Search

Background: The host cellular immune response associated with two treatments for post-kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis (PKDL) - paromomycin plus miltefosine (Arm 1), and liposomal amphotericin B plus miltefosine (Arm 2) - was examined in Sudanese patients before treatment (D0), at the end of treatment (D42), and during the post-treatment period (D180). Methods: Whole blood samples were stimulated with soluble Leishmania antigen for 24 h (whole blood assay [WBA]) and the concentrations of Th1/Th2/Th17-associated cytokines, IP-10, PDL-1 and granzyme B were determined. Results: The Arm 1 treatment (98.2% cure rate) induced a Th1/Th2/Th17 response, while the Arm 2 treatment (80% cure rate) induced a Th1/Th2 response. Five Arm 2 patients relapsed and showed lower IFN-γ, TNF and IL-1β concentrations at D0 than non-relapsers in this Arm. In patients with low-IFN-γ-production at D0, Arm 1 treatment led to a better host immune response and clinical outcome than Arm 2 treatment. Conclusions: A Th1/Th2/Th17 response was associated with a higher cure rate. Patients with low IFN-γ, TNF and IL-1β before treatment are more likely to relapse if they undergo Arm 2-type treatment. Determining IFN-γ, TNF and IL-10 levels prior to treatment could help predict patients at higher risk of relapse/recovery from PKDL. Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT03399955, Registered 17 January 2018, https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/ NCT03399955. Highlights: No blood biomarker can currently predict treatment outcome for patients with PKDL. The cellular response during treatment is key to overcoming leishmaniasis. Patients who relapsed showed low SLA-induced production of IFN-γ, TNF and IL-1β. Treatment effectiveness was related to higher IFN-γ production and absence of IL-10. PKDL treatment can be monitored and relapse predicted by the whole blood assay. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plant-derived phytochemicals from medicinal plants are becoming increasingly attractive natural sources of antimicrobial and antiviral agents due to their therapeutic value, mechanism of action, level of toxicity and bioavailability. The continued emergence of more immune-evasive strains and the rate of resistance to current antiviral drugs have created a need to identify new antiviral agents against SARS-CoV-2. This study investigated the antiviral potential of balsaminol, a bioactive compound from Momordica balsamina, and its inhibitory activities against SARS-CoV-2 receptor proteins. In this study, three Food and Drug Administration (FDA) COVID-19 approved drugs namely; nirmatrelvir, ritonavir and remdesivir were used as positive control. Molecular docking was performed to determine the predominant binding mode (most negative Gibbs free energy of binding/ΔG) and inhibitory activity of balsaminol against SARS-CoV-2 receptor proteins. The pharmacokinetics, toxicity, physicochemical and drug-like properties of balsaminol were evaluated to determine its potential as an active oral drug candidate as well as its non-toxicity in humans. The results show that balsaminol E has the highest binding affinity to the SARS CoV-2 papain-like protease (7CMD) with a free binding energy of − 8.7 kcal/mol, followed by balsaminol A interacting with the spike receptor binding domain (6VW1) with − 8.5 kcal/mol and balsaminol C had a binding energy of − 8.1 kcal/mol with the main protease (6LU7) comparable to the standard drugs namely ritonavir, nirmatrelvir and remdesivir. However, the ADMET and drug-like profile of balsaminol F favours it as a better potential drug candidate and inhibitor of the docked SARS-CoV-2 receptor proteins. Further preclinical studies are therefore recommended. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the effects of fully littered, slatted and their varying combinations on growth, performance, carcass and meat quality characteristics in broiler chickens were investigated. In the experiment, five treatment groups were formed as fully littered (FL), fully slatted (FS), 1/3 littered + 2/3 slatted (2/3 SF), 1/2 littered + 1/2 slatted (1/2SF), 2/3 littered + 1/3 slatted (1/3 SF). Each treatment group included 5 replicates (24 chicks in each) and a total of 600 male-female mixed fast growing broiler chicks (Ross-308) were used during 6 weeks. Weekly body weight (BW, g), feed intake (FI, g), feed conversion ratio (FCR, g.feed intake/g.weight gain), livability (%) and EPEF (European Production Efficiency Factor) were determined as performance characteristics. Carcass yield (CY, %), and the percentages of abdominal fat (AFP, %), edible internal organs (EIOP, %), gizzard (GP, %), breast (BRP, %) and thigh (TP, %) meat were the carcass characteristics. Meat quality measured by pH and color (L*: lightness, a*: redness, b*: yellowness) of breast and thigh meat, and occurrence of white striping and hemorrhaging in breast meat. The weekly BW differences among the floor treatments were significant (P < 0.01), and 1/3SF broilers were the heaviest at slaughter age (3311.6 g). The 6-week FCR in FS broilers was significantly worse than the others (1.471), but FI, livability and EPEF were similar among treatments. AFP tended to be higher in FL birds (P = 0.066), while CY, EIOP, GP, BRP and TP did not differ between groups. Breast pH was similar between treatments, with 1/2SF showing the highest (6.34) and FL the lowest (6.24) breast pH (P < 0.01). The partially slatted systems caused lighter, redder and yellower color values in breast meat (P < 0.01) than the fully littered or slatted systems, but did not change the color of the thigh meat. White striping and hemorrhaging in breast meat were not affected by the floor treatments. This study suggests that the use of partially slatted systems in broiler chickens improves meat color without compromising performance traits (body weight, feed efficiency, EPEF), litter moisture and slaughter traits and these systems could be an alternative to fully littered systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to investigate the effects of varying stocking densities during the first 10 days on the performance, welfare, slaughter and meat quality characteristics of broiler chickens in the subsequent period (11–42 days). In the study, treatments representing 3 different stocking densities with the same group sizes were established and a total of 432 d-old chicks were used. In the first 10 days of the rearing period, treatments of 18 (SD18), 27 (SD27) and 36 (SD36) chicks per m2 were formed, and at 11 days of age, chicks in all treatments were reared at a density of 18 chicks/m2. Body weight differences in SD18, SD27 and SD36 treatments at 10 and 42 days of age were significant (P < 0.05), they were 252.6, 254.3 and 241.5 g in SD18, SD27 and SD36 groups at 10 days and 2961.1, 2874.8 and 2842.7 g at 42 days of age, respectively. In the first 10 days of growing period, SD36 showed a significant difference (P < 0.05) from the other groups in feed intake and feed conversion ratio, but this was not significant at slaughter age. The livability at 10 and 42 days was not different among treatments and was between 98.6 and 99.3% and 93.5–93.8%, respectively. The uniformity at 10 days was significant among the stocking density groups (P < 0.05) and the best uniformity level was obtained in the SD36 group, the differences in CV values at 42 days were not significant among the treatments. EPEF (European production efficiency factor) values were not different between the groups, the highest numerical value was determined in the SD36 group. Foot pad dermatitis, hock burn and breast burn levels were significantly higher in SD18 chickens (P < 0.05), however incidence of finger crookedness and valgus-varus deformity did not differ between the treatments. The litter moisture contents were similar between treatments, and ranged from 25.6 to 32.6%. Different stocking density treatments during the first 10 days of the experiment had no significant effect on slaughter, abdominal fat, carcass parts, color and pH values in the breast and thigh meat. In conclusion, rearing broiler chickens by dividing the poultry house area by half during the first 10 days (36 birds/m2) could help to improve the overall productivity (EPEF) by providing ease of maintenance, efficient heating and better control. