Search

In this paper, we study the Z boson production via the proton–proton (p–p) collisions within the k t and (z , k t) -factorization frameworks, using the Martin–Ryskin–Watt (MRW) unintegrated parton distribution functions (UPDFs) and the double unintegrated parton distribution functions (DUPDFs), respectively. For calculation of the differential cross section (DCS) within the k t -factorization ( k t is the partonic transverse momentum), the KATIE parton level event generator is used, while for the (z , k t) -factorization, the DCS is directly computed. Up to the tree level partonic next-to-leading order (NLO) are included, beside the inclusion of branching ratios, in our calculation. It should be noted that Martin, Ryskin and Watt are originally calculated the same process, i.e., the Z boson production, within the (z , k t) -factorization framework, while including only the lowest order tree level partonic sub-process. However, the present report extends their work from two perspectives. First, the additional sub-processes are included, second, for the processes up to the next-to-leading order (NLO), a direct calculation by considering the final state leptons is imposed. Finally, we compare our results with the 13 T e V data of the ATLAS, LHCb, CMS collaborations, the corresponding collinear factorization predictions and the Modarres, et al. reports. Our p–p DCS calculations show that the k t and (z , k t) -factorizations frameworks give relatively the same behavior in the central rapidity regions. While at the large rapidity regions, the (z , k t) -factorization, predicts the p–p DCS closer to the experimental data with respect to those of k t -factorization framework. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, we discuss: (i) The ratios of different parton distribution functions (PDFs), i.e., MMHT2014, CJ15, CTEQ6l1, HERAPDF15, MSTW2008, HERAPDF20 and MSHT20, and the corresponding Kimber–Martin–Ryskin (KMR) unintegrated parton distribution functions (UPDFs) sets versus the hard scale Q 2 , to find out the sensibility of the KMR UPDFs with respect to the input PDFs sets. It is shown that there is not much difference between the different input-PDFs or corresponding UPDFs sets ratios. (ii) Then, the dependence of proton k t -factorization structure functions on the different UPDFs sets which can use the above PDFs sets as input, are presented. The results are compared with the experimental data of ZEUS, NMC and H1+ZEUS at the hard scale Q 2 = 27 and 90 GeV 2 , and a reasonable agreement is found, considering different input PDFs sets. (iii) Furthermore, by fitting a Gaussian function, which depends on the transverse momentum k t , to the KMR UPDFs and averaging over x (the fractional parton momentum), we obtain the average transverse momentum, ⟨ k t 2 ⟩ , in the scale range Q 2 = 2.4 - 1.44 × 10 4 GeV 2 , which is in agreement with the other groups predictions, 0.25 - 0.44 GeV 2 at Q 2 = 2.4 GeV 2 . (iv) Finally we explore the average transverse momentum for which, the results of proton structure function with the KMR UPDFs and that of the Gaussian k t -dependent, are consistent to each other. Through the above report, at each step the parton branching (PB) UPDFs, i.e., the transverse momentum dependent PDFs (PB TMDPDFs) are considered for comparisons with the corresponding KMR UPDFs output. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, we study the structure of the leading order Martin–Ryskin–Watt (MRW) unintegrated parton distribution function (UPDF) and explain in detail why there exists discrepancy between the two different definitions of this UPDF model, i.e., the integral (I-MRW) and differential (D-MRW) MRW UPDFs. We perform this investigation with both angular and strong ordering cutoffs. The derivation footsteps of obtaining the I-MRW UPDF from the D-MRW ones are numerically performed, and the reason of such non-equivalency between the two forms is clearly explained. We show and find out that both methods suggested in the papers by Golec-Biernat and Staśto as well as that of Guiot have shortcomings, and only the combination of their prescriptions can give us the same UPDF structure from both of these two different versions of the MRW UPDF, namely I-MRW and the D-MRW UPDFs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Shahbazan Formation at Kialu section in the Zagros Basin, south-west of Iran, is composed mainly of carbonates with the age of middle Eocene. This formation, with a thickness of 240 m, consists of thick carbonates which pervasively dolomitized. On the basis of petrographic and geochemical features, four different replacive and cement dolomite phases have been recognized. Cathodoluminescence and scanning electron microscope were used to study time of cementation and diagenetic feature as well as to illustrate fine dolomite crystals which are not visible under common microscope. Cathodoluminescence figures show growth zonation and a rimmed bright green luminescence of syntaxial overgrown dolomite as a diagenetic cement