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In the paper, we are going to prove that the Nörlund logarithmic means of quadratic partial sums of two-dimensional Walsh–Fourier series is bounded from L log L (0 , 1 ] × (0 , 1 ] to L 1 , ∞ ((0 , 1 ] × (0 , 1 ]) . As a consequence, it can be obtained that L log L (0 , 1 ] × (0 , 1 ] is maximal Orlicz space, where the Nörlund logarithmic means of quadratic partial sums of two-dimensional Walsh–Fourier series for the functions from this space converge in measure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper we study the a.e. strong summability of the quadratical and rectangular partial sums of the two-dimensional Vilenkin--Fourier series for every two-dimensional functions belonging to Llog L . We also study the exponential uniform strong approximation of Marcinkiewicz type of two-dimensional Vilenkin--Fourier series. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present paper, we discuss the rate of the approximation by Marcinkiewicz-type matrix transform of Vilenkin–Fourier series in L p (G m 2) spaces ( 1 ≤ p < ∞ ) and in C (G m 2) . Moreover, we give an application for functions in Lipschitz classes Lip (α , p , G m 2) ( α > 0 , 1 ≤ p < ∞ ) and Lip (α , C (G m 2)) ( α > 0 ). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As main result we prove that Fejér means of Walsh–Kaczmarz–Fourier series are uniformly bounded operators from the Hardy martingale space H p to the Hardy martingale space H p for 0 < p ≤ 1 / 2 . [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Streptococcus pneumoniae is responsible for a significant amount of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Healthy carriers, mainly young children, are the most important sources of infections. In the current study, we aimed to determine the changes that have occurred since the introduction of PCV-7 in Hungary. Nasal specimens were collected from 1,022 healthy children aged 3-6 years attending day-care centres. After thorough identification, pneumococcal isolates were serotyped, and their antibiotic sensitivity was determined. The carriage rate was found to be 34.9 %. A huge serotype rearrangement was detected compared to earlier results, with the previously leading serotype 14 having completely disappeared. Serotypes 11A, 35F, 19A, 6B, 15B, 3 and 38 were most prevalent, and 29 different types were identified in total. The PCV-7 types were responsible for 16.5 % of all serotypes, and 36.0 % are not covered by any pneumococcal vaccines. The isolates were sensitive to most tested antibiotics, except erythromycin (resistance was 21.6 %). Only one penicillin-resistant strain was found. The newly and rapidly emerging non-vaccine serotypes are much more sensitive, except serotype 19A. Conclusion: Due to PCV vaccination, a complete serotype arrangement occurred also in Hungary. The old 'paediatric' serotypes were replaced by serotypes 11A, 35F, 19A, 6B, 15B, 3 and 38. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main aim of this paper is to investigate the Walsh-Marcinkiewicz means on the Hardy space H, when 0 < p < 2/3. We define a weighted maximal operator of Walsh-Marcinkiewicz means and establish some of its properties. With its aid we provide a necessary and sufficient condition for convergence of the Walsh-Marcinkiewicz means in terms of modulus of continuity on the Hardy space H, and prove a strong convergence theorem for the Walsh-Marcinkiewicz means. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The concentration of kynurenic acid (KYNA) in the cerebrospinal fluid, which is in the nanomolar range, is known to decrease in epilepsy. The experimental data suggest that treatment with l-KYN dose dependently increases the concentration of the neuroprotective KYNA in the brain, which itself hardly crosses the blood-brain barrier. However, it is suggested that new synthetic KYNA analogs may readily cross the blood-brain barrier. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that a new KYNA analog administered systemically in a sufficient dose results in a decreased population spike activity recorded from the pyramidal layer of area CA1 of the hippocampus, and also provides protection against pentylenetetrazole-induced epileptiform seizures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Biofilm infections have a major role in implants or devices placed in the human body. As part of the endourological development, a great variety of foreign bodies have been designed, and with the increasing number of biomaterial devices used in urology, biofilm formation and device infection is an issue of growing importance. Methods: A literature search was performed in the Medline database regarding biofilm formation and the role of biofilms in urogenital infections using the following items in different combinations: 'biofilm,' 'urinary tract infection,' 'bacteriuria,' 'catheter,' 'stent,' and 'encrustation.' The studies were graded using the Oxford Centre for Evidence-based Medicine classification. Results: The authors present an update on the mechanism of biofilm formation in the urinary tract with special emphasis on the role of biofilms in lower and upper urinary tract infections, as well as on biofilm formation on foreign bodies, such as catheters, ureteral stents, stones, implants, and artificial urinary sphincters. The authors also summarize the different methods developed to prevent biofilm formation on urinary foreign bodies. Conclusions: Several different approaches are being investigated for preventing biofilm formation, and some promising results have been obtained. However, an ideal method has not been developed. Future researches have to aim at identifying effective mechanisms for controlling biofilm formation and to develop antimicrobial agents effective against bacteria in biofilms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Analysis of mitochondrial mutations in the HVS-I region is an effective method for ancient human populational studies. Discontinuous haplotype data between the first farmers and contemporary Europeans has been described before. Our contribution is based on a survey initiated on the Neolithic skeletons from Hungarian archaeological sites in the Alföld. This Lowland, the Hungarian Plain, is well excavated as an important region for spread of Neolithic culture from Near East and Balkans toward Central and Western Europe, started circa 8000 years ago. HVS-I sequences from nt15977 to nt16430 of 11 such specimens with sufficient mitochondrial DNA preservation among an extended Neolithic collection were analysed for polymorphisms, identifying 23 different ones. After assigning all single-nucleotide polymorphisms, a novel, N9a, N1a, C5, D1/G1a, M/R24 haplogroups were determined. On mitochondrial control mutations at nt16257 and nt16261, polymorphic PCRs were carried out to assess their distribution in remains. Neolithic data set was compared with contemporary Vác samples and references, resulting in higher frequency of N9a in Alföld as a remarkable genetic discontinuity. Our investigation is the first to study mutations form Neolithic of Hungary, resulting in an outcome of Far Eastern haplogroups in the Carpathian Basin. It is worth further investigation as a non-descendant theory, instead of a continuous population history, supporting genetic gaps between ancient and recent human populations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper we prove that the maximal operator [Figure not available: see fulltext.] where σis the n-th Fejér mean of the Walsh-Kaczmarz-Fourier series, is bounded from the Hardy space H( G) to the space L( G). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For the two-dimensional Walsh system, Gát and Weisz proved the a.e. convergence of Fejér means σ f of integrable functions, where the set of indices is inside a positive cone around the identical function, that is, β ≤ n/ n ≤ β is provided with some fixed parameter β ≥ 1. In this paper we generalize the result of Gát and Weisz. We not only generalize this theorem, but give a necessary and sufficient condition for cone-like sets in order to preserve this convergence property. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article we discuss the Nörlund means of cubical partial sums of Walsh-Fourier series of a function in L (1 ≤ p ≤ ∞). We investigate the rate of the approximation by this means, in particular, in Lip( α, p), where α > 0 and 1 ≤ p ≤ ∞. In case p = ∞ by L we mean C, the collection of the uniformly W-continuous functions. Our main theorems state that the approximation behavior of the two-dimensional Walsh- Nörlund means is so good as the approximation behavior of the one-dimensional Walsh- Nörlund means. As special cases, we get the Nörlund logarithmic means of cubical partial sums of Walsh-Fourier series discussed recently by Gát and Goginava [5] in 2004 and the ( C, β)-means of Marcinkiewicz type with respect to double Walsh-Fourier series discussed by Goginava [10]. Earlier results on one-dimensional Nörlund means of the Walsh-Fourier series was given by Móricz and Siddiqi [14]. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Let $G_p$ be the $p$-series field. In this paper we prove the a.e. convergence $\sigma_n f\to f$ $(n\to \infty)$ for an integrable function $f\in L^1(G_p)$, where $\sigma_nf$ is the $n$th $(C,1)$ mean of $f$ with respect to the character system in the Kaczmarz rearrangement. We define the maximal operator $\sigma^* $ by $\sigma^*f := \sup_n|\sigma_nf|$. We prove that $\sigma^*$ is of type $(q,q)$ for all $1

Transient elementary currents, bumps, stimulated by short dim light flashes were measured in ventral nerve photoreceptors of Limulus. It is demonstrated that light activates two types of bumps, which form two distinct components of the receptor current at higher light intensities. The two bump types, which are both assumed to be activated by single absorbed photons, differ in current amplitude and kinetic parameters. The current amplitude of one bump type is smaller than 0.3 nA and that of the other type is in the usual current range of up to several nanoamperes. The average latency of small bumps measured from the short stimulus flash is shorter than that of the large bumps. The small bumps have slower activation kinetics than the large bumps. It is demonstrated that with increasing flash intensity the small bumps overlap first and form a macroscopic current, on top of which the large bumps are superimposed. Results indicate that a single absorbed photon selectively activates only one kind of the enzyme cascades evoking one bump type. We conclude that the active meta conformation of a rhodopsin molecule selectively binds a specific type of G-protein, which is involved in the stimulation of one of the transduction cascades. The two bump types, which are the elements of two macroscopic current components support the previous assumption that light activates different transduction mechanisms in Limulus photoreceptors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Open times of voltage-gated sodium channels in neuroblastoma cells were measured during repolarization (following a short depolarizing conditioning pulse) and during moderate depolarization. Conditional and unconditional channel open-time histograms were best fitted by the sum of two exponentials. (The conditional open time was measured from the end of the conditioning pulse until an open channel shuts provided it was open at t = 0). Time constants of both histograms depended on the post-pulse and were shifted to more positive potentials with increasing conditioning pulse potential. This shift could be explained by assuming more than two time constants in the histograms, which could not be separated. Channel open-time histograms from single-pulse experiments showed a maximum at t greater than 0. These histograms could be best fitted by an exponential function with three time constants. One term of this function included the difference of two exponentials resulting in a maximum at t greater than 0. Open-time histograms showed a definite time dependence. At 2 to 6.5 msec after the beginning of the depolarization the best fit could be obtained by the difference of two exponentials. To these components another term had to be added at 0 to 2 msec. Between 6.5 and 14.0 msec the sum of two exponentials, and after 14.0 msec a single exponential resulted in a good fit. The results support the hypothesis that sodium channels in neuroblastoma cells may have multiple open states. Two of these states are irreversibly coupled. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The globally threatened Eastern Imperial Eagle Aquila heliaca has been one of the flagship species of Hungarian bird conservation efforts since the 1980s. Due to these conservation activities and positive land-use changes during the last 2 decades, the Hungarian Imperial Eagle population increased from as few as approximately 20 pairs in the early 1980s to 81 pairs by 2006. Between 2002 and 2005 as part of a LIFE-Nature project, MME/Birdlife Hungary carried out particularly intensive monitoring, conservation, research, and public awareness actions. The main goal of the project was to secure the long-term sustainable increase in the Imperial Eagle population after Hungary's European Union accession in 2004. New methods were developed and applied to census and monitor the breeding and wintering population sizes. Standardized baseline land-use mapping and surveys were introduced to detect long-term land-use and prey density changes in priority areas for Imperial Eagles and to monitor the effects of key mortality factors, such as electrocution. Historical information and data gathered before and during the project period were assimilated using a Geographic Information System and incorporated into a comprehensive set of Imperial Eagle Management Guidelines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]