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Anthrax has re-emerged in domestic ruminants in Nigeria with public health concerns. This study assessed stakeholders’ perceptions and preventive preparedness toward further resurgence and spread at the human-animal-environment interface. A questionnaire-based cross-sectional study was conducted in Nigeria. Descriptive and analytical statistical analyses were performed at 95% confidence levels. All the 384 recruited stakeholders responded. The majority (96.2%) of animal health practitioners (AHPs) and 56.7% of pastoralists were aware of the recent anthrax re-emergence in Nigeria (p < 0.001). Noteworthy, 88.5% of the AHPs and 32.2% of pastoralists mentioned that anthrax has an environmental component in its transmission to humans and animals. From the environmental perspective, 87.7% of AHPs and 24.0% of pastoralists significantly perceived that soil and aerosol contamination with anthrax spores are highly plausible explanation routes for its re-emergence. Extreme weather events (high rainfall, flooding, winds, and drought) (p = 0.001); grazing of livestock on pastures grown on contaminated soil (p < 0.001), transboundary movement and trade of animals (p = 0.001); introduction of new animals into the herds without quarantine (p = 0.001); and bioterrorism (p < 0.001) were more likely to influence the re-emergence and spread of anthrax. To tackle gaps in knowledge and risk perceptions, and address the socio-economic and anthropogenic drivers, cooperation and collaborations through the lens of the One Health approach are needed. The partnership will promote an integrated disease surveillance system from planning to implementation for the realization of elimination or reduction of the burden of anthrax and other zoonoses in Nigeria and contribute to achieving food safety, food security, and public and ecosystem health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The use of anti-retroviral therapy (ART) has made HIV a manageable condition, but there are risks associated with medications like reverse transcriptase inhibitors (RTIs) and integrase strand transfer inhibitors (INSTIs), such as liver and renal toxicity. It is essential to understand these risks for effective treatment and case management. Investigating liver toxicity related to RTIs and INSTIs in Nigeria is crucial for optimizing HIV treatment. This study aimed to assess the impact of tenofovir lamivudine dolutegravir (TLD) on the liver function of HIV patients at Nigerian Navy Hospital (NNH)-Warri. Methods: The liver function of 170 participants was assessed, with 120 on ART and the remainder being HIV-negative attendees at NNH-Warri. The study used a cross-sectional design and selected participants through random sampling. We collected data using a semi-structured questionnaire. Blood samples were taken through venipuncture and stored at – 20 °C before analysis. Ethical approval was obtained, and data analysis was conducted using SPSS Statistical Software Version 23, with significance set at p < 0.05. Results: The study found significant differences in AST, TP, Alb, and GST levels between HIV-positive subjects receiving TLD and HIV-negative individuals. HIV-positive subjects had lower AST and Alb levels but higher TP and GST levels. Further analysis revealed correlations between age, gender, and liver enzymes, highlighting the complex relationship between HIV, liver function, and treatment outcomes. Conclusion: The study suggests that decreased AST levels may have a protective effect, while ALT activity had minimal impact. Changes in TP, Alb, and GSTs emphasize the importance of monitoring hepatic synthetic function and detoxification pathways in HIV patients taking TLD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study used the AirQ + software developed by the World Health Organization (WHO) to evaluate the health impacts associated with long-term exposure to PM2.5 in Mashhad, Iran. For this purpose, we analyzed the daily average concentrations of PM2.5 (with a diameter of 2.5 micrometers or less) registered by the air quality monitoring stations from 2016 to 2021. The levels of PM2.5 surpassed the Air Quality Guidelines (AQG) limit value of 5 µg/m3 (annual value) established by WHO. The findings revealed that the burden of mortality (from all-natural causes) at people above 30 years old associated with PM2.5 exposures was 2093 [95% confidence interval [CI]: 1627–2314] deaths in 2016 and 2750 [95% CI: 2139–3038] deaths in 2021. In general, the attributable mortality from specific causes of deaths (e.g., COPD (chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases), IHD (ischemic heart diseases) and stroke) in people above 25 years old increased between the years, but the mortality from lung cancer was stable at 46 [95% CI: 33–59] deaths in 2016 and 48 [95% CI: 34–61] deaths in 2021. The attributable mortality from ALRI (Acute Lower Respiratory Infection) in children below 5 years old increased between the years. We also found differences in mortality cases from IHD and stroke among the age groups and between the years 2016 and 2021. It was concluded that burden of disease methodologies are suitable tools for regional and national policymakers, who must take decisions to prevent and to control air pollution and to analyze the cost-effectiveness of interventions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Intracranial pressure (ICP) is a physiological parameter that conventionally requires invasive monitoring for accurate measurement. Utilising multivariate predictive models, we sought to evaluate the utility of non-invasive, widely accessible MRI biomarkers in predicting ICP and their reversibility following cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) diversion. The retrospective study included 325 adult patients with suspected CSF dynamic disorders who underwent brain MRI scans within three months of elective 24-h ICP monitoring. Five MRI biomarkers were assessed: Yuh sella grade, optic nerve vertical tortuosity (VT), optic nerve sheath distension, posterior globe flattening and optic disc protrusion (ODP). The association between individual biomarkers and 24-h ICP was examined and reversibility of each following CSF diversion was assessed. Multivariate models incorporating these radiological biomarkers were utilised to predict 24-h median intracranial pressure. All five biomarkers were significantly associated with median 24-h ICP (p < 0.0001). Using a pair-wise approach, the presence of each abnormal biomarker was significantly associated with higher median 24-h ICP (p < 0.0001). On multivariate analysis, ICP was significantly and positively associated with Yuh sella grade (p < 0.0001), VT (p < 0.0001) and ODP (p = 0.003), after accounting for age and suspected diagnosis. The Bayesian multiple linear regression model predicted 24-h median ICP with a mean absolute error of 2.71 mmHg. Following CSF diversion, we found pituitary sella grade to show significant pairwise reversibility (p < 0.001). ICP was predicted with clinically useful precision utilising a compact Bayesian model, offering an easily interpretable tool using non-invasive MRI data. Brain MRI biomarkers are anticipated to play a more significant role in the screening, triaging, and referral of patients with suspected CSF dynamic disorders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Shared sanitation facilities have replaced open defecation in many areas, improving sanitation access. Although a broad body of literature has been published regarding the importance of shared sanitation services, it is still unclear how to assess their quality. The objective of this review was to synthesize evidence on the use of shared sanitation facilities in informal settlements and identify indicators for assessing their quality. We conducted a systematic review of relevant studies and a total of 248 studies were included in the final analysis. Findings include a proposed list of indicators for evaluating the quality of shared sanitation such as the number of people sharing facilities, cleanliness, privacy, facility location, accessibility, and safety, and a tool for distinguishing between sanitation facilities that are improved shared, basic shared and unimproved shared. We recommend incorporating the proposed indicators in primary data collection, and routine national and global sanitation monitoring. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examines the potential impacts of energy efficiency and renewable energy on economic growth proxies by gross domestic product and environmental quality proxies by carbon dioxide emissions across eight selected Asian countries from 2000 to 2020. This study contributes by calculating green total factor productivity and carbon total factor productivity based on the famous Solow's residual via employing a modified extensive growth accounting model that internalized ignored factors such as energy efficiency and renewable energy. The employed panel cointegration techniques confirm that all variables are co-integrated with carbon dioxide emissions and economic growth. The pooled mean group/autoregressive distributed lag model analysis results indicate that energy efficiency is positively associated with both environmental quality and economic growth. Renewable energy hurts economic growth but has a positive effect on environmental quality which suggests the necessity of implementing an effective strategy for renewable energy alongside energy efficiency measures to enhance economic growth and environmental quality in the selected Asian countries. The findings from the fully modified ordinary least squares estimator are consistent with the environmental quality model. The average growth rate of green total factor productivity is positive despite negative contributions from energy efficiency and renewable energy. Similarly, the average growth rate of carbon