as well as some kinds of lattice defects in some cement crystals. Inside-out dolomites seen by applying scanning electron microscope have been interpreted as a result of meteoric diagenesis, caused dissolution of dolomites during exposure. Geochemical analysis of major elements including Mg2+ and Ca2+ and trace elements such as Sr, Na, Mn2+ and Fe2+ with a trend of decreasing in Sr and increasing in Na, Mn2+ and Fe2+ during burial diagenesis, along with the cement zonation, visible under cathodoluminescence microscope, indicate dolomite purification and recrystallization under reducing condition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wells-Dawson type 18-tungstophosphoric acid (HPWO) as guest was encapsulated inside the nanocages of mesoporous SBA-16 host. The pore entrance of SBA-16 material was modified by silylating reagent to prevent the escape of encapsulated HPWO from the nanocages. The prepared host-guest material was characterized by different physicochemical techniques. X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy analyses indicated the retention of mesoporous structure of SBA-16 and well-dispersion of the HPWO into the nanocages of SBA-16. The obtained material exhibited high catalytic activity, stability, and recyclability in the epoxidation of olefins and oxidation of alcohols in the presence of HO as oxidant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

PurposeTo evaluate the role of methotrexate (MTX) injected into the silicone oil at the end of pars plana vitrectomy for advanced proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR).MethodsIn this prospective comparative interventional study, eyes with severe diabetic tractional macular detachment or combined tractional/rhegmatogenous retinal detachment were included. Standard 20 gauge pars plana vitrectomy, and retinal reattachment was performed. In the case group, 250 μg MTX was injected into the silicone oil at the end of surgery. The rate of retinal re-detachment associated with fibrovascular proliferation or proliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR) was assessed.ResultsOverall, 38 eyes of 35 patients (19 cases and 19 controls) were studied. The two groups were matched for age, sex, preoperative visual acuity, and the type of surgery (vitrectomy alone vs combined phacoemulsification/vitrectomy). Retinal re-detachment with fibrovascular proliferation or PVR occurred in seven eyes (36.8%) in the MTX group and eight eyes (42.1%) in the control group (P=0.74). Mean change in visual acuity was 0.04±0.71 and 0.39±0.70 logMAR in the MTX and the control group, respectively (P=0.14). The rate of improvement or worsening of visual acuity was similar between the two groups (P=0.51 and P=0.12).ConclusionIntra-silicone injection of MTX at the end of vitrectomy for retinal detachment associated with severe PDR did not reduce the risk of postoperative retinal detachment due to the fibrous or fibrovascular proliferations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

PurposeTo evaluate the outcome of scleral buckling surgery in patients with rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (RRD) with subretinal proliferation.MethodsIn this retrospective study, a chart review of all patients with RRD associated with subretinal proliferation who were primarily treated with scleral buckling procedure, from April 2007 to April 2014, was undertaken. Main outcome measures were anatomical retinal reattachment and visual acuity.ResultsForty-four eyes of 43 patients including 24 males and 19 females with a mean age of 26.5±13.1 years were evaluated. Immediately after the surgery, retina was reattached in all eyes. However, five eyes (11.3%) needed additional surgery for retinal redetachment. Single surgery anatomical success rate was 88.7%. Four eyes (9.1%), needed pars plana vitrectomy for the treatment of redetachment associated with proliferative vitreoretinopathy and scleral buckle revision surgery was successfully performed in the other eye. Best corrected visual acuity improved from 1.5±0.9 logMAR before surgery to 1.1±0.7 logMAR after surgery (P<0.001). An improvement in BCVA of >2 lines was found in 23 eyes (52.2%) and worsening of best corrected visual acuity of >2 lines was observed in 2 eyes (4.5%).ConclusionsScleral buckling surgery is highly successful in eyes with RRD associated with subretinal proliferation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

