ARMD. Our aim is to investigate the association between chronic AZT, 3TC, and ABC therapy and ARMD in a clinical setting. Methods: This is a retrospective cohort study comparing 445 patients with HIV and confirmed usage of AZT, 3TC, and ABC against 200 patients with HIV without usage of AZT, 3TC, and ABC and 445 non-HIV infected patients. Fundus examination and spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD-ODT) were used to measure prevalence of early-intermediate stage ARMD, geographic atrophy, and exudative ARMD. Results: There was no statistically significant difference in the prevalence of early-intermediate stage ARMD between the HIV infected patients with a history of AZT, 3TC, and ABC use and the HIV infected patients without AZT, 3TC, and ABC use (p = 0.887). There was also no statistically significant difference in the prevalence of geographical atrophy (p = 0.062) and exudative AMD (p > 0.999) between the HIV infected patients with a history of AZT, 3TC, and ABC use and non-HIV infected patients. Conclusion: We did not find an effect of P2X7R inhibiting antiretrovirals usage on early-intermediate stage ARMD, geographical atrophy, or exudative ARMD. Studies with larger cohort and more rigorous medication history are needed to assess the effects on geographical atrophy or exudative ARMD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Geographic atrophy (GA) is an advanced, irreversible, and progressive form of age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Structural optical coherence tomography (OCT) and OCT angiography (OCTA) have been largely used to characterize this stage of AMD and, more importantly, to define biomarkers associated with the development and progression of GA in AMD. Methods: Articles pertaining to OCT and OCTA biomarkers related to the development and progression of GA with relevant key words were used to search in PubMed, Researchgate, and Google Scholar. The articles were selected based on their relevance, reliability, publication year, published journal, and accessibility. Results: Previous reports have highlighted various OCT and OCTA biomarkers linked to the onset and advancement of GA. These biomarkers encompass characteristics such as the size, volume, and subtype of drusen, the presence of hyperreflective foci, basal laminar deposits, incomplete retinal pigment epithelium and outer retinal atrophy (iRORA), persistent choroidal hypertransmission defects, and the existence of subretinal drusenoid deposits (also referred to as reticular pseudodrusen). Moreover, biomarkers associated with the progression of GA include thinning of the outer retina, photoreceptor degradation, the distance between retinal pigment epithelium and Bruch's membrane, and choriocapillaris loss. Conclusion: The advent of novel treatment strategies for GA underscores the heightened need for prompt diagnosis and precise monitoring of individuals with this condition. The utilization of structural OCT and OCTA becomes essential for identifying distinct biomarkers associated with the initiation and progression of GA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The document discusses the use of Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography (OCT-A) in studying retinal vascular alterations in patients with Retinitis Pigmentosa (RP). The study involved investigating RP patients using OCT-A and comparing them to age-matched controls, revealing significant differences in capillary flow density in the superficial and deep capillary plexus. The findings suggest a correlation between retinal blood flow and visual acuity in RP patients, highlighting the potential of OCT-A in understanding vascular changes in RP and supporting further research in this area. [Extracted from the article]

Background: Optic neuritis (ON) is a common manifestation of multiple sclerosis (MS) and myelin-oligodendrocyte-glycoprotein IgG-associated disease (MOGAD). This study evaluated the applicability of optical coherence tomography (OCT) for differentiating between both diseases in two independent cohorts. Methods: One hundred sixty two patients from seven sites underwent standard OCT and high-contrast visual acuity (HCVA) testing at least 6 months after first ON. Of these, 100 patients (32 MOGAD, 68 MS) comprised the primary investigational cohort, while 62 patients (31 MOGAD, 31 MS) formed a validation cohort. A composite score distinguishing between MOGAD and MS was developed using multivariate logistic regression. Results: Bilateral simultaneous ON occurred more frequently in MOGAD compared to MS (46.9 vs. 11.8%, p < 0.001). OCT revealed more peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer (pRNFL) atrophy in all segments in MOGAD compared to predominantly temporal pRNFL atrophy in MS (p < 0.001). HCVA was better preserved in MS (p = 0.007). pRNFL thickness in all except for temporal segments was suitable for differentiating MOGAD and MS. Simultaneous bilateral