Search

Background: Monitoring health-related physical fitness (HRPF) may benefit proactive Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD) management. However, knowledge regarding HRPF in patients with IBD is limited and gold standard tests are impractical for widespread use, necessitating simpler methods. Aim: This study evaluated the criterion validity of screening tools and field-based tests compared to gold standard tests for HRPF in patients with IBD. Methods: Adult patients with IBD completed screening tools, field-based tests, and gold standard tests for HRPF. Criterion validity was examined through (intraclass) correlation coefficients and Bland–Altman plots. Predictive capacity of the screening tools was examined with receiver operating curve analysis. Results: Among 53 included patients, screening tools demonstrated poor-to-moderate validity compared to the cardiopulmonary exercise test (CPET) for cardiorespiratory fitness. Very strong correlations were found for four-site skinfold thickness and multi-frequency bioimpedance analysis (BIA) with deuterium oxide dilution for body fat percentage (ICC = 0.90, ICC = 0.93), and between the steep ramp test and CPET (r = 0.95) for cardiorespiratory fitness. The steep ramp test also correlated strongly with isokinetic quadriceps (r > 0.75) and hamstring (r > 0.74) strength. Hand-held dynamometry and the sit-to-stand test showed strong correlations with hamstring strength (r > 0.80, r > 0.76). Negligible correlations were found for field-based tests compared to isokinetic quadriceps and hamstring endurance. Conclusions: Four-site skinfold thickness and BIA showed good agreement with the gold standard for body fat measurement. The steep ramp test demonstrated strong correlations with the gold standard tests for cardiorespiratory fitness and quadriceps and hamstring strength, while hand-held dynamometry and the sit-to-stand test showed strong correlations with hamstring strength. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Inhabitants of rocky intertidal shores, including gastropods, require specific adaptations to cope with numerous challenges that vary across the intertidal levels. We collected Stramonita biserialis snails from upper (wave-protected and intense predation) and lower (wave-exposed and low predation) intertidal sites to compare the following traits: shell skeleton (ventral and abaxial lateral views of shell shape, thickness, and mass), foot size, energy metabolism, and attachment strength to determine whether the trait values of snails from each zone fit the environmental challenges they face. We used a Principal Component Analysis to reduce the dimensionality of the data. Multivariate Analysis of Covariance (MANCOVA) for comparing characteristics between the two intertidal zones, and Partial Least Squares (PLS) analyses for testing the integration of overall snail characteristics. The traits of the snails of the two intertidal sites matched with the adaptations expected to allow them to cope with their contrasting challenges. The snails from the lower intertidal had more streamlined shells (which reduces drag forces) and a larger aperture and foot extension (which increase the strength of their attachment to the substrate) compared to snails from the upper sites. Snails from the lower intertidal also had a high mass-specific metabolism and soft body proportion, indicating that these snails from the wave-exposed sites have an energetically active musculature that matches their strong substrate attachment. The thin shell walls of the snails of the lower intertidal match the relatively low predatory pressure there. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To systematically review and meta-analyse the efficacy of resistance training on quality of life (QOL), fatigue, physical function, and muscular strength in people diagnosed with cancer undergoing chemotherapy. Methods: Electronic databases PubMed, Cochrane Central, CINAHL, SCOPUS and Web of Science were systematically searched for randomised controlled trials (RCTs) that compared the effects of resistance training to control on QOL, fatigue, physical function, and lower-body and upper-body muscular strength in adults undergoing chemotherapy. Standardised mean differences (SMDs) were pooled using a random effects model. Risk of bias was assess using the risk of bias tool for randomised trials (RoB 2). Results: Seven RCTs encompassing 561 participants were included. The pooled results of seven RCTs showed that resistance training during chemotherapy significantly improved lower-body strength (n = 555, SMD 0.33, 95% CI 0.12 to 0.53, moderate-quality evidence, I2 = 23%) compared to control. There was no evidence for an effect of resistance training on QOL (n = 373, SMD 0.13, 95% CI -0.15 to 0.42, low-quality evidence, I2 = 0%), fatigue (n = 373, SMD -0.08, 95% CI -0.37 to 0.22, low-quality evidence, I2 = 20%), physical function (n = 198, SMD 0.61, 95% CI -0.73 to 1.95, very low-quality evidence, I2 = 83%), or upper-body strength (n = 413, SMD 0.37, 95% CI -0.07 to 0.80, very low-quality evidence, I2 = 69%). Conclusions: Resistance training may improve lower-body strength in patients undergoing chemotherapy treatment compared to control. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This study assessed the effects of 12-week supervised resistance training combined with home-based physical activity on physical fitness, cancer-related fatigue, depressive symptoms, health-related quality of life (HRQoL), and life satisfaction in female breast cancer survivors. Methods: A parallel-group, outcome assessor-blinded, randomized controlled trial included 60 female breast cancer survivors who had completed their core treatments within the previous 10 years. Through computer-generated simple randomization, participants were assigned to resistance training (RTG; two sessions/week for 12 weeks plus instructions to undertake ≥ 10,000 steps/d) or control (CG; ≥ 10,000 steps/d only). Outcomes were evaluated at baseline and week 12. Muscular strength was assessed with electromechanical dynamometry. A standardized full-body muscular strength score was the primary outcome. Secondary outcomes included cardiorespiratory fitness, shoulder mobility, cancer-related fatigue, depressive symptoms, HRQoL, and life satisfaction. Results: Thirty-two participants were assigned to RTG (29 achieved ≥ 75% attendance) and 28 to CG (all completed the trial). Intention-to-treat analyses revealed that the standardized full-body muscular strength score increased significantly in the RTG compared to the CG (0.718; 95% CI 0.361–1.074, P < 0.001, Cohen's d = 1.04). This increase was consistent for the standardized scores of upper-body (0.727; 95% CI 0.294–1.160, P = 0.001, d = 0.87) and lower-body (0.709; 95% CI 0.324–1.094, P = 0.001, d = 0.96) strength. There was no effect on cardiorespiratory fitness, shoulder flexion, cancer-related fatigue, depressive symptoms, HRQoL, or life satisfaction. The sensitivity analyses confirmed these results. Conclusion: and implication for cancer survivors. In female breast cancer survivors who had completed their core treatments within the past 10 years, adding two weekly sessions of supervised resistance training to a prescription of home-based physical activity for 12 weeks produced a large increase in upper-, lower-, and full-body muscular strength, while other fitness components and patient-reported outcomes did not improve. Trial registration number. ISRCTN14601208. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Maintaining cognitive and physical function is essential to healthy aging. Aim: This study aims to investigate the effect of an exercise–cognitive dual-task program in Chinese language on cognitive function and functional fitness in older adults. Methods: Seventy adults aged 60–84 years were conveniently assigned to one of the three groups: exercise–cognitive dual-task (EC) group (n = 28), exercise group (n = 22), and control group (n = 20). The EC group received a 90-min class including multicomponent exercise–cognitive dual-task twice a week. The exercise group received a 90-min class including multicomponent exercise twice a week. The control group maintained their regular level of physical activity and general lifestyle. Cognitive functions and functional fitness were measured before and after the 12-week intervention. Results: The participants in the EC and exercise group significantly improved scores in Taiwanese Frontal Assessment Battery, the Chang Gung University Orthographical Fluency Test, and the Mini-Mental State Examination; however, those in the control group did not. The participants in the EC and exercise group showed significant increases in almost all functional fitness tests. The participants in the EC group showed significantly higher improvements in Chang Gung University Orthographical Fluency Test score and aerobic endurance than the exercise group and in Chang Gung University Orthographical Fluency Test score and lower body strength than the control group. In addition, the changes in Taiwanese Frontal Assessment Battery and Mini-Mental State Examination scores were significantly correlated with the changes in functional fitness. Conclusion: The dual-task intervention resulted in greater improvements in verbal fluency, endurance, and muscular strength than exercise alone and control. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Newly diagnosed breast cancer patients face substantial stress and uncertainty that may undermine their quality of life (QoL). The purpose of the present study was to examine the associations between health-related fitness (HRF) and QoL in newly diagnosed breast cancer patients from the Alberta Moving Beyond Breast Cancer Study. Methods: Newly diagnosed breast cancer patients with early-stage disease (n = 1458) were recruited between 2012 and 2019 in Edmonton and Calgary, Canada to complete baseline HRF and QoL assessments within 90 days of diagnosis. HRF assessments included cardiorespiratory fitness (VO2peak treadmill test), muscular fitness (upper and lower body strength and endurance tests), and body composition (dual x-ray absorptiometry). QoL was assessed by the Medical Outcomes Study Short Form 36 (SF-36) version 2. We used logistic regression analyses to examine the associations between quartiles of HRF and poor/fair QoL (bottom 20%) after adjusting for key covariates. Results: In multivariable analysis, the least fit groups compared to the most fit groups for relative upper body strength (OR = 3.19; 95% CI = 1.98–5.14), lean mass percentage (OR = 2.31; 95% CI = 1.37–3.89), and relative VO2peak (OR = 2.08; 95% CI = 1.21–3.57) were independently at a significantly higher risk of poor/fair physical QoL. No meaningful associations were found for mental QoL. Conclusions: The three main components of HRF (muscular fitness, cardiorespiratory fitness, and body composition) were independently associated with physical QoL in newly diagnosed breast cancer patients. Exercise interventions designed to improve these components of HRF may optimize physical QoL and help newly diagnosed breast cancer patients better prepare for treatments and recovery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Light-to-moderate intensity strength training (LMST) improves muscular strength, physical functioning, and some side effects in head and neck cancer survivors (HNCS). Heavy lifting strength training (HLST) may further improve these outcomes; however, it has not been studied in HNCS. The primary aim of the LIFTING trial was to examine the feasibility and safety of a HLST program in HNCS ≥1-year post-surgical neck dissection. Methods: In this single-arm feasibility study, HNCS were asked to complete a twice weekly, 12-week, supervised HLST program, gradually progressing to lifting heavy loads of 80–90% of 1 repetition maximum (1RM) for barbell squat, bench press, and deadlift. The feasibility outcomes included recruitment rate, 1RM completion rate, program adherence, barriers, and motivation. The preliminary efficacy outcomes included changes in upper and lower body strength. Results: Nine HNCS were recruited over an 8-month period during the COVID-19 pandemic. All 9 (100%) completed the 1RM tests and successfully progressed to heavy loads at approximately 5 weeks. The median attendance was 95.8% (range 71–100%), and few barriers were reported. Weight lifted increased for squat/leg press (median change: +34kg; 95% CI +25 to +47), bench press (median change: +6kg; 95% CI +2 to +10), and deadlift (median change: +12kg; 95% CI +7 to +24). No adverse events were reported and participants were motivated to continue HLST after the study. Conclusions: HLST appears feasible and safe for HNCS and may result in meaningful improvements in muscular strength. Future research should consider additional recruitment strategies and compare HLST to LMST in this understudied survivor population. Trial registration: NCT04554667 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Key summary points: Aim: This study aimed to evaluate the relationship between tremor severity and proximal and distal muscle strength, upper extremity functional skills in older individuals with Essential Tremor. Findings: Older individuals with Essential Tremor have lower muscle strength both proximal and distal upper extremity muscles. Message: This study will contribute to the literature in terms of determining the affected muscle groups in individuals with ET and including them in the rehabilitation process. Background: Although it is known that muscle strength training is effective in Essential Tremor (ET), it is not known which muscle groups are more affected. Aim: The study was conducted to examine the relationship between tremor severity and proximal and distal muscle strength and upper extremity functional skills in older adults with ET. Methods: A total of 40 older adults who were diagnosed with ET (mean age of 74.07 ± 4.83 years) and 40 older adults without tremor (mean age of 70.10 ± 4.05 years) were included in the study. Tremor severity was evaluated with the Fahn-Tolosa-Marin Tremor Rating Scale (FTMTRS), the proximal muscular strength with digital muscle dynamometer, handgrip strength with hand dynamometer, and pinch grip strength with pinchmeter. The Arm and Shoulder Problems Questionnaire (DASH) was used to determine the functional status of the upper extremities. Fine Manual Dexterity was measured with the Nine-Hole Peg Test (NHPT). Results: All proximal and distal muscle strengths were significantly lower, DASH and NHPT were significantly higher in the group with ET (p < 0.05). A significant negative correlation was detected between tremor severity and all proximal and distal muscular strength and a significant positive correlation between tremor severity and DASH in group with ET (p < 0.05). However, no significant correlations were found between tremor severity and NHPT in the group with ET. Conclusions: It was found that older adults who had tremors had low proximal and distal muscular strength, upper extremity functionality was affected and hand skills was impaired. Furthermore tremor severity is affected by both proximal and distal muscle strength. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We aimed to analyse the longitudinal association between physical fitness (PF) and body composition (BC) with a metabolic risk score (Met4) in children and adolescents and to elucidate whether the association between PF and Met4 differs when using relativized or absolute fitness variables. A total of 188 children (86 females) and 195 adolescents (97 females) were included. Cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) was determined by the 20-m shuttle run test, and muscular fitness (MF) was determined by hand grip and standing long jump tests. Height and weight were measured, and the body mass index (Kg/m2) was calculated. Triceps and subscapular skinfolds were assessed to compute body fat percentage. Met4 was computed from systolic blood pressure, triglycerides, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and glucose levels. Relative CRF was longitudinally and negatively associated with Met4 in female children (β = −0.031, p = 0.025), while absolute CRF was positively associated with Met4 in male children and adolescents (β = 0.000, p < 0.05). Relative upper and lower-body MF were longitudinally and negatively associated with Met4 in female adolescents (β = −1.347, β = −0.005, p < 0.05), while absolute lower-body MF was positively associated with Met4 in male children (β = 0.000, p = 0.019). BC was longitudinally and positively associated with Met4 in male children (β-ranging from 0.011 to 0.055, all p < 0.05) and male adolescents (β-ranging from 0.011 to 0.046, all p < 0.05). Conclusion: BC is more strongly associated with Met4 than PF in children and adolescents. An optimal body weight status should be considered the main objective of health-promoting programs at childhood and adolescence. Furthermore, the way of expressing the fitness variables determines the direction of the association with Met4. What is Known: • Physical fitness is an important health indicator in children and adolescents, with great amount of previous evidence supporting the preventive role of maintaining optimal levels of both cardiorespiratory and muscular fitness for future cardiometabolic issues. What is New: • The way of reporting physical fitness variables can affect the associations between physical fitness features and cardiometabolic outcomes. Since body composition variables have a great impact on both physical fitness and cardiometabolic health, relativizing physical fitness performance by body composition could lead to erroneous conclusions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To compare strength and muscle mass development between conventional resistance training (RT) and a combined resistance training with neuromuscular electrical stimulation group (RT + NMES).Searches of EBSCO, GoogleScholar, PubMed, and ResearchGate were conducted for studies that met the inclusion criteria of being a randomized controlled trial comparing RT in isolation with NMES and RT being done simultaneously. Effect sizes were calculated as the standard mean difference (SMD) and meta-analyses were computed using random effects models. Thirteen studies were included in the analyses.When comparing strength gain, there was a favorable effect towards superimposed training (SMD: 0.31; 95% CI 0.13–0.49; p = 0.02; I2 = 73.05%) with similar results seen for muscle mass (SMD: 0.26; 95% CI 0.04–0.49; p = 0.02; I2 = 21.45%).Use of NMES during RT results in greater gains in strength and muscle mass compared to RT performed in isolation. Incorporation of NMES into RT protocols may represent a more effective strategy to improve muscle strength and muscle mass. Future studies should explore whether use of NMES concurrently with RT may have additive effects on metabolic and/or cardiovascular health.Methods: To compare strength and muscle mass development between conventional resistance training (RT) and a combined resistance training with neuromuscular electrical