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Purpose of Review: Three review articles have been written that discuss the roles of the central and peripheral nervous systems in fracture healing. While content among the articles is overlapping, there is a key difference between them: the use of artificial intelligence (AI). In one paper, the first draft was written solely by humans. In the second paper, the first draft was written solely by AI using ChatGPT 4.0 (AI-only or AIO). In the third paper, the first draft was written using ChatGPT 4.0 but the literature references were supplied from the human-written paper (AI-assisted or AIA). This project was done to evaluate the capacity of AI to conduct scientific writing. Importantly, all manuscripts were fact checked and extensively edited by all co-authors rendering the final manuscript drafts significantly different from the first drafts. Recent Findings: Unsurprisingly, the use of AI decreased the time spent to write a review. The two AI-written reviews took less time to write than the human-written paper; however, the changes and editing required in all three manuscripts were extensive. The human-written paper was edited the most. On the other hand, the AI-only paper was the most inaccurate with inappropriate reference usage and the AI-assisted paper had the greatest incidence of plagiarism. Summary: These findings show that each style of writing presents its own unique set of challenges and advantages. While AI can theoretically write scientific reviews, from these findings, the extent of editing done subsequently, the inaccuracy of the claims it makes, and the plagiarism by AI are all factors to be considered and a primary reason why it may be several years into the future before AI can present itself as a viable alternative for traditional scientific writing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose of Review: Fractures are a prominent form of traumatic injury and shall continue to be for the foreseeable future. While the inflammatory response and the cells of the bone marrow microenvironment play significant roles in fracture healing, the nervous system is also an important player in regulating bone healing. Recent Findings: Considerable evidence demonstrates a role for nervous system regulation of fracture healing in a setting of traumatic injury to the brain. Although many of the impacts of the nervous system on fracture healing are positive, pain mediated by the nervous system can have detrimental effects on mobilization and quality of life. Summary: Understanding the role the nervous system plays in fracture healing is vital to understanding fracture healing as a whole and improving quality of life post-injury. This review article is part of a series of multiple manuscripts designed to determine the utility of using artificial intelligence for writing scientific reviews. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose of Review: The traditionally understated role of neural regulation in fracture healing is gaining prominence, as recent findings underscore the peripheral nervous system's critical contribution to bone repair. Indeed, it is becoming more evident that the nervous system modulates every stage of fracture healing, from the onset of inflammation to repair and eventual remodeling. Recent Findings: Essential to this process are neurotrophins and neuropeptides, such as substance P, calcitonin gene-related peptide, and neuropeptide Y. These molecules fulfill key roles in promoting osteogenesis, influencing inflammation, and mediating pain. The sympathetic nervous system also plays an important role in the healing process: while local sympathectomies may improve fracture healing, systemic sympathetic denervation impairs fracture healing. Furthermore, chronic activation of the sympathetic nervous system, often triggered by stress, is a potential impediment to effective fracture healing, marking an important area for further investigation. Summary: The potential to manipulate aspects of the nervous system offers promising therapeutic possibilities for improving outcomes in fracture healing. This review article is part of a series of multiple manuscripts designed to determine the utility of using artificial intelligence for writing scientific reviews. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose of Review: Despite advances in orthopedics, there remains a need for therapeutics to hasten fracture healing. However, little focus is given to the role the nervous system plays in regulating fracture healing. This paucity of information has led to an incomplete understanding of fracture healing and has limited the development of fracture therapies that integrate the importance of the nervous system. This review seeks to illuminate the integral roles that the nervous system plays in fracture healing. Recent Findings: Preclinical studies explored several methodologies for ablating peripheral nerves to demonstrate ablation-induced deficits in fracture healing. Conversely, activation of peripheral nerves via the use of dorsal root ganglion electrical stimulation enhanced fracture healing via calcitonin gene related peptide (CGRP). Investigations into TLR-4, TrkB agonists, and nerve growth factor (NGF) expression provide valuable insights into molecular pathways influencing bone mesenchymal stem cells and fracture repair. Finally, there is continued research into the connections between pain and fracture healing with findings suggesting that anti-NGF may be able to block pain without affecting healing. Summary: This review underscores the critical roles of the central nervous system (CNS), peripheral nervous system (PNS), and autonomic nervous system (ANS) in fracture healing, emphasizing their influence on bone cells, neuropeptide release, and endochondral ossification. The use of TBI models contributes to understanding neural regulation, though the complex influence of TBI on fracture healing requires further exploration. The review concludes by addressing the neural connection to fracture pain. This review article is part of a series of multiple manuscripts designed to determine the utility of using artificial intelligence for writing scientific reviews. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The bone marrow microenvironment contains a diverse array of cell types under extensive regulatory control and provides for a novel and complex mechanism for bone regulation. Megakaryocytes (MKs) are one such cell type that potentially acts as a master regulator of the bone marrow microenvironment due to its effects on hematopoiesis, osteoblastogenesis, and osteoclastogenesis. While several of these processes are induced/inhibited through MK secreted factors, others are primarily regulated by direct cell–cell contact. Notably, the regulatory effects that MKs exert on these different cell populations has been found to change with aging and disease states. Overall, MKs are a critical component of the bone marrow that should be considered when examining regulation of the skeletal microenvironment. An increased understanding of the role of MKs in these physiological processes may provide insight into novel therapies that can be used to target specific pathways important in hematopoietic and skeletal disorders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

OBJECTIVES:The prevalence of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) around the world is variable, ranging from as little as 1.1 to 45%. Limited studies have been carried out in Arab populations. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of IBS and its subtypes in the West Bank, Palestine, and to assess variation by locality of residence.METHODS:We conducted a population-based, cross-sectional study. Participants were randomly selected from all districts of the West Bank, including cities, villages, and refugee camps, and they were at least 50 years of age. Participants completed the Rome III IBS questionnaire along with demographic data. The primary outcome was the effect of location of residence on the prevalence of IBS. A multivariable logistic regression model was used to assess the difference in IBS prevalence based on locality of residence.RESULTS:A total of 1,601 people were approached for interview, of which 1,352 agreed to participate (response rate 84%). Most participants (53%; n=637) lived in urban centers. The overall prevalence of IBS was 30% (28-33%). IBS was more common in refugee camps (34%) and in villages (34%) compared with urban centers (27%) (P<0.05). Mixed IBS (IBS-M) was the most common of IBS subtypes (55%, n=244). In a multivariable logistic regression analysis, living in refugee camps (odds ratio (OR) 1.68 (95% confidence interval (CI) 1.14-2.40), P=0.005) and in villages (OR 1.33 (1.02-1.72), P=0.033) was associated with increased odds of having IBS when compared with residents of urban centers. IBS, IBS with constipation, and IBS-M were more common in women than in men (P<0.05).CONCLUSIONS:The prevalence of IBS among middle-aged and elderly residents of Palestine is high. Residents in refugee camps and rural areas have a higher incidence of IBS than those in urban areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]