ON and critical atrophy in nasal (< 58.5 µm) and temporal superior (< 105.5 µm) segments were included into the composite score as three independent predictors for MOGAD. The composite score distinguished MOGAD from MS with 75% sensitivity and 90% specificity in the investigational cohort, and 68% sensitivity and 87% specificity in the validation cohort. Conclusion: Following a single ON-episode, MOGAD exhibits more pronounced global pRNFL atrophy and lower visual acuity after ON compared to MS. The introduced OCT-based composite score enabled differentiation between the two entities across both cohorts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To analyze the progression of structural and functional retinal impairment in type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) patients with no clinical signs of diabetic retinopathy (DR) during a 3-year follow-up. Methods: This was an observational longitudinal study. Post-pediatric T1DM patients without clinical signs of DR, and sex- and age-matched healthy subjects were recruited at San Raffaele Hospital (Milan, Italy). Each patient underwent a comprehensive ophthalmological evaluation, including optical coherence tomography (OCT), OCT-angiography (OCT-A), retinal static and dynamic vessel analysis (DVA), and microperimetry. Results: 21 eyes of 21 T1DM patients (10 females; 24 ± 2 years old), and 21 age and sex-matched healthy subjects were enrolled. At baseline, T1DM eyes revealed a significantly decreased vessel length density using OCT-A (p < 0.001 and p = 0.046 in 3 × 3 and 6 × 6 mm images) and a significantly increased vessel density index (p = 0.013 and p = 0.087 in 3 × 3 and 6 × 6 mm images) of deep capillary plexus. DVA detected a significantly decreased vessel response to flicker light (p = 0.002). A significantly increased thickness of ganglion cellular layer 6-mm-diameter subfields in inferior and superior quadrants was found in diabetic patients (p < 0.001 in both subfields). At 3-years-follow-up no significant longitudinal changes were disclosed in all analyses. Conclusions: Concomitant subclinical microvascular and neurodegenerative damages could be early signs of DR onset that precede functional alterations and clinical signs of DR development. These alterations demonstrated a stable trend over time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims: To determine the presence of sectoral changes in vessel density (VD) patterns induced by vascular endothelial growth factor inhibitors (anti-VEGF) in patients with diabetic macular edema (DME) using optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA). Methods: Prospective, interventional study. A total of 43 patients (63 eyes) were initially enrolled in the study. We performed swept source (SS) OCT and sectorial OCTA measurement to determine parafoveal VD at baseline and after six months of anti-VEGF treatment. In the locations with statistically significant differences in VD between baseline and month 6, we performed univariate and multivariate analyses to determine which, if any, of the baseline variables were associated with the observed changes. Results: A total of 34 patients (48 eyes) were included in the final analysis. Mean VD decreased from baseline to month 6 (from 45.2 (± 3.5) to 44.6 (± 3.2) % in the SCP and from 50 (± 3.3) to 49 (± 3.9) % in the DCP). The only significant changes in VD were observed in the nasal sector of the deep capillary plexus, with a decrease of 2.9% (p = 0.001). On univariate and multivariate analyses, the only variable significantly associated with changes in VD in the nasal sector after 6 months of treatment was baseline VD in the same sector. Conclusions: Anti-VEGF therapy has a small impact on VD values over time. These variations observed after treatment seems to be related to changes over areas of vascular anomalies and displaced vessels adjacent to cystic areas, with no significant changes over ischemic areas. No correlation was observed between this trend and other clinical baseline features. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: This study assessed the efficacy, durability, and safety of faricimab in patients with neovascular age-related macular degeneration (nAMD), previously treated with aflibercept or ranibizumab with unsatisfactory results. Methods: This was a single-center, prospective cohort study of all consecutive patients with nAMD switched to intravitreally administered faricimab from traditional anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (anti-VEGF) treatments between September 2022 and April 2023 because of unsatisfactory response (maximal fluid-free interval ≤ 8 weeks). Faricimab was administered with a loading dose of four 4-weekly injections, followed by a treat-and-extend regimen. The primary outcome measures were maximum fluid-free interval after the switch and last assigned treatment interval. Secondary outcome measures included best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) and