stimulation group (RT + NMES).Searches of EBSCO, GoogleScholar, PubMed, and ResearchGate were conducted for studies that met the inclusion criteria of being a randomized controlled trial comparing RT in isolation with NMES and RT being done simultaneously. Effect sizes were calculated as the standard mean difference (SMD) and meta-analyses were computed using random effects models. Thirteen studies were included in the analyses.When comparing strength gain, there was a favorable effect towards superimposed training (SMD: 0.31; 95% CI 0.13–0.49; p = 0.02; I2 = 73.05%) with similar results seen for muscle mass (SMD: 0.26; 95% CI 0.04–0.49; p = 0.02; I2 = 21.45%).Use of NMES during RT results in greater gains in strength and muscle mass compared to RT performed in isolation. Incorporation of NMES into RT protocols may represent a more effective strategy to improve muscle strength and muscle mass. Future studies should explore whether use of NMES concurrently with RT may have additive effects on metabolic and/or cardiovascular health.Results: To compare strength and muscle mass development between conventional resistance training (RT) and a combined resistance training with neuromuscular electrical stimulation group (RT + NMES).Searches of EBSCO, GoogleScholar, PubMed, and ResearchGate were conducted for studies that met the inclusion criteria of being a randomized controlled trial comparing RT in isolation with NMES and RT being done simultaneously. Effect sizes were calculated as the standard mean difference (SMD) and meta-analyses were computed using random effects models. Thirteen studies were included in the analyses.When comparing strength gain, there was a favorable effect towards superimposed training (SMD: 0.31; 95% CI 0.13–0.49; p = 0.02; I2 = 73.05%) with similar results seen for muscle mass (SMD: 0.26; 95% CI 0.04–0.49; p = 0.02; I2 = 21.45%).Use of NMES during RT results in greater gains in strength and muscle mass compared to RT performed in isolation. Incorporation of NMES into RT protocols may represent a more effective strategy to improve muscle strength and muscle mass. Future studies should explore whether use of NMES concurrently with RT may have additive effects on metabolic and/or cardiovascular health.Conclusion: To compare strength and muscle mass development between conventional resistance training (RT) and a combined resistance training with neuromuscular electrical stimulation group (RT + NMES).Searches of EBSCO, GoogleScholar, PubMed, and ResearchGate were conducted for studies that met the inclusion criteria of being a randomized controlled trial comparing RT in isolation with NMES and RT being done simultaneously. Effect sizes were calculated as the standard mean difference (SMD) and meta-analyses were computed using random effects models. Thirteen studies were included in the analyses.When comparing strength gain, there was a favorable effect towards superimposed training (SMD: 0.31; 95% CI 0.13–0.49; p = 0.02; I2 = 73.05%) with similar results seen for muscle mass (SMD: 0.26; 95% CI 0.04–0.49; p = 0.02; I2 = 21.45%).Use of NMES during RT results in greater gains in strength and muscle mass compared to RT performed in isolation. Incorporation of NMES into RT protocols may represent a more effective strategy to improve muscle strength and muscle mass. Future studies should explore whether use of NMES concurrently with RT may have additive effects on metabolic and/or cardiovascular health.Graphical Abstract: To compare strength and muscle mass development between conventional resistance training (RT) and a combined resistance training with neuromuscular electrical stimulation group (RT + NMES).Searches of EBSCO, GoogleScholar, PubMed, and ResearchGate were conducted for studies that met the inclusion criteria of being a randomized controlled trial comparing RT in isolation with NMES and RT being done simultaneously. Effect sizes were calculated as the standard mean difference (SMD) and meta-analyses were computed using random effects models. Thirteen studies were included in the analyses.When comparing strength gain, there was a favorable effect towards superimposed training (SMD: 0.31; 95% CI 0.13–0.49; p = 0.02; I2 = 73.05%) with similar results seen for muscle mass (SMD: 0.26; 95% CI 0.04–0.49; p = 0.02; I2 = 21.45%).Use of NMES during RT results in greater gains in strength and muscle mass compared to RT performed in isolation. Incorporation of NMES into RT protocols may represent a more effective strategy to improve muscle strength and muscle mass. Future studies should explore whether use of NMES concurrently with RT may have additive effects on metabolic and/or cardiovascular health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The aim of this study was to compare the effects of 8 weeks of resistance training (RT) and high-intensity interval training (HIIT) on muscle strength, muscle power and cardiorespiratory responses in trained young men. Methods: Twenty-two men [RT (n = 11); HIIT (n = 11)] performed 8 weeks of training, with frequency of 2 times per week. RT group performed 10 sets × 10–12 RM of Leg-press exercise, while HIIT group performed 10 sets of running × 60 s at 85–95% of maximal heart rate. Both groups performed 60 s of passive rest between sets. Maximal strength (one-repetition maximum [1RM] of Leg Press and Knee Extension), jump height (single-leg countermovement jump) and cardiorespiratory responses during Conconi Test (predicted VO2peak and heart rate at maximal and at deflection point) were evaluated at baseline and after training program. Results: 1RM of Leg Press increased in both training groups (p < 0.001), with higher gains in the RT group (RT = 32.2%, HIIT = 9.5%; p = 0.036; d = 1.86), 1RM of Knee Extension did not improve for either group (p = 0.065). Only the HIIT group improved jump height (RT = − 1.5%, HIIT = 14.2%; p = 0.002; d = 1.52) and cardiorespiratory capacity (RT = − 1.1%, HIIT = 3.2%; p = 0.006; d = 1.27). Conclusion: Despite RT group promoting higher strength gains, HIIT is also effective for improving strength, jump height and cardiorespiratory capacity, and it presents as a possible alternative for people who seek improvements in health variables. Trial registration: This study was registered in Brazilian Clinical Trials Registry (registration number RBR-7n8y9ky) on Mar 09th 2021 (retrospectively registered). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Physical fitness in childhood is considered a marker of current and future health. For this reason, there is a need for a simple but reliable test to assess the different components of physical fitness even at school during physical education lessons. However, standard values are required to correctly interpret the results of such tests. Hence, this study aimed to generate sex- and age-specific normative percentile values for health-related physical fitness in Italian children. To this aim, 30,472 children aged 6–11 years from the Friuli Venezia-Giulia region (Italy) were examined. The fitness test battery included the Léger test (cardiorespiratory), the shuttle test (agility), standing long jumps, frontal throws of a basketball (lower and upper limb strength), the sit-and-reach test (flexibility), and the standing balance test. Sex- and age-percentile curves were determined using the General Additive Model for Location Scale and Shape (GAMLSS). Conclusion: The reference standards are provided as 1st, 3rd, 10th, 25th, 50th, 75th, 90th, 97th, and 99th percentiles in the form of both tables and charts and are roughly comparable with those of other European children. What is Known: • Physical fitness in childhood is considered a marker of current and future health; • Several tests have been developed to assess physical fitness in children; • There are general European reference standards for a series of tests of the main fitness components for children. What is New: • The present study provides specific reference standards for a series of tests that are indicative of the main fitness components and easily applied in children, particularly those in the Italian population; • Standing balance test and basketball frontal throw test references in a wide sample of children; • The performance of children in the present study was roughly comparable to that of other European children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the present study was to verify the effects of muscular strength training and growth hormone (GH) supplementation on femoral bone tissue by Raman spectroscopy (Raman), dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA), and mechanical resistance (F-max) analysis. A total of 40 male Wistar animals, 60 days old, were used. The animals were distributed into four groups: control (C), control with GH (GHC), muscular strength training (T), and muscular strength training with GH (GHT). Blood samples were collected for the quantification of creatine kinase (CK-MB) and the femurs were removed for analysis by Raman, DXA, and F-max. A more pronounced increase in the bone mineral components was verified in the T group, for all the variables obtained by the Raman (calcium, phosphate, amide, and collagen). In addition, for animals submitted to GH supplementation, there was a reduction in the variable bone mineral density (BMD) obtained by the DXA (p < 0.05). Finally, the animals that received GH supplementation presented a higher F-max, but without statistical significance (p > 0.05). It was concluded that animals that received GH supplementation demonstrated a decrease in BMD. In addition, T alone was able to promote increased calcium, phosphate, amide, and collagen compounds in bone tissue. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The primary purpose of this study was to compare the postoperative muscular strength and functional performance between early versus late bipolar hip arthroplasty (BHA) intervention for femoral neck fracture classified by the duration from the onset to surgery. Methods: Twenty-one patients who could walk at 12 months or more after BHA were enrolled into this study. We examined the muscular strength of hip flexion, extension, abduction, and knee extension of these patients. Time of one-leg standing, timed up and go test, pain grade by visual analog scale, and Barthel index were also evaluated as functional indices. We classified these patients into two groups by the duration from the onset to surgery, namely: within 3 days until BHA (early OP) and more than 4 days (late OP) to compare these indices at the latest follow-up. Results: The mean days until operation were 2.3 days in the early-OP group and 5.9 days in the late-OP group, showing a significant difference between the two groups. Muscular strength and other functional indices were also found to have no significant differences between these two groups. Conclusion: Our study suggests that the delay to operate might not severely compromise the muscular strength around the hip joint for least 1.5 years among ambulatory patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Low-grade inflammation leads to several metabolic disorders, and adherence to a Mediterranean diet (MedDiet), cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF), and muscular fitness (MF) has been considered important markers of metabolic healthy in youth. We investigated the combined association of adherence to Mediterranean diet, and muscular and cardiorespiratory fitness on high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) in adolescents. Methods: This is a cross-sectional analysis with 1462 adolescents (625 girls) aged 9–18 years from Colombia and Portugal. MedDiet was assessed by Kidmed questionnaire. Shuttle run test was used to assess CRF. MF was assessed by the standing long-jump and handgrip tests. High-sensitivity assays were used to obtain the hs-CRP level. Results: Logistic regression shows that subjects with a low adherence to MedDiet and LowMF/LowCRF had a similar odds (OR = 2.3; 95% CI 1.2–4.0) as those with an optimal adherence to MedDiet and LowMF/LowCRF (OR = 2.3; 95% CI 1.2–5.0) of expressing high inflammatory profile when compared to those with an optimal adherence to MedDiet and HighMF/HighCRF. In addition, ANCOVA showed that subjects classified as high adherence to MedDiet and HighMF/HighCRF had, on average, the lowest levels of hs-CRP (F(7,1454) = 2.051 p = 0.04). Conclusion: The combination of optimal levels of CRF and MF and adherence to MedDiet is associated with lower hs-CRP. However, high MF and CRF seems to counteract the deleterious effect of having a low adherence to the MedDiet on hs-CRP levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Health-related quality of life (HRQOL) in childhood is defined as an individual's subjective perception of the impact of health status on physical, psychological and social functioning. Nowadays, measuring of HRQOL has become an important outcome indicator in evaluating health-care. However, in younger children, the role of cardiorespiratory and other physical fitness components on HRQOL is unclear. The aims of this study were to analyse the association between components of physical fitness and HRQOL, as well as to determine which component of physical fitness was the best predictor of higher HRQOL.Methods: This was a cross-sectional study of 1413 schoolchildren (4 to 7 years old) from Spain. HRQOL was evaluated with the KINDL-R questionnaire for parents. Cardiorespiratory fitness, muscle strength and speed-agility were assessed using the ALPHA-Fitness battery. ANCOVA models were used to assess differences in HRQOL across physical fitness categories, controlling for age and BMI, by gender. Multiple linear regression was used to determine the independent association between the different physical fitness components and HRQOL.Results: Children with high physical fitness levels had better scores in physical well-being, school and total HRQOL score than those who had low physical fitness levels. The best predictor of HRQOL (total score) was muscular strength in boys and speed-agility among girls.Conclusions: Children with high physical fitness levels have higher HRQOL, although the association between components of physical fitness and HRQOL varies according to gender. Improving physical fitness could be a good strategy for improving HRQOL in children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was aimed at investigating the dose-response relationship between acute exercise and its effects on manual motor control mediated by the intensity of exercise in individuals with Down syndrome (DS). Participants were randomized into vigorous-intensity exercise (i.e., 75–85% of predicted MaxHR), moderate-intensity exercise (i.e., 50–75% of predicted MaxHR) or control groups. The exercise groups performed an incremental walking protocol on the treadmill and the control group watched a video for 20-min. Measures of grip strength and manual dexterity were tested pre- and post- intervention. A quadric trend was seen in grip strength, such that the moderate-intensity exercise was beneficial for grip force production. However, inconsistent with previous studies, neither a quadric trend nor a linear trend was evident in the performance of the Purdue Pegboard Test. Thus, a large sample size and brain imaging measures are needed to explore the underlying mechanisms involved in individuals with DS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Wiener Klinische Wochenschrift is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Background: High-intensity interval training (HIT) can impact cardiorespiratory and muscular fitness simultaneously, yet protocols typically focus on lower-body exercise. For older adults however, performing activities of daily living requires upper- and lower-body fitness. Aims: To assess the effects of combined upper- and lower-body HIT on fitness in adults aged > 50 years. Methods: Thirty-six adults (50–81 years; 21 male) were assigned via minimisation to either HIT (n = 18) or a no-exercise control group (CON, n = 18) following baseline assessment of leg extensor muscle power, handgrip strength, cardiorespiratory fitness (predicted VO2max) and health-related quality of life (HRQoL). The HIT group completed two training sessions per week for 12-weeks, performing a combination of upper-, lower- and full-body exercises using a novel hydraulic resistance ergometer. Data were analysed via ANCOVA with probabilistic inferences made about the clinical relevance of observed effects. Results: All participants completed the intervention with mean (82 ± 6%HRmax) and peak (89 ± 6%HRmax) exercise heart rates confirming a high-intensity training stimulus. Compared with CON, HIT showed possibly small beneficial effects for dominant leg power (10.5%; 90% confidence interval 2.4–19.4%), non-dominant leg power (9.4%; 3.3–16.0%) and non-dominant handgrip strength (6.3%; 1.2–11.5%) while the intervention effect was likely trivial (5.9%; 0.5–11.5%) for dominant handgrip strength. There was a likely small beneficial effect for predicted VO2max (8.4%; 1.8–15.4%) and small-moderate improvements across several domains of HRQoL. Conclusion: Combined upper- and lower-body HIT has small clinically relevant beneficial effects on muscular and cardiorespiratory fitness in older adults. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purposes: To verify the relationship between muscle volume and muscular strength of different cross-sectional areas (CSAs) of the gluteus maximus and medius, and to clarify the effective evaluation index.Methods: Twenty healthy adults were enrolled in this cross-sectional study. Magnetic resonance images were evaluated, and CSAs of the gluteus maximus and medius were calculated. Calculation sites were the peak CSA, lowest end of the sacroiliac joint CSA, and just above the femoral head CSA. Muscle volume and muscular strength were measured. The correlation between muscular CSA, muscle volume, and muscular strength was verified using Pearson's correlation coefficient (p < 0.05). One-way analysis of variance and the Tukey-Kramer test were used to verify differences in each CSA (p < 0.05).Results: A significantly positive correlation was found between muscular CSA, muscle volume, and muscular strength of both muscles (p < 0.05). For the gluteus maximus, the muscular CSA calculated just above the femoral head showed a significantly larger value than that calculated at the lowest end of the sacroiliac joint (p < 0.05). For the gluteus medius, the peak CSA and muscular CSA calculated at the lowest end of the sacroiliac joint were significantly larger than that calculated just above the femoral head (p < 0.05).Conclusions: The maximum CSA of the gluteus maximus was found just above the femoral head and that of the gluteus medius was near the lowest end of the sacroiliac joint; hence, CSAs should be calculated at these sites. The CSA reflected muscle volume and strength. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Six-minute walk test (6MWT) has been shown to be a valid and reliable measure of functional performance with respect to mobility in individuals with Down syndrome (DS). However, a wide variability of walking distance was observed from previous studies. Thus, there is a need to investigate the possible influencing factors of walking distance of the 6MWT in this population. In the current study, fourteen adolescents and young adults with DS, aged 14-30 yr. were recruited. Anthropometric variables, such as chronological age (CA), mental age (MA), Body Mass Index (BMI), level of physical activity (PA), grip strength, represented as muscular strength, leg length, resting heart rate (RHR), exercise heart rate (EHR) and walked distance of 6MWT (6MWD) were measured during their laboratory visit. Our results indicated the positive associations between the level of PA, grip strength, leg length and 6MWD. The total of 37.7% of the variance in 6MWD can be explained while considering the level of PA and grip strength in this population. Future research is still needed to include elderly populations with DS and more measures (i.e., motivation, leg length) to implement effective intervention and optimize functional performance in individuals with DS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Functional mobility disability affects more than one in five adults over 70 years and increases to 80% by 90 years. While negative changes in mobility are multifactorial, deleterious body composition changes contribute significantly. Resistance training alters the negative trajectory of physical function as well as increases lean mass among older adults. Recently, high-velocity (HV) resistance training has been indicated as an effective intervention to increase lean mass and functional performance.Aims: The present investigation compared body composition, physical function, and muscular strength changes between HV and LV resistance training programs.Methods: Participants > 65 years (n = 53) were randomly assigned to LV, HV, or active control (AC) group and participated in their respective intervention for 48 weeks.Results: Analysis of covariance revealed no significant body composition changes over time between groups (p > 0.05). Eight-foot up-and-go performance improved in the HV and AC groups (p < 0.05) with no change in the LV group (p > 0.05) over time. Muscular strength increased in both the LV and HV groups within the first 24 weeks, while only in the LV group, muscular strength continued to increase from 24 to 48 weeks (p < 0.05).Discussion: Resistance training appears to be an effective intervention for improving aspects of physical function and muscular strength; however, no significant changes in body composition were observed over the 48-week intervention.Conclusion: Findings from the current investigation support use of resistance training for improving physical function among community-dwelling older adults. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The body weight support (BWS) system that allows a patient to support his or her body weight in step-wise fashion, depending on their physical condition, is an important intervention that assists individuals with gait disabilities in their gait rehabilitation. In this paper, we measured human body signals in order to verify a rehabilitation system using active harness that we developed for gait and balance training based on ceiling-rail platform. 20 healthy participants were performed to conduct daily activities related to lower limbs. They did a kind of motions related to daily life (Normal Walking, Stand-to-Sit, and Stair Walking Down) according to variation of body weight support rates (0%, 30%, 50% of subject’s body weight). The effectiveness of the weight supporting on healthy people is analyzed by the muscular activities and foot pressure distribution. In normal walking, the decrease of fore-foot pressure, lateral soleus muscle and biceps femoris muscle were remarkable. The result of stand-to-sit results motion indicated that the rearfoot pressure and tibialis anterior muscle activities exceptionally decreased according to body weight support. The stair walking down results indicate the marked drop of fore-foot pressure and rectus femoris muscle activities. Based on these results, a function of weight supporting is very helpful to improve the gait ability of people with gait disorder. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aims of this study were to examine the longitudinal association between muscular fitness (MF) and blood pressure (BP) 2 years later, and to determine whether changes in MF over a 2-year period were associated with BP at follow-up, in adolescents. The sample comprised 734 youths (349 girls) aged from 12 to 18 years. MF was assessed with the standing long jump and handgrip tests. Socioeconomic status, pubertal stage, waist circumference, resting BP, and cardiorespiratory fitness were measured according to standard procedures. Regression analyses showed a significant inverse association between MF at baseline and systolic BP (β = - 0.072; p = 0.032) and rate pressure product (β = - 0.124; p < 0.001) at follow-up, after adjustments for age, sex, height, pubertal stage, and socioeconomic status. However, when analyses were further adjusted for waist circumference and cardiorespiratory fitness, these associations did not remain significant. Adolescents with persistently high and increasing MF exhibited the lowest levels of diastolic BP (F(3, 721) = 3.814, p = 0.018) and systolic BP (F(3, 721) = 3.908, p = 0.014) when compared to those with persistent low MF after adjustment for age, sex, height, socioeconomic status, cardiorespiratory fitness, and waist circumference.Conclusion: This study suggests that persistent greater and increasing MF in youth are associated with lower levels of BP across the adolescence. What is Known: • Currently, there is a growing interest on the health benefits of muscular fitness. • Cross-sectional studies have identified an association between muscular fitness and blood pressure in adolescents. What is New: • Changes in muscular fitness during adolescence were associated with systolic and diastolic BP over a 2-year period. • Adolescents with persistently low muscular fitness exhibited the highest levels of diastolic and systolic BP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: This study compared spinal alignment, muscular strength, and quality of life (QOL) between women with postmenopausal osteoporosis and healthy volunteers. The results indicated that lower QOL in osteoporosis patients may be associated with increased thoracic kyphosis, reduced lean muscle mass, and generalized muscle weakness. Introduction: Increased spinal kyphosis is common in patients with osteoporosis and negatively impacts quality of life (QOL). Muscular strength is also important for QOL in patients with osteoporosis. However, spinal kyphosis and muscle weakness also occur in healthy individuals with advancing age. The purposes of this study were thus to compare spinal alignment, muscular strength, and QOL between women with postmenopausal osteoporosis and healthy volunteers. Methods: Participants comprised 236 female patients with postmenopausal osteoporosis (mean age, 68.7 years) and 93 healthy volunteer women (mean age, 71.0 years). Body mass index (BMI), angles of spinal kyphosis, back extensor strength, grip strength, and QOL were compared between groups. Results: BMI, back extensor strength, and grip strength were significantly higher in the volunteer group than in the osteoporosis group ( p < 0.01). Both thoracic kyphosis and lumbar lordosis were significantly greater in the osteoporosis group than in the volunteer group ( p < 0.01). With regard to QOL, the 36-Item Short-Form Health Survey (SF-36) subscale scores of role physical, bodily pain, general health, and role emotional were all significantly lower in the osteoporosis group than in the volunteer group ( p < 0.05 each). SF-36 physical component summary (PCS) score was significantly lower in the osteoporosis group than in the volunteer group ( p < 0.001). SF-36 PCS score correlated positively with thoracic kyphosis and negatively with BMI only in the osteoporosis group ( p < 0.05 each). Conclusions: These results indicated that lower QOL in osteoporosis patients may be associated with increased thoracic kyphosis, reduced lean muscle mass, and generalized muscle weakness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Our purpose was to compare supramaximal versus submaximal intensity eccentric training performed until volitional fatigue.Methods: Thirty-two young adults (19 males) were randomized into one of three groups: (1) ECC110 performed eccentric (ECC) only contractions at 110% of concentric (CON) 1-repetition maximum (1RM); (2) ECC80 performed ECC only contractions at 80% of CON 1RM; (3) a control group. Training progressed from 3 to 6 sets of unilateral ECC training of the elbow flexors over 8 weeks, with each set performed until volitional fatigue. Elbow flexors muscle thickness (via ultrasound) and 1RM were assessed pre- and post-training. Rating of perceived exertion (RPE) and muscle soreness was self-reported.Results: Both ECC110 (+0.25 cm) and ECC80 (+0.21 cm) showed a greater post-training increase in muscle thickness compared to control (-0.01 cm) (p < 0.05), with no differences between ECC110 and ECC80. ECC80 (+1.23 kg) showed a greater post-training increase in strength compared to control (p < 0.05), while ECC110 (+0.76 kg) had no significant difference post-training vs. control (-0.01 kg). ECC80 had significantly lower average RPE scores than ECC110 (p < 0.05).Conclusions: Both supramaximal intensity eccentric training and submaximal intensity eccentric training are effective for increasing muscle size, but submaximal eccentric training is perceived to require less exertion than supramaximal training. These findings suggest that submaximal eccentric training may be an ideal strategy to increase muscle size and strength in individuals whose needs warrant training at a lower level of exertion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The underlying mechanism linking the decline in exercise capacity with renal dysfunction remains unclear. Urinary liver-type fatty acid-binding protein (L-FABP) levels reflect the degree of peritubular capillary blood flow, an important factor for renal dysfunction with aging. The aim of this study was to examine the relationship between exercise capacity and urinary L-FABP levels. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study of 187 middle-aged and older individuals (aged 50-83 years) without chronic kidney disease (CKD). We assessed urinary L-FABP levels, peak oxygen consumption ( $$\dot{\text{V}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{2peak}}}$$ ), and grip strength. Results: Urinary L-FABP levels inversely correlated with both $$\dot{\text{V}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{2peak}}}$$ ( r = −0.349) and grip strength ( r = −0.485). When the participants were divided into four groups according to the median values of aerobic fitness and muscular strength ( $$\dot{\text{V}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{2peak}}}$$ and grip strength), urinary L-FABP levels were the highest in participants with lower levels of aerobic fitness and muscular strength (2.95 ± 1.43 μg/g creatinine) and the lowest in the participants with higher levels of aerobic fitness and muscular strength (1.33 ± 0.76 μg/g creatinine). The difference between the two groups was significant ( P < 0.001). Conclusion: Our results demonstrate that both $$\dot{\text{V}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{2peak}}}$$ and grip strength were inversely associated with urinary L-FABP levels in middle-aged and older individuals without CKD. This suggests that a decline in exercise capacity is associated with a reduction in peritubular capillary blood flow, providing a novel insight into the underlying mechanism linking the decline in exercise capacity to the development of renal dysfunction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The aim of the present meta-analysis was to quantify effects of resistance exercise (RE) on physical performance and function, body composition, health-related quality of life (HRQoL), and fatigue in patients with prostate cancer.Methods: Trial data were obtained from the databases PubMed, MEDLINE, EMBASE, SCOPUS, and the Cochrane Library as of inception to 31st of December 2016. Thirty-two trials with 1199 patients were included. Results that were measured by using the same assessment method in five or more of the original studies were pooled in a meta-analysis.Results: Pooled studies showed significant improvements of muscular strength in the upper and lower body (95% CI [2.52, 7.97] kg; p < 0.001 and 95% CI [10.51, 45.88] kg; p = 0.008, respectively) after RE. Furthermore, significant improvements were seen for body composition (body fat percentage 95% CI [-0.79, -0.53] %; p < 0.001; lean body mass 95% CI [0.15, 1.84] %; p = 0.028; trunk fat mass 95% CI [-0.73, -0.08] kg; p = 0.024). Additionally, the improvement of the 400-m walk time was significant (95% CI [-21.55, -14.65] s; p < 0.001). Concerning fatigue and HRQoL, there were not sufficient data for analysis.Conclusions: RE seems to be a promising approach in order to counteract loss of muscle mass, muscle strength, and physical performance in patients suffering from prostate cancer and its treatment-related side effects. RE should play part in interdisciplinary cancer rehabilitation and care of this patient group. Nevertheless, further research should investigate RE further to determine which protocols are the most pragmatic, yet yielding best patient outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Physical limits of speed performances impose strong selective pressures on animals, influencing important functions such as predator avoidance and foraging success. Armoured herbivorous species such as tortoises represent a peculiar case: features that optimise encounter rate during reproduction, the ability to reach favourable sites for thermoregulation and resting, foraging or nesting sites may be more important than running speed. To explore this issue, we measured three characteristics related to travelling ability but that are independent of running speed: (1) muscular strength, (2) time needed for overturning and (3) jumping from a high step as proxies of the ability to overcome various obstacles. Additionally, reaction times in tortoises placed in a normal or overturned position were measured as a proxy of antipredator response. More than 400 adult Hermann's tortoises from six populations were tested in the field during two seasons. Measures of travelling ability and antipredator response varied markedly among populations, and thus with environmental characteristics such as habitat type, terrain ruggedness and presence of predators. Tortoises from rugged and hot habitats (e.g. Mediterranean macchia) were the most successful and the fastest to accomplish the tests. Overturned tortoises were more reluctant to start moving compared to those in normal position, but this effect was absent in the two localities free from predators. Sex and season had limited effect on the measured performances. Overall, locomotor features essentially varied with environmental constraints. Future environmental studies should explore whether the observed differences among populations are linked to genetic adaptation or phenotypic plasticity. Significance statement: Locomotor performances crucially influence habitat use, foraging and reproductive success, thus directly affecting individual fitness. Although running speed is often considered as a main indicator of agility, in armoured terrestrial vertebrates some other agility components might be more important. Heavy, rigid armour imposes trade-off between protection of soft body parts and locomotor performances and consequently habitat use. This study compiles three tests of locomotor performance which might be important for overcoming various obstacles present in mosaic habitats of tortoises. Testing adult Hermann's tortoises from six populations with various habitat characteristics, we found significant inter-population differences. The ability of tortoises to complete the tests positively correlates with climatic conditions and topography of their habitats. Additionally, presence of predators in the habitats dramatically affects tortoise's antipredator behaviour. Measured locomotor performances and antipredator behaviour showed surprisingly low level of sexual dimorphism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction Muscle strength is a common issue in fragility syndrome and sarcopenia, both of them involved in the pathogenesis of falls and fractures. Objective To study the relationship between hand grip strength and functional recovery after hip fracture surgery. Methodology This prospective observational study included patients aged 65 years and older who were admitted to hospital for hip fracture surgery during a 12 month period. Functional status (Barthel Index), mental status (Cruz Roja Index), hand grip strength, 25/OH-Vitamin D plasmatic levels were evaluated at admission. Follow-up was performed 3 months after discharge to assess functional status and survival. Correlations between hand grip strength and the rest of variables were evaluated. Univariate and multivariate analyses were further applied. Mean age of subjects was 85.1 ± 0.63 years. Out of 127 subjects, 103 were women and 24 were men. Hand grip strength was obtained in 85 patients (76.5%) and, values were between 3.3 and 24.8 kg and 81 patients (95.2%) had values below cut-point of sarcopenia considering European Working Group of Sarcopenia criteria. Hand grip strength at admission shows significant association to Barthel index at three months and functional recovery. It is also associated with age ( P < 0.001) ( r = 0.81), sex ( P = 0.001), cognitive status by Cruz Roja Index ( P < 0.001) and functional status measured at admission by Barthel Index ( P < 0.01) ( r = −0.22). Multivariate analysis confirmed that variables were independently associated to grip strength. Conclusion Hand grip strength measured at admission in Orthogeriatric Unit after hip fracture is directly related to functional recovery in elderly patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Arthroskopie is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Purpose: Physical exercise has been shown to be an effective, safe, and quite inexpensive method to reduce cardiovascular and metabolic risk factors and is currently in the process of establishing its relevance for cancer specific morbidity and mortality. The aim of this systematic review was to focus on specific effects of resistance exercise (RE) in the adjuvant therapy and rehabilitation of prostate cancer patients (PCaPs) receiving or having received androgen deprivation therapy (ADT). Methods: A systematic literature search focusing on relevant and peer-reviewed studies published between 1966 and September 2014, using PubMed, EMBASE, MEDLINE, SCOPUS, and Cochrane Library databases, was conducted. Results: The majority of studies demonstrated RE as an effective and safe intervention to improve muscular strength and