total factor productivity is negative despite positive contributions from labor and capital. This discrepancy may be attributed to the beneficial effects of labor and capital as input productivity-driven. Embracing renewable energy sources can take significant steps toward improving environmental quality for future generations. Focusing on green technologies that enhance energy efficiency can substantially promote environmental quality and stimulate sustainable economic growth through innovation and climate change integration to achieve Sustainable Development Goals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We consider a project portfolio selection problem faced by research councils in project and call-based R &D grant programs. In such programs, typically, each applicant project receives a score value during specially-designed peer review processes. Each project also has a certain budget, estimated by its principle investigator. The problem is to select an optimal (maximum total score) subset of applicant projects under a budget constraint for the call. At the time of funding decisions, exact expenditures of projects are not known. The research councils typically don't provide more money than they funded a project to start with, so the realized total expenditure of a portfolio usually tends to be lower than the total budget, which causes budgetary slack. In this paper, we attempt to model this phenomenon in a project portfolio selection problem and show that budget utilization of a call can be increased to support more projects and hence achieve higher scientific impact. We model a project's expenditure using a mixture distribution that represents project success, underspending and cancellation situations. We develop a chance-constrained model with policy constraints. Due to the intractability of the developed model, we have shown that Normal distribution can be used for approximation. We also quantify the approximation error of our model via a theoretical bound and simulation. The proposed approach could rigorously increase the budget utilization up to 15.2% along with a prominent rise in expected number of successfully completed projects, which are remarkable metrics for public decision makers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim of the study: The purpose of this study is to conduct a comparative analysis of the microbiological profiles in periprosthetic joint infections (PJIs) after total knee arthroplasty (TKA) between diabetic and non-diabetic patients. The study aims to address what are the variations in microbial colonization and infection patterns between diabetic and non-diabetic patients undergoing total knee arthroplasty. Methods: A retrospective analysis of 2,569 culture-positive cases of PJIs post-TKA was conducted, comparing outcomes between diabetic (n = 321) and non-diabetic (n = 2,248) patients. Demographic, clinical, and microbiological data were collected and analyzed using descriptive statistics, chi-squared tests, logistic regression, and other statistical tests. Results: Diabetic patients exhibited distinct microbial colonization patterns, with a higher prevalence of pathogens such as Staphylococcus aureus (p = 0.033), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (p < 0.001), Streptococcus spp. (Streptococcus agalactiae and Streptococcus dysgalactiae; p = 0.010, 0.016 respectively), Candida spp. (p = 0.010), and Corynebacterium spp. (p = 0.024). Additionally, diabetic patients were at increased risk of polymicrobial infections. Comorbidities associated with diabetes, including chronic pulmonary disease, renal insufficiency, and peripheral artery disease, were significantly more prevalent in diabetic patients and further complicated PJI outcomes. Conclusion: This study underscores the importance of tailored perioperative antimicrobial strategies and vigilant infection control measures in diabetic patients undergoing TKA. Understanding the differential microbial profiles and associated comorbidities can inform targeted interventions to mitigate the risk of PJIs and improve outcomes in this high-risk population. Further research is warranted to elucidate the underlying mechanisms and optimize management strategies for diabetic patients undergoing TKA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The energy demand in Turkey is increasing continuously because of the fact that it is a developing economy. However, it has limited energy sources. As a result of these circumstances, energy efficiency projects are essential for industry and other energy consumption areas. This paper proposes energy recovery by analyzing energy and exergy in a porcelain tableware firing kiln, a ceramics industry branch. The actual data obtained from the measurements made on the kiln were used in the energy and exergy analysis calculations. The energy consumption of the glaze kiln has been calculated as 3868 kJ/s. The incoming energy is lost around 14.78% by the main exhaust flue gas and 28.58% by the cooling exhaust gas. The primary energy casualties are kiln walls and other losses. They are 43.36% and 38.9%, respectively. Finally, according to energy and exergy analyses, suggestions were made on the processes with high energy losses, and depreciation was made. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The analysis of functionally graded material (FGM) plates undergoing large deflection involves lengthy mathematical computations which makes the adoption of an automated procedure of practical importance. The aim of this study is to propose a generalized matrix form formulation capable of tackling the problem of FGM plates undergoing large deflection in a systematic automated approach. The proposed formulation is based on Ritz method and the classical plate theory (CPT) with von Karman assumptions. The trial functions for the three displacements u, v and w are represented by general polynomials capable of handling all classical plate boundary conditions, namely simply supported, clamped and free edges as well their possible combinations that lead to mixed boundary conditions. Substitution of the trial functions in the developed matrix form yields a nonlinear system of algebraic equations which can then be used to solve for the unknown constants and, hence, the solution of the plate displacements and other plate internal forces thereafter. Three numerical examples are presented to illustrate the applicability of the proposed formulation for different combinations of mixed boundary conditions including free edges. In addition to its accuracy, the proposed method is easy to code and yields functional form solutions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Globally, the environmental impacts of microplastics (MPs) as emerging pollutants have drawn a lot of attention. This study aimed to assess the distribution and associated potential ecotoxic risk of MPs in the water and sediment of Nigeria's offshore waters. Water and sediment samples were collected from sixteen (16) stations in October 2023 and analysed using Attenuated Total Reflectance-Fourier Transform Infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy and stereomicroscopy. For physical characterization, the composition of MPs in sediment and water was 73 particles/kg and 48 particles/L, respectively, while the ATR-FTIR composition at the Eastern Zone (EZ) was 705 particles/L and 1033 particles/kg, the Central Zone (CZ) was 212 particles/L and 338 particles/kg, and the Western Zone (WZ) was 223 particles/L and 218 particles/kg. The identified MPs shapes were filaments, plastic films, fibre, and microbeads. Polychloroprene (CR) (18.10% and 16.86%) at EZ and CZ and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) (20.64%) at WZ were most abundant in sediment, respectively. In comparison, PVA (22.3%, 22.2%, and 21.08%) was most abundant across EZ, CZ, and WZ in water. The polymer-based plastic contamination factors (ppCf) and pollution load index (pPLI) showed low contamination and pollution load, and the polymer risk index (pRi) showed medium and low risk in water and sediment, respectively. The polymer ecological risks index (pERI) showed a high-risk level (pERI: 1,001–10,000) in water and sediment across the EZ, CZ, and WZ of the Nigerian offshore waters. In marine environments, an extensive environmental monitoring program and trend forecasting for microplastics are crucial. This study will provide theoretical and technical support for developing efficient legislation or policy on the prevention and control of plastic pollution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Calix[n]arenes was utilized to detect PABA, the primary sunscreen component. This study investigates the interaction of calix[4]arene (C4), calix[6]arene (C6), and PABA using the Langmuir method and first-principle density functional theory (DFT). Using the Langmuir-Schaefer (LS) technique, an ultrathin film composed of calix[n]arenes and their complexes with PABA was deposited on various substrates. Based on the Langmuir study, the PABA molecule was bonded to the lower rims of both C4 and C6 with the host-guest ratio of 1:1. All