structural optical coherence tomography parameters. Results: Thirty-three eyes of 33 patients were included. Patients were followed for a median of 72 weeks [interquartile range 61, 76]. Median maximum fluid-free treatment interval after switch to faricimab and the last assigned interval were significantly longer than before the switch (7 vs. 4 weeks, p < 0.001 and 8 vs. 5 weeks, p < 0.001, respectively). Significant improvements in central subfield thickness (353 vs. 281 µm), macular volume (2.46 vs. 2.16 mm3), and pigment epithelial detachment height (198 vs. 150 µm) were observed (all p < 0.001). BCVA remained stable at 0.4 versus 0.3 logMAR before switch (p = 0.190). One eye (3%) developed intraocular inflammation and one eye (3%) developed a retinal pigment epithelium tear. Conclusions: Faricimab improved anatomical outcomes and allowed longer treatment intervals in patients with nAMD previously treated with other anti-VEGF therapies with unsatisfactory response, reducing treatment burden. A favorable safety profile was observed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: This work aims to determine the effect on nerve fiber layer (NFL) and ganglion cell complex (GCC) thickness trends in eyes with open-angle glaucoma (OAG) treated with Vision Protection Therapy™ (VPT). Methods: A retrospective analysis of spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (OCT) measured NFL and GCC thickness trends was performed, excluding eyes with poor-quality scans and principal diagnoses other than OAG. This study compares eyes with OAG managed conventionally with IOP control alone (controls) to eyes managed with the addition of VPT (VPT eyes). The direction (+ or −) and magnitude (microns/year) of the OCT trends were the study endpoints. Results: Seventy-eight control eyes of 40 patients and 61 VPT-treated eyes of 39 patients were included in the study. Positive NFL trends were noted in 5% of control eyes vs. 71% of VPT eyes (p < 0.0001). Positive GCC trends were noted in 8% of control eyes vs. 43% of VPT eyes (p < 0.0001). Mean NFL trends (µm/year) were − 0.692 for controls vs. 0.347 for VPT (p < 0.0001). Mean GCC trends (µm/year) were − 0.554 for controls vs. − 0.148 for VPT (p = 0.0175). Conclusions: The addition of VPT to the conventional management of OAG resulted in highly significant improvements in NFL and GCC trends, indicating a reversal of key indicators of glaucoma severity and progression. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Woody breast (WB) myopathy is a major muscle abnormality in chicken fillets, causing excessive hardness and chewiness. The WB condition can potentially cause big economical losses in the poultry industry by decreasing meat quality, increasing waste, degrading nutritional content, and reducing customer satisfaction. A histological technique using a light microscope has been the gold standard to characterize the sub-surface properties of the muscle with the WB condition, which is destructive, costly, time-consuming, and limited to analyzing only small sample areas. It is currently very challenging to assess the degree of WB myopathy objectively and rapidly in individual fillets. There is a need to develop an effective sensing technology for rapidly characterizing the WB condition by measuring the sub-surface cross-sections of the entire fillet at a high resolution. In this study, we utilized optical coherence tomography (OCT) to image the sub-surface microstructure of chicken muscle tissue along the entire fillet with a micrometer resolution. The OCT images provided valuable microstructural features, which were further analyzed using machine learning models to classify chicken fillets based on the WB severity. The results demonstrated a detection accuracy of up to 100% in detecting severe WB samples. The machine learning models achieved a classification accuracy of 95.0% in distinguishing normal from WB fillets. Overall, the successful application of large-scale OCT imaging demonstrated its effectiveness as a non-invasive method for evaluating WB in chicken meat. Furthermore, the study suggests that OCT imaging holds the potential for evaluating other agricultural and food products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness is a promising biomarker of axonal loss and a potential outcome predictor in Multiple Sclerosis (MS). Cognitive impairment (CoI) exhibits a high prevalence in patients with MS (pwMS), even in the early phases of the disease. Our aim was to explore the role of RNFL thickness as a predictor of physical and cognitive disability in pwMS. Methods: All newly diagnosed pwMS referred to the MS centre of the University-Hospital "Policlinico-San Marco" between 2015–2019 were evaluated at baseline and at 3 years. RNFL and ganglion cell layer (GCL) thickness for right (r.e.) and left eyes (l.e.) were measured with Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT). Disability