performance, fatigue and quality of life (QoL) in PCaPs, while there is inconclusive evidence concerning cardiovascular performance, body composition, blood lipids, bone mineral density (BMD), and immune response. Conclusion: Existing evidence leads to the conclusion that RE seems to be a safe intervention in PCaPs with beneficial effects on physical performance capacity and QoL. Nevertheless, further research in this field is urgently needed to increase understanding of exercise interventions in PCaPs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of an additional set of exhaustive exercise before traditional hypertrophic training on quadriceps muscle performance in young men. Methods: Subjects performed maximal dynamic strength (1RM), local muscular endurance (LME), and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) tests before and after an 8-week hypertrophic training program using a knee extensor machine. After baseline testing, the subjects were divided into 3 groups: untrained control, traditional training (TR), and prior exhaustive training (PE). Both the TR and PE groups trained using the same training protocol (2 days week; 3 sets of 8-12 repetitions at 75 % of 1RM); the only difference was that the PE group performed an additional set of exhaustive exercise at 20 % of 1RM before each training session. Results: After 8 weeks, the PE group experienced a greater ( P < 0.05) increase in 1RM, cross-sectional area, and LME than the TR group. Additionally, no changes ( P > 0.05) in daily dietary intake were observed between groups. Conclusion: These results suggest that the inclusion of a single set of exhaustive exercise at 20 % of 1RM before traditional hypertrophic training can be a suitable strategy for inducing additional beneficial effects on quadriceps strength, hypertrophy, and endurance in young men. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

According to published reports, an incomplete restoration of the muscular strength is observed after malleolar fractures. This made us evaluate the contractile capacity of the tibial muscles after treatment of 59 adult patients with malleolar fractures using Ilizarov's method. In addition, five patients underwent comprehensive follow-up examinations long after fracture treatment. We found that a practically complete restoration of the anatomical size, electrogenesis, and contractile property of the tibial muscles was possible in the interval from five to eight years after treatment. This can be explained by a precise repositioning and reliable fixation of the bone fragments during treatment and an increase in the sensitivity of the neuromotor responses to specific impacts during muscle adaptation to function under conditions of habitual motor activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In breaststroke, at each arm action corresponds one leg kick; therefore, compared to the other strokes (front crawl, backstroke and butterfly), the contribution of the lower limbs is more important. However, it can be observed that the same distance can be covered at similar velocities with different stroke length (SL) and, as a consequence, stroke rate (SR). Hence, it seems that breaststroke swimmers can use different styles to achieve their goals. Therefore, the assessment of upper and lower limbs strength becomes very important along with the style being used during breaststroke performance. Twenty-four male and twenty female national-level breaststroke swimmers were divided in two groups for each gender, according to their SR (low-SR and high-SR). They performed 100 m breaststroke all-out performance in a 50 m swimming pool. SR, SL and velocity ( v) were measured. To assess upper and lower limbs strength, swimmers underwent dry-land chin-up and jump & reach tests. Dry-land tests did not correlate to v ( p > 0.05). SL inversely correlated to chin-up and directly correlated to jump & reach ( p < 0.01). Regardless to the gender, low-SR had lower chin-up results than high-SR (males 0.19 ± 0.03 vs. 0.24 ± 0.04 nr kg, p < 0.01; females 0.13 ± 0.02 vs. 0.15 ± 0.03 nr kg, p < 0.05) and jumped higher than high-SR (males 31.74 ± 0.50 vs. 25.11 ± 0.55 % height, p < 0.001; females 22.93 ± 0.33 vs. 20.54 ± 0.63 % height, p < 0.01) swimmers. Despite many factors are involved in determining swimming performance, upper and lower limbs strength seems to be linked to a different breaststroke style in our group of swimmers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the study was to examine the association of muscular strength with markers of insulin resistance in European adolescents. The study comprised a total of 1,053 adolescents (499 males; 12.5-17.5 years) from ten European cities participating in the Healthy Lifestyle in Europe by Nutrition in Adolescence (HELENA) Cross-Sectional Study. Muscular strength was measured by the handgrip strength and standing long jump tests. Cardiorespiratory fitness was measured by the 20-m shuttle run test. Fasting insulin and glucose were measured and the homeostasis model assessment (HOMA) and quantitative insulin sensitivity check index (QUICKI) indices were calculated. Weight, height, waist circumference and skinfold thickness were measured, and body mass index (BMI) was calculated. In males, the handgrip strength and standing long jump tests were negatively associated with fasting insulin and HOMA (all P < 0.05) after controlling for pubertal status, country and BMI or waist circumference. When skinfold thickness was included in the model, the association became non-significant. In females, the standing long jump test was negatively associated with fasting insulin and HOMA (all P < 0.001) after controlling for pubertal status, country and surrogate markers of total or central body fat (BMI, waist circumference or skinfold thickness). Findings were retained in males, but not in females after controlling for cardiorespiratory fitness. The findings of the present study suggest that preventive strategies should focus not only on decreasing fatness and increasing cardiorespiratory fitness but also on enhancing muscular strength. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Wiener Klinische Wochenschrift is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to examine the effects of age (≤65 years or >65 years) and androgen-deprivation therapy (ADT, presence or absence) as factors that may predict changes in body composition and fitness following a 24-week exercise program in prostate cancer patients. Methods: One hundred twenty-one men were randomly allocated to either: (1) aerobic exercise (AE), (2) resistance exercise (RE), or (3) usual care (UC). Body composition was assessed by DXA. Aerobic fitness was assessed through a maximal treadmill test. Muscular strength was assessed by leg extension and bench press using the eight-repetition maximum test. Responses were compared between younger (≤65 years) and older (>65 years) patients with or without ADT. Results: There did not appear to be an interaction between age and ADT on body composition or fitness, nor were there any significant changes in body composition for participants ≤65 years. In participants aged >65 years, lean mass decreased in AE ( p = 0.013) and UC ( p = 0.006), but was preserved in RE. In participants receiving ADT, there was a decrease in lean mass in AE ( p = 0.003) and UC ( p < 0.001) but not in RE. The non-ADT group did not show any changes in body composition but did show improvements in muscular fitness following resistance training ( p < 0.001). Conclusion: Changes in body composition and physical fitness following a 24-week exercise program in men with prostate cancer are not influenced by age and/or ADT. Resistance training appears to attenuate the age-related decrease in lean mass and increase in body fat in older patients with prostate cancer and those receiving ADT. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aging is associated with loss of endurance; however, aging is also associated with decreased fatigue during maximal isometric contractions. The aims of this study were to examine the relationship between age and walking endurance (WE) and maximal isometric fatigue (MIF) and to determine which metabolic/fitness components explain the expected age effects on WE and MIF. Subjects were 96 pre-menopausal women. Oxygen uptake (walking economy) was assessed during a 3-mph walk; aerobic capacity and WE by progressive treadmill test; knee extension strength by isometric contractions, MIF during a 90-s isometric plantar flexion (muscle metabolism measured by (31)P MRS). Age was related to increased walking economy (low VO(2), r = -0.19, P < 0.03) and muscle metabolic economy (force/ATP, 0.34, P = 0.01), and reduced MIF (-0.26, P < 0.03). However, age was associated with reduced WE (-0.28, P < 0.01). Multiple regression showed that muscle metabolic economy explained the age-related decrease in MIF (partial r for MIF and age -0.13, P = 0.35) whereas walking economy did not explain the age-related decrease in WE (partial r for WE and age -0.25, P < 0.02). Inclusion of VO(2max) and knee endurance strength accounted for the age-related decreased WE (partial r for WE and age = 0.03, P > 0.80). In premenopausal women, age is related to WE and MIF. In addition, these results support the hypothesis that age-related increases in metabolic economy may decrease MIF. However, decreased muscle strength and oxidative capacity are related to WE. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this study is to analyse the association of objectively assessed physical activity (PA) with muscular strength and fat-free mass in adolescents, and to determine whether meeting the current PA recommendations is associated with higher levels of muscular strength and fat-free mass. The present cross-sectional study comprised 363 Spanish adolescents (180 females) aged 12.5-17.5 years. PA was assessed by accelerometry and expressed as average PA (counts/min), and min/day of inactive, light, moderate, vigorous and moderate to vigorous PA (MVPA). MVPA was dichotomized into < 60 min/day and > or = 60. Upper body muscular strength was measured with the handgrip strength test, and lower body muscular strength was measured with the standing broad jump, squat jump, counter movement jump and Abalakov tests. Fat-free mass was measured by DXA. We observed positive associations between vigorous PA and all the lower body muscular strength tests except for the counter movement jump in males. PA was not associated with fat-free mass in both males and females. Male adolescents engaged in at least 60 min/day MVPA performed better in the standing broad jump test. In conclusion, the findings of the present study suggest that only vigorous PA is associated with muscular strength, particularly lower-body muscular strength in male adolescents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to evaluate the effect of 18-week progressive muscular strength and proprioception training program on the muscle strength of the quadriceps, in prevention of falls in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis. The incidence of falls in the intervention group was significantly lower than in the control group (incidence rate ratio (IRR) = 0.263, 95% CI 0.10–0.68). This study aims to evaluate the effect of a progressive muscular strength and proprioception training program on the muscle strength of the quadriceps, balance, quality of life, and reduction in the risk of falls in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis. One hundred sedentary postmenopausal women with osteoporosis, ages ranging from 55 to 75, were selected and randomized into two groups: the intervention group comprised of 50 patients who underwent a 18-week of progressive load training for the quadriceps muscle (50% up to 80% of 1-RM—one maximum repetition) and proprioception training associated to a drug treatment of osteoporosis and the control group that included 50 patients who only underwent a drug treatment of osteoporosis. The muscular strength, balance, functional mobility, and quality of life were evaluated in the beginning and end of the research. The number of falls was evaluated 24 weeks post-treatment. Eighty-five patients concluded the research. The program promoted a significant difference among the groups for SF-36 in the eight sub-scales ( p ≤ 0.0018), Timed Up & Go Test ( p < 0.0001), 1-RM test ( p < 0.0001), Berg Balance Scale ( p < 0.0001) and also a decrease in the number of falls in the intervention group compared to control (IRR = 0.263, 95% CI 0.10–0.68, p = 0.0064). The association of progressive strength training for the quadriceps and the proprioceptive training is effective for the prevention of falls, increasing the muscle power, the static and dynamic balance and increasing the speed of the motor responses, therefore improving the performance of daily activities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Women participated in 5 months of unilateral concentric ( n = 37) or eccentric ( n = 33) isokinetic resistance training of the legs and arms. Limb muscular strength increased as did total body, leg, and arm fat-free soft tissue mass, total body BMC, hip BMD, and forearm BMC and BMD. Isokinetic training benefits bone mineral acquisition. Isokinetic resistance training (IRT) is osteogenic; however, it is not known if concentric or eccentric modalities of IRT produce differential effects on bone. We tested our hypothesis that high-load eccentric versus concentric mode of IRT would produce greater increases in muscular strength, fat-free soft tissue mass (FFSTM), bone mineral density (BMD) and content (BMC) in trained legs and arms. Participants were randomized to 5 months of concentric ( n = 37) or eccentric ( n = 33) training. The non-dominant leg and arm were used during training; dominant limbs served as controls. Muscular strength was measured with an isokinetic dynamometer; body composition was measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Muscular strength of the concentrically and eccentrically trained leg (18.6%; 28.9%) and arm (12.5%; 24.6%) significantly increased with training. Gains in total body (TB) BMC ( p < 0.05) and, in the trained limbs, total proximal femur BMD ( p < 0.05) and total forearm BMD ( p < 0.05) and BMC ( p < 0.05) occurred in both groups. FFSTM increased for the TB and trained leg and arm (all p < 0.001) in both modes. Regardless of the mode, high-intensity, slow-velocity IRT increases muscular strength and FFSTM of trained limbs and imparts benefits to TB BMC and site-specific BMD and BMC in young women. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examined changes among young females of resting serum dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEAS) concentration after an 8-week period of resistance training. Nineteen healthy untrained young females [training group: age 18.9 (0.3) years, n=10, control group: age 19.3 (1.0) years, n=9; mean (SD)] were recruited in this study. The training group participated in an 8-week resistance training program (2 days per week on nonconsecutive days). The control group did not involve in any resistance training or regular exercise during the study period. Muscular strength, anthropometry, and resting hormonal levels were measured before and after training in both groups. Serum concentrations of DHEAS, dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), testosterone and cortisol were measured by radioimmunoassay. Body mass (2.4%) and lean body mass (2.4%) were significantly increased in the training group (P<0.05), but not in the control group. The training also significantly increased one-repetition maximum (1-RM) values (P<0.05). In the training group, resting concentration of serum DHEAS significantly increased after training (P<0.05). Percent change of DHEAS in the training group was greater than that of the control group (P<0.05). In the training group, the change of DHEAS level was positively correlated with the change of lean body mass during the training (r=0.61; P<0.05). Serum DHEA, testosterone and cortisol concentrations did not change in either group during the training. The dramatic increase of resting serum DHEAS concentration after training indicates that DHEAS might be an anabolic hormone marker of adaptation to resistance training among young females. Results are presented as mean (SD). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Der Hautarzt is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Previously established normative data for muscular strength, endurance and the flexibility of women have recently been criticized as being unreliable. Furthermore, no normative data for the muscular fitness of women over 70 years of age are established. The purpose of this study was to derive normative data for muscular fitness in women 20–70+ years old, and to compare these data to the most recently published norms of the American College of Sports Medicine (ACSM). A total of 304 independent-living women were evaluated for maximal performance of bench press, leg press, modified push-ups, grip strength, and sit-and-reach. Tables of normative values for each measurement were generated along with percentile rankings. Large discrepancies were found between these new data and those of the ACSM norms. Bench press norms from ACSM are comparatively high so that the average woman in this current sample scored below the 10th percentile of the ACSM rankings. Similarly, the average woman in our sample ranked in either the poor or fair category of the ACSM norms for modified push-ups, and in the poor ACSM category for sit-and-reach. In contrast, leg press scores for the average woman in this study fell within the good or excellent category of the ACSM norms, suggesting that the ACSM norms are too low. Grip strength for the middle-aged women in this study was higher than that in previous norms. These newly established norms are better suited for interpreting women's fitness test results than previously published norms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Operative Orthopädie und Traumatologie is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Some anthropological and physiological measurements were taken in 38 competitors of the European championship for female gymnasts in 1967 in Amsterdam. Female top gymnasts were characterized by small height (mean 1.58 m) and weight (mean 52.6 kg). They had extraordinarily small skinfolds, which correlated negatively with their performance. Muscles were well developed and thorax width correlated significantly with the total score. The time necessary for the last part of the run for horsevault correlated significantly with the mark for this jump. The best gymnasts took a relatively long running distance. Jumping height, measured by a jump test, correlated also with the mark for horsevault. Running time and jumping height also correlated significantly with the mark for floor exercise. Handgrip strength did not correlate with the performance. The average of this group of top gymnasts did not differ significantly from that of other groups of women. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]