of the LS films formed were then characterized by ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy (UV-Vis), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, sulfur elemental analyzer (CHNS). The band gap reduction obtained in the DFT study denotes the charge transfer interaction with promising reactivity between the calix[n]arenes and PABA. The sensing of PABA by C4 and C6 is successful based on the formation of bonding between them due to the hosts' effective trapping capacity. The outcomes of this study could be applied to drug delivery systems for future pharmaceutical and medical applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The understanding of the molecular pathobiology of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) has spurred the identification of therapeutic targets and the development of corresponding novel targeted therapies. Since 2017, twelve agents have been approved for the treatment of AML subsets: the BCL2 inhibitor venetoclax; the CD33 antibody drug conjugate gemtuzumab ozogamicin; three FLT3 inhibitors (midostaurin, gilteritinib, quizartinib); three IDH inhibitors (ivosidenib and olutasidenib targeting IDH1 mutations; enasidenib targeting IDH2 mutations); two oral hypomethylating agents (oral poorly absorbable azacitidine; fully absorbable decitabine-cedazuridine [latter approved as an alternative to parenteral hypomethylating agents in myelodysplastic syndrome and chronic myelomonocytic leukemia but commonly used in AML]); and CPX-351 (encapsulated liposomal 5:1 molar ratio of cytarabine and daunorubicin), and glasdegib (hedgehog inhibitor). Other targeted therapies (menin inhibitors, CD123 antibody-drug conjugates) are showing promising results. To achieve optimal results in such a rare and heterogeneous entity as AML requires expertise, familiarity with this rare cancer, and the access to, and delivery of disparate therapies under rigorous supportive care conditions. In this review, we update the standard-of-care and investigational therapies and outline promising current and future research directions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

High entropy alloys (HEAs) have attracted significant attention from researchers in academia and industry due to their various applications. They are effectively utilized in the manufacturing industry and find extensive use in nuclear technology to enhance radiation shielding properties. In this research article, a novel alloy composition called Co20Cr20Fe20Ni20Ag20 was fabricated using the mechanical milling process. Several characterization methods, such as Scanning and Transmission Electron Microscopy, Energy-Dispersive Spectroscopy, x-Ray Diffraction, and Differential Thermal Analysis Calorimetry, were employed. It was observed that the crystal size decreased as the alloying time increased, and the synthesized alloy exhibited thermal stability across a wide temperature range. Additionally, radiation shielding parameters were experimentally determined using a 137Cs source and a NaI(Tl) detector system. The obtained results indicate that HEAs possess excellent radiation shielding properties and hold promise for applications in the radiation industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The circular economy practices contribute to sustainable development by maximising efficiency, utilising renewable resources, extending product lifespans, and implementing waste reduction strategies. This study investigates the individual impacts of four sources of the circular economy on the ecological footprint in Germany, a country that is among the pioneers in establishing a comprehensive roadmap for the circular economy. The four sources examined are renewable energy consumption (REC), recycling, reuse, and repair of materials. Using time series data from 1990 to 2021, the study employed the dynamic autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) simulation technique and also applied kernel-based linear regression (KRLS) to test the robustness of the results. The findings revealed that reuse practices significantly reduce the ecological footprint in both the short and long run. REC and repair also substantially decrease the ecological footprint, as shown by the simulation analysis. Conversely, while recycling is generally considered crucial for minimising environmental impact, in this study, it was found to contribute to environmental degradation. This paradox may be attributed to the nascent state of the recycling industry and data limitations. The results from KRLS confirm the findings of the dynamic ARDL. It is recommended that policymakers develop measures that are appropriate, efficient, and targeted to enhance the role of each source of the circular economy in reducing the ecological footprint in Germany. The major limitation of the study is its reliance on the indirect measures of circular economy attributed to the non-availability of data on direct measures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Systemic amyloidosis involves the deposition of misfolded proteins in organs/tissues, leading to progressive organ dysfunction and failure. Congo red is the gold-standard chemical stain for visualizing amyloid deposits in tissue, showing birefringence under polarization microscopy. However, Congo red staining is tedious and costly to perform, and prone to false diagnoses due to variations in amyloid amount, staining quality and manual examination of tissue under a polarization microscope. We report virtual birefringence imaging and virtual Congo red staining of label-free human tissue to show that a single neural network can transform autofluorescence images of label-free tissue into brightfield and polarized microscopy images, matching their histochemically stained versions. Blind testing with quantitative metrics and pathologist evaluations on cardiac tissue showed that our virtually stained polarization and brightfield images highlight amyloid patterns in a consistent manner, mitigating challenges due to variations in chemical staining quality and manual imaging processes in the clinical workflow. Detecting amyloid deposits in tissue with Congo red can be limited by several factors, which can potentially lead to false diagnoses. Here, the authors use virtual birefringence imaging and virtual Congo red staining using autofluorescence of label-free human tissue, highlighting amyloid deposits in a consistent manner. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study addresses the critical need for efficient and sustainable methods to tackle organic pollutants and microbial contamination in water. The present work aim was to investigate the potential of multi-structured zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) for the combined photocatalytic degradation of organic pollutants and antimicrobial activity. A unique fusion of precipitation-cum-hydrothermal approaches was precisely employed to synthesize the ZnO NPs, resulting in remarkable outcomes. The synthesized CTAB/ZnO NPs demonstrated exceptional properties: they were multi-structured and crystalline with a size of 40 nm and possessed a narrow band gap energy of 2.82 eV, enhancing light absorption for photocatalysis. These nanoparticles achieved an impressive degradation efficiency of 91.75% for Reactive Blue-81 dye within 105 min under UV irradiation. Furthermore, their photocatalytic performance metrics were outstanding, including a quantum yield of 1.73 × 10–4 Φ, a kinetic reaction rate of 3.89 × 102 µmol g–1 h–1, a space–time yield of 8.64 × 10–6 molecules photon–1 mg–1, and a figure-of-merit of 1.03 × 10–9 mol L J–1 g–1 h–1. Notably, the energy consumption was low at 1.73 × 10–4 J mol–1, compared to other systems. Additionally, the ZnO NPs exhibited effective antimicrobial activity against S. aureus and P. aeruginosa. This research underscores the potential of tailored ZnO NPs as a versatile solution for addressing both organic pollution and microbial contamination in water treatment processes. The low energy consumption further enhances its attractiveness as a sustainable solution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, the crystal structure, optical and electronic properties of two related rubidium iodide halide perovskites RbSiI3 and RbGeI3 are investigated and discussed thoroughly. The calculations of these properties are performed using the generalized gradient approximation under Perdew–Burke–Ernzerhof functional (GGA–PBE). Also, the structural optimizations and accurate optoelectronic properties have been achieved by exploiting full-potential linearized augmented plane wave method (FP-LAPW). Analysis of optimization results exposed that the volume per unit cell and lattice parameter (a0 = 5.8348 Å (RbSiI3)) and (a0 = 5.9631 Å (RbGeI3)) are closely in agreement with the previous results. In addition, the calculated values of tolerance factor (TF ≈ 1.0) satisfy the creation criterion for perovskites, and the negative and small values of formation energy (ΔFE) confirm the chemical stability of studied compounds. The results of density of states and band structures reveal that RbSiI3 and RbGeI3 are