level and cognitive profile were assessed, using the Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) and the Brief International Cognitive Assessment for Multiple Sclerosis (BICAMS) battery, respectively. Results: We consecutively enrolled 487 pwMS, including 68 (14.0%) with primary progressive MS (PPMS). At baseline, RNFL and GCL were bilaterally thinner in PPMS (r.e. 90.4 ± 12.7; l.e. 90.2 ± 13.5, and r.e. 80.1 ± 11.2; l.e. 80.3 ± 12.6, respectively) compared to relapsing–remitting MS (RRMS) (r.e. 94.6 ± 13.1; l.e. 94.3 ± 14.8, and r.e. 85.1 ± 9.5; l.e. 84.9 ± 9.3, respectively) (p < 0.01). Both groups exhibited reduced RNFL and GCL thickness, worse cognitive performance and higher EDSS scores at 3-years follow-up compared with baseline. RNFL thickness ≤ 88.0 μm was an independent predictor of CoI (OR = 5.32; 95% CI = 1.84–9.12; p = 0.02) and disability worsening (OR = 3.18; 95% CI = 1.21–10.33; p = 0.05). Discussion: RNFL thickness, as a biomarker of neurodegeneration, could be considered a predictive biomarker of cognitive degeneration and physical disability in MS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is an age-related, persistent, painless eye disease that impairs central vision. The central area (macula) of the retina, located at the back of the eye, sustains damage that is the cause of loss of vision. The early detection of AMD can increase the probability of treatment and prevent vision loss. The AMD can be classified into dry and wet AMD based on the absence of neovascularization. This study introduces a new methodology for the classification of AMD using optical coherence tomography (OCT) retinal images. The proposed methodology is based on three stages. The first stage is the data preparation stage for resizing and normalizing the used images. The second stage is the image processing stage for enhancing the image quality as contrast and resolution these enhancements have been checked by the weighted peak signal-to-noise ratio (WPSNR) methodology. The third stage is the deep feature extraction and classification stage, which consists of two sub-models. The first model is MobileNet V1 which has been used as a deep feature extractor. The second model is LSTM (long short-term memory), fed with deep features to classify the AMD stages. A multi-classification with six separate trials has been employed with the proposed methodology, and compared with other models like DenseNet201 and InceptionV3. The proposed model has been tested on a sample of benchmark data with 4005 grayscale images labeled into three classes. The proposed methodology has achieved an accuracy of 98.85%, a sensitivity of 99.09%, and a specificity of 99.1%. To ensure the effectiveness of the proposed methodology, a comparative analysis has been established with previous approaches in the related field, and the results demonstrated the superiority of the proposed system in AMD multi-classification. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Adaptive teacher support fosters effective learning in one-to-one teaching sessions, which are a common way of learning complex visual tasks in the health sciences. Adaptive support is tailored to student needs, and this is difficult in complex visual tasks as visual problem-solving processes are covert and thus cannot be directly observed by the teacher. Eye-tracking apparatus can measure covert processes and make them visible in gaze displays: visualizations of where a student looks while executing a task. We investigate whether live dynamic gaze displays help teachers in being more adaptive to students' needs when teaching optical coherence tomography interpretation in one-to-one teaching sessions and whether this fosters learning. Forty-nine students and 10 teachers participated in a one-to-one teaching session in clinical optometry. In the control condition, teachers saw the learning task of the student and could discuss it with them, whereas in the gaze-display condition, teachers could additionally see where the student looked. After the 15-minute teaching session, a test was administered to examine achievement. Furthermore, students filled in the 'questionnaire on teacher support adaptivity', and teachers rated how adaptive their support was. Bayesian analyses provide some initial evidence that students did not experience support to be more adaptive in the gaze-display condition versus the control condition, nor were their post-test scores higher. Teachers rated their provided support as being more adaptive in the gaze-display versus the control condition. Further research could investigate if live dynamic gaze displays impact adaptive teaching when used over longer periods or with more teacher training. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To determine the correlation between the severity of chronic kidney disease (CKD) and treatment of diabetic macular edema (DME). The retrospective 2-year cohort study included eyes with DME confirmed using spectral-domain optical coherence tomography in Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taiwan, between 2010 and 2020. All the eyes were treated with an intravitreal injection of anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (anti-VEGF) during regular follow-up around 2 years. They were categorized into 3 different groups: an estimated glomerular filtration rate ≥ 60 (mL/min per 1.73 m2) (group A), < 60 (group B), and patients undergoing hemodialysis (group C). The main outcome measures were (1) visual improvement, (2) structural improvement, and (3) the injection frequency of anti-VEGF in the different groups. In this study, 167 eyes from 120 patients were enrolled. Compared with groups B and C, the eyes in group A experienced the only significant visual improvement at month 3, month 6, and month 12 (P = 0.0001, 0.0002, 0.0013, respectively). The presence of subretinal fluid and intraretinal cysts was significantly decreased in groups A and B. In the treatment frequency analysis, the number of injections was the highest in group A and lowest in group C during the study period (P = 0.04). The severity of CKD had an impact on the DME treatment. The less severe CKD was, the greater the visual improvement that could be achieved. In addition, relatively poor renal function required a lower anti-VEGF injection frequency. The active prevention of the progression of CKD may play a key role in DME treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Endolymphatic hydrops, increased endolymphatic fluid within the cochlea, is the key pathologic finding in patients with Meniere's disease, a disease of episodic vertigo, fluctuating hearing loss, tinnitus, and aural fullness. Endolymphatic hydrops also can occur after noise trauma and its presence correlates with cochlear synaptopathy, a form of hearing loss caused by reduced numbers of synapses between hair cells and auditory nerve fibers. Here we tested whether there is a mechanistic link between these two phenomena by using multimodal imaging techniques to analyze the cochleae of transgenic mice exposed to blast and osmotic challenge. In vivo cochlear imaging after blast exposure revealed dynamic increases in endolymph that involved hair cell mechanoelectrical transduction channel block but not the synaptic release of glutamate at the hair cell–auditory nerve synapse. In contrast, ex vivo and in vivo auditory nerve imaging revealed that synaptopathy requires glutamate release from hair cells but not endolymphatic hydrops. Thus, although endolymphatic hydrops and cochlear synaptopathy are both observed after noise exposure, one does not cause the other. They are simply co-existent sequelae that derive from the traumatic stimulation of hair cell stereociliary bundles. Importantly, these data argue that Meniere's disease derives from hair cell transduction channel blockade. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is now understood that hematological diseases can have detrimental effects on the retina, reducing retinal capillaries, compromising visual function, and potentially causing irreversible visual impairment. Over the years, there has been limited research on macular microvascular abnormalities, such as changes in vessel density and the foveal avascular zone (FAZ) and variations in the severity of these effects across different types of blood disorders. This study aims to quantitatively assess the impact of various hematological disorders on the retina using optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA). Compared with healthy eyes, patients with different blood diseases exhibited reductions in linear vessel density (LVD), perfusion vessel density (PVD), FAZ area, and FAZ perimeter. Notably, patients with erythrocyte diseases showed more significant abnormalities in LVD and PVD, while patients with lymphocytic diseases demonstrated more pronounced abnormalities in the FAZ area and perimeter. OCTA imaging could potentially reflect changes of the retinal microvascular of patients with hematological diseases and may serve as a valuable tool for distinguishing abnormalities affecting different blood cell lines. This approach offers a novel avenue for assessing, treating, and monitoring blood disorders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Rapid Campimetry (RC), a kinetic visual field test proved to reliably detect visual field defects within the central 10° degrees, the most crucial part for visual acuity and quality of life, affected even at very early stages of glaucoma, within a short measurement epoch, ~ 1 min. This study aims to further investigate RC correspondence with standard tests in glaucoma, namely standard automated perimetry (SAP) and optical coherence tomography (OCT) within 10° of visual field (VF). For this purpose, we included 41 participants, [21 glaucoma (GLA, mean age: 65.9 ± 12.4; 12 preperimetric eyes and 11 with VF defects) and 20 healthy controls (HC; mean age: 65.0 ± 10.3); 20 eyes]. At first, we compared the rate of detection/exclusion of VF defects in RC vs. SAP. Then, for those with VF defects (11 eyes), we investigated the 68-pointwise correspondence of 10 − 2 layout of RC and SAP. For functional and structural (SF) correspondence, pointwise correspondence of RC, SAP vs. OCTmacula [ macular ganglion cell thickness (GCL)] was also performed. Further, we compared sector-based correspondence of RC, SAP vs. OCTmacula accounting for GCL displacement at the fovea as well as sector-based correspondence with OCTdisc [peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer thickness (pRNFL)]. Agreement estimates were reported along with Cohen Kappa () statistic. For overall performance, RC and SAP showed 100% agreement () for the exclusion of VF defects (HC and preperimetric GLA) and for detection of VF defects [11 eyes of 9 GLA, ( ]. Further, RC outperformed SAP in detection of arcuate scotomas, 7 vs. 5, respectively. Pointwise correspondence of VF defects (11 eyes), RC-SAP agreement reached 90% accuracy (). For SF correspondence, RC [SAP] showed 62% [69%] pointwise agreement with OCTmacula, (). For macular sector-based correspondence, SF correspondence improved and reached 83% [83%] agreement, (). For OCTdisc sector-based analysis, SF correspondence was highest, 100% [100%] agreement, (). Rapid Campimetry gave reproducible results in comparison to SAP and OCT with high potential as a screening VF method given its short testing duration, ~ 1 min in screening mode, and compatibility with telemedicine technologies upon future optimization and automation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the advancements in ocular biometric technology, there have been significant improvements in accurately and efficiently measuring ocular parameters. The aim of this study is to compare the reliability of biometric parameters obtained using a new frequency-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) biometer with the measurements obtained from swept-source OCT (SS-OCT) and optical low coherence reflectometry (OLCR) biometers. This study employed an observational cross-sectional design. Measurements of axial length (AL), flat and steep corneal keratometry (K1 and K2), and central corneal thickness (CCT) obtained using the The Colombo IOL were compared with those obtained with the IOLMaster 700 and SW-9000 devices. The agreement were evaluated using intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) and Bland–Altman analyses. The differences of the measurements of the three increments were assessed by one-way ANONA. 73 right eyes of 73 healthy pediatric subjects were analyzed. The AL difference measured by Colombo IOL compared with IOLmaster700 and SW-9000 were 0.00 ± 0.02 mm and − 0.07 ± 0.05 mm, respectively (P > 0.05, ANOVA). There was no statistically significant difference in CCT, K1, and K2 among the three instruments (all P > 0.05, ANOVA). The ICC values for AL, K1, K2, and CCT were 0.999, 0.996, 0.995, and 0.998, respectively. The Bland-Altman analysis showed an agreement of AL, K1, K2, and CCT with Colombo IOL and IOLMaster 700 spanned over 0.08 mm, 0.71D, 0.69D, and 12.17 μm, respectively. The agreement of AL, K1, K2, and CCT with Colombo IOL and SW-9000 spanned approximate 0.21 mm, 0.75D, 1.06D, and 14.37 μm, respectively. The new SD-OCT biometer and the SS-OCT biometer showed strong agreement in measuring AL and CCT in healthy pediatric subjects. This supports the reliability of the new SD-OCT biometer as an alternative for assessing these parameters. However, K1 and K2 could not be used interchangeably in clinical practice. Further research is needed to explore their applicability in different clinical settings and patient populations."light" /> [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a global healthcare challenge lacking a simple and affordable detection method. We propose a novel deep learning framework, Eye-AD, to detect Early-onset Alzheimer's Disease (EOAD) and Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI) using OCTA images of retinal microvasculature and choriocapillaris. Eye-AD employs a multilevel graph representation to analyze intra- and inter-instance relationships in retinal layers. Using 5751 OCTA images from 1671 participants in a multi-center study, our model demonstrated superior performance in EOAD (internal data: AUC = 0.9355, external data: AUC = 0.9007) and MCI detection (internal data: AUC = 0.8630, external data: AUC = 0.8037). Furthermore, we explored the associations between retinal structural biomarkers in OCTA images and EOAD/MCI, and the results align well with the conclusions drawn from our deep learning interpretability analysis. Our findings provide further evidence that retinal OCTA imaging, coupled with artificial intelligence, will serve as a rapid, noninvasive, and affordable dementia detection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]