nonmagnetic semiconductors having a proper direct energy gap (Eg) of 0.465 and 0.953 eV, respectively, along the M–M symmetry directions in the first Brillouin zone. The 2-D distributions of charge density confirm that the chemical bonding of Rb–I and Si/Ge–I bonds obey the covalent and ionic nature. Moreover, we have calculated and discussed the optoelectronic properties, real ε1(ω) and imaginary ε2(ω) functions, optical absorption α(ω), reflectivity R(ω) and refractivity n(ω). The results obtained in this study like structural stability, suitable Eg and highly accurate optical absorption α(ω) of visible light waves, indicate the possible exploitation of semiconductors RbSiI3 and RbGeI3 and make them candidate materials for optoelectronics, such as photovoltaic solar cells, photosensors, photodetectors and photodiodes devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to assess epidemiological trends of Q fever in six countries of Southeast Europe by analysing surveillance data for 2002–2021 period. In this descriptive analysis, we collected and analysed data on confirmed human Q fever cases, obtained from the national Public Health Institutes of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Greece, Montenegro, North Macedonia and Serbia. Overall, 2714 Q fever cases were registered during the 20-year period. The crude average annual notification rate was 0.82 (± 2.06) (95% CI: 0.47–1.16) per 100,000 inhabitants, ranged from 0.06 (± 0.04) (95% CI: 0.04–0.08) /100,000 in Greece to 2.78 (± 4.80) (95% CI: 0.53–5.02) /100,000 in the Republic of Srpska (entity of Bosnia and Herzegovina). Significant declining trends of Q fever age standardized rates were registered in Croatia, the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina, North Macedonia and Serbia, with an average annual change of -30.15%; -17.13%; -28.33% and − 24.77%, respectively. An unequal spatial distribution was observed. The highest average age-specific notification rate was reported in the 20–59 age group (0.84 (± 0.40) (95% CI: 0.65–1.02) /100,000). Most cases (53.69%) were reported during the spring. Q fever remains a significant public health threat in this part of Europe. The findings of this study revealed the endemic maintenance of this disease in the including countries, with large regional and subnational disparities in notification rates. A downward trend was found in Q fever notification rates across the study countries with the average notification rate higher than in the EU/EEA, during the same period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This study compares transcranial Doppler (TCD) Pulsatility Index (PI) and Resistivity Index (RI) with intra-operative CSF opening pressure measured by manometric technique during ventriculoperitoneal (V-P) shunt in children with hydrocephalus. Methods: It was a prospective, hospital-based study performed among patients diagnosed with hydrocephalus. Patients had TCD ultrasonography before V-P shunt. The TCD sonography was repeated within 1 week post-op, and at 1 month post-op. The PI and RI were retrieved after insonating the middle cerebral artery. Ventricular CSF opening pressure was measured. Associations between TCD indices and CSF pressure were determined using the t-test and the Wilcoxon rank /Mann–Whitney tests where the normality test failed. A p-value of < 0.05 was considered significant for associations. Results: Fifty-two patients were enrolled with a mean age of 9.9 ± 11.5 months. Of these, 41 (78.8%) were aged ≤ 12 months. The mean CSF opening pressure was 21.4 ± 9.0. When raised, ICP was defined as opening pressure > 15 cm of H2O, high PI (≥ 1.19), and high RI (> 0.8) diagnosed it with a sensitivity of 55% and 50%, respectively. The mean pre-operative PI (1.17 ± 0.56) reduced to 0.96 (Z = − 2.032, p = 0.042), while that of RI (0.66 ± 0.17) also decreased to 0.58 (t = 2.906, p = 0.044) after V-P shunt surgery. A strong positive correlation exists between a reduction in PI and RI after V-P shunt (r = 0.743, p = 0.014). Conclusion: Both PI and RI significantly decrease following V-P shunt, but a single reading has a poor sensitivity in predicting ICP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The introduction of endoscopic saphenous vein harvesting (ESVH) has been reported to reduce wound pain and infection, compared with open saphenous vein harvesting (OSVH) techniques. There are still controversies regarding this technique. The aim of our study is to investigate the endothelial preservation of saphenous vein (SV) grafts harvested by different techniques. Further observations were made for harvesting and closure time, incision length and effect of pressure distension of the veins to the vein endothelium. Methods: Prospective observational study of sixty human saphenous vein grafts was performed to evaluate endothelial preservation by haematoxylin–eosin and Cluster of Differentiation 31 (CD 31) staining. Saphenous vein was harvested endoscopically either by closed CO2 (carbon dioxide) ESVH, open CO2 ESVH or OSVH harvesting technique. Demographic data and intra-operative data were collected. Two saphenous vein samples were collected from each patient to compare differences before and after distension of the veins. Both haematoxylin–eosin and immunohistochemistry slides were imaged by a high-resolution slide scanning system. Results: Open CO2 ESVH group showed the highest number of endothelial detachments. Mean scoring of the immunohistochemistry method using the CD31 antibody was much lower in the open CO2 ESVH group (33.25% ± 28.71, P < 0.0003). This represents a more poorly preserved endothelial cells in the Open CO2 ESVH than the closed CO2 ESVH. Closure time and incision lengths were significantly shorter in both ESVH groups compared to the OSVH group. Significant low scores of immunohistochemistry for samples were seen in distended veins (39.0% ± 30.08, p = 0.004). The OSVH in random sample B, which represents the conduit that will be used, had a far better endothelium preservation and less endothelial detachment when compared to ESVH. Conclusion: We observed more endothelial detachment in the open CO2 ESVH group, due to lack of subcutaneous tissue separation, poor visualization and traction stress across the wall of the saphenous vein. The closed CO2 ESVH group had more endothelial cells preserved, but the OSVH group fared the best with the least number of endothelial cell detachment and a higher score of CD31 antibody. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aiming at the problem that inserting a needle into the abdomen of spindle-shaped fish can easily damage the internal organs during vaccine injection, this paper takes grass carp as the experimental object and designs a fry adsorption injection device. Through theoretical analysis, the key factors affecting the adsorption force are determined. The internal cavity of the adsorption block is simulated and optimized under the given boundary conditions. The single-factor test shows that the H-shaped suction head has the best adsorption effect. Further orthogonal experiments found that the height of the adsorption port, the adsorption port's length, and the diameter of the adsorption port are important factors that affect the test results, and they are arranged in descending order of their importance. The optimal parameter combination is the adsorption port height of 3 mm, adsorption port length of 15 mm, and adsorption pore diameter of 3 mm. Under these parameters, the success rate of needle insertion is 98%, and the survival rate of fry is 100%, which can meet the production requirements. In summary, the adsorption and injection device is simple in design, easy to operate, and can significantly reduce the damage to the fish body. It provides an effective solution and design reference for fish vaccination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Internet of Things (IoT) is evolving rapidly, increasing demand for safeguarding data against routing attacks. While achieving complete security for RPL protocols remains an ongoing challenge, this paper introduces an innovative hybrid autoencoder–decision tree framework (HADTF) designed to detect four types of RPL attacks: decreased rank, version number, DIS flooding, and blackhole attacks. The HADTF comprises three key components: enhanced feature extraction, feature selection, and a hybrid autoencoder–decision tree classifier. The enhanced feature extraction module identifies the most pertinent features from the raw data collected, while the feature selection component carefully curates' optimal features to reduce dimensionality. The hybrid autoencoder–decision tree classifier synergizes the strengths of both techniques, resulting in high accuracy and detection rates while effectively minimizing false positives and false negatives. To assess the effectiveness of the HADTF, we conducted evaluations using a self-generated dataset. The results demonstrate impressive performance with an accuracy of 97.41%, precision of 97%, recall of 97%, and F1-score of 97%. These findings underscore the potential of the HADTF as a promising solution for detecting RPL attacks within IoT networks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Loss of function mutations in Diaphanous related formin 1 (DIAPH1) are associated with seizures, cortical blindness, and microcephaly syndrome (SCBMS) and are recently linked to combined immunodeficiency. However, the extent of defects in T and innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) remain unexplored. Herein, we characterized the primary T, natural killer (NK) and helper ILCs of six patients carrying two novel loss of function mutation in DIAPH1 and Jurkat cells after DIAPH1 knockdown. Mutations were identified by whole exome sequencing. T-cell immunophenotyping, proliferation, migration, cytokine signaling, survival, and NK cell cytotoxicity were studied via flow cytometry-based assays, confocal microscopy, and real-time qPCR. CD4+ T cell proteome was analyzed by mass spectrometry. p.R351* and p.R322*variants led to a significant reduction in the DIAPH1 mRNA and protein levels. DIAPH1-deficient T cells showed proliferation, activation, as well as TCR-mediated signaling defects. DIAPH1-deficient PBMCs also displayed impaired transwell migration, defective STAT5 phosphorylation in response to IL-2, IL-7 and IL-15. In vitro generation/expansion of Treg cells from naïve T cells was significantly reduced. shRNA-mediated silencing of DIAPH1 in Jurkat cells reduced DIAPH1 protein level and inhibited T cell proliferation and IL-2/STAT5 axis. Additionally, NK cells from patients had diminished cytotoxic activity, function and IL-2/STAT5 axis. Lastly, DIAPH1-deficient patients’ peripheral blood contained dramatically reduced numbers of all helper ILC subsets. DIAPH1 deficiency results in major functional defects in T, NK cells and helper ILCs underlining the critical role of formin DIAPH1 in the biology of those cell subsets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the push to integrate Artificial Intelligence (AI) from kindergarten to twelfth-grade levels comes a need for equipped teachers. However, there needs to be more initiative in professional learning opportunities, which demands the required effort to ensure teachers learn the AI content they will be teaching. To design an effective professional development program, understanding teachers' existing knowledge, interest and disposition towards AI is crucial to devise strategies that could best support the teachers. As a result, this study aims to investigate in-service teachers' perspectives of teaching AI in schools from the perspective of planned behavior theory. Using a 7-factor scale of AI Anxiety, AI Readiness, AI Relevance, Attitude towards using AI, AI for Social Good, Confidence in AI and Behavioral Intention. This study sampled 159 in-service teachers in Namibia. The teachers' responses were analyzed with SmartPLS using Structural Equation Modelling and various Multigroup Analysis techniques. This study found that teachers' behavioral intention to teach AI depends on a combination of factors, including the relevance of AI, attitude towards using AI, the use of AI for social good and confidence. Meanwhile, AI Anxiety and readiness could not be linked to the intention to teach AI. We discussed our findings, highlighted the study implication, and suggested future directions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction and Hypothesis: We aimed to determine the incidence and risk factors for post-operative urinary retention (POUR) following surgery for perineal tears, and to determine the time to normal voiding after POUR. Methods: This was a prospective cohort study of women who underwent surgery for old (≥ 3 months) obstetric perineal tears from January 2022 to December 2023. The diagnosis of POUR was made in a woman who completely failed to void despite a full bladder or, one who had post-void residual (PVR) > 150 ml within 10 min of voiding. Return to normal voiding was considered if a patient with POUR had two consecutive PVRs of ≤ 150 ml. Descriptive analyses and multivariable logistic regression were performed to determine risk factors for POUR. Results: A total of 153 participants were enrolled in this study with a mean age of 35.9 (SD ± 10.8) years. The incidence of POUR was 19.6% (30/153, 95% CI 14.02–26.7), and the median time to normal voiding for these patients was 42.4 h (range 24–72). Risk factors for POUR included repeat perineal tear surgery (RR = 4.24; 95% CI 1.16–15.52; p = 0.029) and early urinary catheter removal (RR = 2.89; 95% CI 1.09–7.67; p = 0.033). Conclusion: Post-operative urinary retention following surgery for perineal tears is common. The time to return to normal voiding in patients with POUR is short. Women having repeat perineal tear surgery and those in whom the urinary catheter is removed early were more likely to experience POUR. Delayed urinary catheter removal could be considered, especially in patients undergoing repeat perineal tear surgery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study hypothesizes that depression mediates the association between exposure to stigma and medication non-adherence in people living with HIV (PLHIV). We recruited 372 PLHIV from the Stigma, health-related Quality of life, antiretroviral Adherence, and Depression among people living with HIV (SQuAD-HIV) project, a multicenter cross-sectional study conducted between October 2021 and February 2022 among PLHIV attending six ART clinics in two geopolitical regions of northern Nigeria. A structural equation modeling (SEM) framework, utilizing the full information maximum likelihood estimator, was used to elucidate the pathways linking stigma, depression, and ART medication adherence, adjusting for sociodemographic characteristics. The total number of eligible participants analyzed (353) included 32.7% male PLHIV with a mean age (SD) of 39.42 (10.14). Being female was positively associated with adherence (β, 95% CI 0.335, 0.163–0.523, p-value < 0.001) but negatively associated with stigma (β, 95% CI − 0.334, − 0.561 to − 0.142, p-value = 0.001), while urban residence was negatively associated with stigma (β, 95% CI − 0.564, − 0.804 to − 0.340, p-value < 0.001). Our analysis also indicated that a higher level of experienced stigma was associated with decreased medication adherence. This association was partially mediated by depression (indirect effect = (0.256) (− 0.541) = − 0.139; p-value < 0.01). The proportion of the association between stigma and medication adherence explained through mediation by depression was 35.6%. These findings underscore the need for targeted interventions aimed at lowering exposure to stigma among PLHIV to improve medication adherence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Internet of things (IoT) is the third evolution of the traditional Internet, enabling interaction and communication among machines. IoT platforms and networks have been developed, and market sectors have recently started developing specific IoT applications and services. Integrating heterogeneous IoT networks with the existing ones, mainly cellular networks, is in great demand. IoT represents one of the prominent use cases of the sixth-generation (6G) cellular system, as announced by the Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) and the International Telecommunication Union (ITU). This study focuses on Heterogeneous IoT networks over 6G networks with ultra-dense deployment using Mobile edge computing and software-defined wide-area network (MEC/SDWAN). This software-defined wide-area network is used for designing systematic Wireless Inventory Trackers (WIT). Wireless inventory trackers identify the exact location. However, the heterogeneous network consists of interconnected nodes and links of different types with a software-defined Wide Area Network(SD-WAN). To address the heterogeneous network system capacity issue, the HIoT and Ultra-Dense deployment are employed for making the promising technologies in the 6G to manage them, enhancing the spatial reuse through flexible, intensive deployment. This procedure helps to improve the prolonged lifetime of up to 2.5 h with low energy consumption of up to (3%) on efficient communications in the 6G cellular network. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

5G New networking applications need the development of mobile data networks. The edge networks enabled by 5G technology will be able to collect, analyze, and act on more data, enabling the emergence of an intelligent internet that connects everything. To satisfy the needs of this new paradigm, access points and network nodes need to be outfitted with high-performance networking, processing power, and storage. Modern coding and encryption technology are required for 5G's success because of the importance of security and dependability in expanding communication. Chaos sequence complexity simulations using polarization nodes and chaotic classifications are used in this research to improve transmission efficiency and congeniality. Codes and chaotic sequences are intertwined in the polarization pieces preserved in time. Errors in both the set and encoded forms might occur simultaneously. Decrypting the bits without chaotic patterns is easier for eavesdroppers don't have access to the frozen pieces. Chaotic sequences may be generated using chain state information for added security. Decryption complexity is increased because of the chain effects of late feedback for eavesdroppers. Conceptual analyses and simulation findings demonstrate the proposed improved chaotic sequence complexity algorithm explores high levels of security and reliability without an error rate. The proposed algorithm increases in Key Space, Sensitivity, and data entropy by 46.21%, 50.25%, and 46.45% respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The primary problem for a resource-limited Wireless Sensor Network is how to extend the system reliability without sacrificing system performance like reception rate and network connectivity. This method effectively deploys sensor nodes and ensures connectivity between the nodes and the transceiver station. Reinforcement Learning (RL) can effectively schedule the sensor nodes' unsupervised activities. A Nash Q-Learning inspired node task scheduling (QL-TS) for service and connection management has been described in this work. An energy-saving MAC Protocol (ESMACP) has been developed to extend the system lifetime. The primary aim of this model is to use the suggested QL-TS-ESMACP that allows sensor devices to learn their best action with minimal energy. The correctness and dependability of the QL-TS-ESMACP can be demonstrated by comparing it with other existing methods. QL-TS-ESMACP outperforms other models in terms of energy efficiency, coverage, node lifespan, and packet delivery ratio in the simulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work investigated the influence of Spindle Speed (N), Cutting Feed (CF), Depth of Cut (DC), Workpiece Type (WP) and Fluid Types (FT) on MQL-assisted turning of low-alloyed steels. Core interest in fluid types employed is the fatty acid unsaturation difference. Machining was conducted using Taguchi L27 design of experiment with N, CF, DC, WP and FT defined in the range of 435–870 rpm, 0.08–0.18 mm/rev, 0.3–0.7 mm, 84.00–109.00 HRB, and Rubber-Seed-Oil (RSO), Neem-Seeds-Oil (NSO) and Jatropha-Seeds-Oils (JSO) respectively. Response parameters measured are surface roughness, cutting temperature, chip thickness ratio and metal removal rate. Measured parameters were subjected to Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) at 5% significance, Taguchi analyses and Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS). Results obtained showed WP was statistically significant with 48.77% contribution on surface roughness while difference in fluid types unsaturated fatty acid compositions has no significant effect on surface roughness. However, JSO having linoleic acid, thermal resistivity and viscosity values 27.87–34.87%, 664.40 ± 14.35 and 140.0 cP respectively, gave optimum value of surface roughness. All factors except N had significant effect on chip thickness ratio with WP having the most dominant with 50.91% contribution and RSO with lowest viscosity value of 125.5 cP gave rise to optimum chip thickness ratio due to the most efficient flowability occasioned by high linoleic acid (34.70–37.45%) present. N and CF were the only statistically significant factors on metal removal rate. TOPSIS proved that 870 rpm, 0.18 mm/rev, 0.5 mm, RSO and LAMCS-109 HRB optimized the MQL-assisted turning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ladybirds (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) are important predatory insects found in many croplands, but their patterns of diversity and assemblage in diverse crop management practices remain understudied, especially in southeastern Asia. Their existence denotes a crucial need to update the diversity and assemblage pattern in diverse crop management practices. This study aims to (i) delimit ladybird species through DNA barcodes and (ii) compare the abundance of different ladybird taxa from different crop management practices. A total of 2260 ladybirds were collected and barcoded resulting in 12 species representing four subfamilies (Coccidulinae, Coccinellinae, Epilachninae, and Scymninae). Three predatory species dominated and were top contributors to the dissimilarity average for different crop management practices, i.e., Coccinella transversalis, Micraspis discolor, and Cheilomenes sexmaculata. Even though the effect of different crop management practices on ladybird abundance was insignificant (Kruskal Wallis, p-value > 0.05), their diversity significantly varied across different practices (diversity t-test, p-value < 0.05). Organic monocrop resulted in a higher value of Shannon index (H'), and richness than other management practices. Furthermore, monocrops comprised higher ladybird diversity than multicrops. While the species assemblage was not distinct (ANOSIM, p-value > 0.05), a variation in assemblage composition and spatial distribution concerning the different crop management employed (NMDS, stress value = 0.12) was observed. The hierarchical dendrogram distinguished six clusters of ladybirds between organic and conventional management practices. More explorations are required to uncover the various effects of crop management practices on ladybirds' fitness and survival in different landscapes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the current study, the impact of internal degrees of freedom upon fusion cross section σ fus and fusion barrier distribution D f E for 4, 6He + 64Zn systems is investigated. The investigated region is below as well as above the potential barrier. The coupled-channel approximation with CCFULL code has been used in this study to perform the calculations. The results infer that collective vibrational deformation exhibited the greatest impact upon σ fus , especially at high values of the deformation parameter for a given low excited level. This effect has been observed quite clearly in 6He + 64Zn in which the deformation parameter β2 was around 1.024. Although the modified Woods–Saxon potential improved the agreement with experimental results above the Coulomb barrier, it created a hindrance for the region below the barrier, demanding further investigation in the specific region. The other characteristic considered in this study was the fusion barrier distribution D f E in which the theoretical and experimental values were compared. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Russo-Ukrainian war caused significant humanitarian and healthcare issues in the Russo-Ukrainian region, which were further aggravated by the escalation of the conflict on February 2022. Because of this ongoing confrontation between the two nations, which has its roots in geopolitical conflicts and historical events, there have been nearly 4 million refugees in only the first month, and 906 healthcare institutions have sustained significant damage. Consequently, the demand for medical services has increased, adding onto the burden of the pre-existing problems within the region's healthcare system, such as inequities, budget shortages, and corruption. With nearly 500,000 military deaths and an estimated 27,1499 civilian casualties, the war's immediate health effects are devastating. Due to inadequate disease surveillance and difficulties with immunization, the risk of infectious illnesses, particularly HIV/AIDS and tuberculosis, increased. Although there were originally few mental health problems, the long-term effects are yet unknown. Some of the indirect effects are the severe refugee situation, the burden on public infrastructure, and problems with the security of food and water. Unprecedented obstacles confronted neurosurgery in the Russo-Ukrainian region, including increased patient loads from war-related cases, resource limitations, and facility devastation. Many countries stepped up to aid in managing neurosurgeries however, the some of the problems still persisted, such as insufficient sterility and power outages. Strengthened security standards, financial incentives, telemedicine services, and cooperation with international medical organizations are the main points of recovery recommendations. Rebuilding the region's healthcare system and guaranteeing ongoing foreign support after the conflict require a comprehensive strategy that addresses both short- and long-term issues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although it is widely recognized that accounting for spillovers from higher education institutions is essential when formulating educational policy, research on these effects in developing countries is scarce. This study examines the spillover effects of Ethiopia's recent public university expansion program on the educational attainment of female adolescents in the surrounding areas. Employing an event study framework, the research demonstrates a positive association between the presence of a university in the neighborhood and the academic achievement of female students at lower educational levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although it is widely used, there is still no valid treatment for ototoxicity caused by the antineoplastic drug cisplatin. In this study, we aimed to investigate the efficacy of intratympanic resveratrol and intratympanic dexamethasone treatment in cisplatin-induced ototoxicity. We also compared intratympanic atosiban (oxytocin antagonist) and oxytocin in cisplatin ototoxicity. In this study, 30 rats (60 ears) were used by separating into 5 groups. Cisplatin, oxytocin, dexamethasone, atosiban and 0.9% NaCl were administered intraperitoneally to all groups separately. Auditory Brainstem Response and Distortion Product Otoacoustic Emission tests were performed on all groups before and 72 h after the procedure. Pre-treatment values were higher than post-treatment values in all groups (p < 0.001). There was no significant prolongation of the post-treatment Auditory Brainstem Response I-IV interval in the oxytocin and dexamethasone groups (p > 0.05). There was no significant decrease in the frequencies of 2832 and 4004 after treatment in the oxytocin and dexamethasone group compared to pre-treatment in Distortion Product Otoacoustic Emission. As a result, it has been shown that intratympanic oxytocin may be an option that can be used in the treatment, although it is not as effective as dexamethasone in preventing cisplatin ototoxicity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the effect of date seed flour levels on some physico-chemical properties, total phenolic, flavonoids, carotenoid amount, quantitative amounts of polyphenol, fatty acids, biogenic elements and sensory properties of the wheat breads enriched with date seed flour was investigated. The L* values of breads were measured between 48.04 (20%) and 73.69 (control). Total carotenoid and flavonoid values of bread samples varied to be between 0.10 (15%) and 0.29 µg/g (10 and 20% concentrations) to 52.14 (10%) and 138.33 mgQE/100 g (25%), respectively. Total phenolic and antioxidant capacities of the breads were reported to be between 28.88 (control) and 79.02 mgGAE/100 g (25%) to 1.81 mmol/kg (control) and 5.65 mmol/kg (24%), respectively. Gallic acid and catechin contents of the breads were identified to be between 0.78 (20%) and 3.26 mg/100 g (25%) to 1.11 (control) and 4.85 mg/100 g (25%), respectively. In general, the addition of date seed flour at concentrations greater than 10% and 15% caused a decrease in the amount of flavonoids in breads. Oleic, linoleic, palmitic, lauric and myristic acids were the predominant fatty acids of the oils obtained from the breads with date seed flour additive. The amounts of lauric, myristic, stearic and oleic acid in the oils obtained from the bread produced with the addition of date seed flour increased according to the control. The protein amounts of the breads varied between 3.89 (25% and 5.21% (10%). P and K amounts of the breads were determined to be between 880.17 (control) and 973.81 mg/kg (10%) to 2211.19 (control) and 2587.76 mg/kg (10%), respectively. The highest protein, P, K, Fe, Mn and Zn contents were determined in the bread prepared by adding date seed flour at 10% concentration. Looking at the sensory evaluation results, the bread with 10% date seed flour was the most liked among the breads with additives. In this study, the role of date seed flour levels on some physico-chemical properties, total phenolic, flavonoids, carotenoid amount, quantitative amounts of polyphenol, fatty acids, biogenic elements and sensory properties of the wheat breads enriched with date seed flour was investigated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research describes the synthesis of the multicomponent Mg65Cu20Y13La2 alloy by mechanical alloying (MA) to investigate the influence of milling times on the microstructure of alloy and degradation performance of methyl orange. The structural evolution of this alloy was investigated by using X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and energy-dispersive spectrometry (EDX) techniques. The thermal behavior of the alloys was investigated by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The crystallite size of the Mg65Cu20Y13La2 alloys was calculated using the Debye Scherrer equation with broadening of the XRD peaks. The methyl orange degradation efficiencies of the Mg65Cu20Y13La2 alloys were evaluated by using ultraviolet–visible (UV–Vis) spectroscopy, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) techniques. The XRD and SEM results showed that the microstructure of the powders changed during MA. After 10 h milling time, three intermetallic phases were obtained as Mg2Cu2La, Mg24Y5, and Mg2Cu. The results also showed that a solid solution phase, α-Mg(Cu, Y, La), with an average crystallite size 21 nm was formed after 100 h milling time. DSC trace of the Mg65Cu20Y13La2 powders showed two exothermic peaks for the 10 h milling time, while it did not show any peaks for the 100 h milling time. Photocatalytic decomposition of the methyl orange solution by the Mg65Cu20Y13La2 alloy was evaluated by UV–Vis spectra with a decrease in absorbance at a wavelength of 465 nm. After a 20 min exposure, UV–Vis, FT-IR, and GC–MS analysis showed that the methyl orange samples were almost completely degradation by using the Mg65Cu20Y13La2 powders. The Mg65Cu20Y13La2 alloy exhibits a good reusability of 92% by the four cycle and a high efficiency was achieved in all the pH values in the range of 5–9. The results prove that the Mg65Cu20Y13La2 alloy is an efficient and promising material for dyeing wastewater treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Neonatal sepsis is still a global health concern as it contributes to a high burden of neonatal morbidity and mortality especially in developing countries. The aim of the study is to give an insight into neonatal sepsis: risk factors, sepsis types, clinical features, pathogen burden with their antibiotic sensitivities, and outcome of admission in our facility. The study was a prospective hospital-based study conducted over 10 months, October 2018–July 2019. Result: Of the 248 term neonates with features of sepsis enrolled in the study 94 (37.9%) were confirmed to have sepsis. Late-onset sepsis LOS (68%) was found to be the most common, and most of the neonates were delivered elsewhere. Clinical features were non-specific for both early-onset (EOS) and LOS and include fever, jaundice, poor suck, and depressed primitive reflexes. Infections were mostly caused by gram-negative bacteria, and while Staphylococcus aureus was the single most common isolate for both EOS and LOS. Antibiotic sensitivity was highest with ciprofloxacin for both EOS and LOS. Mortality was high at 14.9% and was mostly contributed to by Staphylococcus aureus infection. Conclusion: Neonatal sepsis is still a burden with mostly non-specific clinical features. The local prevalent organisms were Staphylococcus aureus, Enterobacter agglomerans and Klebsiella pneumonia with good antibiotic susceptibility to ciprofloxacin. Most presented with late-onset sepsis and therefore infection is likely to be community-acquired which to a great extent can be prevented with robust public health interventions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research addresses the construct of fantasy proneness that is unexplored in the context of Turkey by adapting and assessing the psychometric properties of the widely accepted Creative Experiences Questionnaire (CEQ), aiming to fill a significant gap in existing literature and contribute to the understanding of this construct and its correlates in a population aged between 18 and 60 years. The Turkish version of the CEQ demonstrated face validity, aligning participant responses with fantasy, imagination, and dissociation (n = 15). Exploratory Factor Analysis confirmed a single-factor solution based on the scree plot graphic, without item removal (n = 310). Reliability and validity analyses (N = 464) affirmed robustness with adequate internal consistency (Cronbach's Alpha = 0.78, McDonald's Omega = 0.77) and test-retest reliability (n = 110, r =.72). Convergent validity was supported by correlations with dissociative experiences (r =.51) and magical ideation (r =.51). Discriminant validity was evident in negative correlations with social desirability (r = -.10, p <.05), notably, impression management (r = -.12, p <.05), indicating unbiased capture of fantasy experiences. Predictive validity was supported by a positive correlation observed between fantasy proneness and interest in creative activities (r =.21). Participants engaged in or aspiring to engage in creative activities professionally scored notably higher, broadening implications for creativity research. Similarities between the original and Turkish versions suggested cultural variations do not significantly affect fantasy proneness in adults. Considering limitations, future research should explore age-related variations of fantasy proneness as well as its association with social desirability. Implications extend to clinical research, emphasizing consideration of fantasy proneness and its correlates in psychopathological and broader psychological health studies in Turkey and globally. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]