PurposeTo evaluate the role of bevacizumab injected into the silicone oil at the end of retinal reattachment surgery for rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (RRD) associated with severe proliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR) for prevention of postoperative PVR and compare the results with those without intrasilicone injection.MethodsIn this prospective comparative interventional study, eyes with RRD with grade C PVR were included. Standard 20 gauge pars plana vitrectomy, and retinal reattachment was performed. In case group, 1.25 mg bevacizumab was injected into the silicone oil at the end of surgery. The rate of retinal redetachment associated with PVR was assessed.ResultsIn all 38 eyes of 38 patients (19 cases and 19 controls) with a mean age of 46.6±18.3 years were studied. The two groups were matched for age, sex, preoperative visual acuity, presence of anterior and posterior PVR, extent of PVR, and history of previous retinal detachment surgery. Retinal redetachment with PVR occurred in nine (47.3%) and seven (36.8%) eyes in case and control groups, respectively (P=0.5). Extensive subretinal fibrous proliferations in addition to preretinal membranes occurred more in the case group (55.5 vs 14.3%). At final visit, visual acuity was similar between the two groups (1.6±0.8 and 1.6±0.6, respectively, P=0.9).ConclusionIntrasilicone injection of bevacizumab at the end of vitrectomy for RRD with severe PVR does not eliminate the risk of postoperative PVR. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The ground state binding energies of the light symmetric closed-shell nuclei, i.e., He, C, O and Ca and the heavy asymmetric ones, i.e., Ca, Zr and Sn are calculated in the harmonic oscillator (HOS) basis, by imposing the relative Fermi momentum cutoff of two point-like interacting nucleons on the density dependent average effective interactions (DDAEI). The DDAEI are generated through the lowest order constrained variational (LOCV) method calculations for the asymmetric nuclear matter with the operator and the channel dependent type bare nucleon-nucleon potentials, such as the Argonne $$Av_{18}^{j_{\max } = 2}$$ and the Reid soft core, Reid68, interactions. In the framework of harmonic oscillator shell model, the cutoff is imposed by defining the maximum value of the relative quantum numbers (RQN) in two ways: (1) The RQN of the last shell and (2) the RQN of each shell, in the ground state of the nucleus. It is shown that present results on the binding energies and the root means square radius are closer to the corresponding experimental data than, our previous works with the same DDAEI potentials, but without the cutoff constraint. However, for the light symmetric nuclei, the second scheme gives less binding energy and larger root mean square radius compare to the first one. While the situation is reversed for the heavier nuclei. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The valence quark exchange ( QE) model for the nuclear system and the constituent quark ( CQ) model in which the quarks are assumed to be the complex objects, are used to calculate the parton distributions and the structure functions ( SF) of He and H mirror nuclei. The effect and the role of sea quarks and gluons, and their contributions to the SF of He and H nuclei are analyzed. Specifically, for small x regions a more 'realistic' result is found with respect to our previous works, in which only the valence quarks have been considered. By using the DGLAP evolution equations, the resulting parton distributions and SF are evolved to the high-energy scales and compared with available data. Finally, the ratios of He to H nuclei SF with the isospin symmetry assumption is compared to the results of the deep inelastic electron experiments on the He and H nuclei, especially, those which have been extracted from the kinematic region of the proposed 11 GeV upgraded beam experiment of Jefferson laboratory, and a reasonable agreement is found. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The thermodynamic properties of the quark-gluon plasma (QGP), as well as its phase diagram, are calculated as a function of baryon density (chemical potential) and temperature. The QGP is assumed to be composed of the light quarks only, i.e., the up and down quarks, which interact weakly, and the gluons which are treated as they are free. The interaction between quarks is considered in the framework of the one gluon exchange model which is obtained from the Fermi liquid picture. The bag model is used, with fixed bag pressure ( B)for the nonperturbative part, and the quantum chromodynamics (QCD) coupling is assumed to be constant, i.e., with no dependence on the temperature or the baryon density. The effect of weakly interacting quarks on the QGP phase diagram are shown and discussed. It is demonstrated that the one-gluon exchange interaction for the massless quarks has considerable effect on the QGP phase diagram and it causes the system to reach to the confined phase at the smaller baryon densities and temperatures. The pressure of excluded volume hadron gas model is also used to find the transition phase diagram. Our results depend on the values of bag pressure and the QCD coupling constant. The latter does not have a dramatic effect on our calculations. Finally, we compare our results with the thermodynamic properties of strange quark matter and the lattice QCD prediction for the QGP transition critical temperature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study is dedicated to order penetration point (OPP) strategic decision making which is the boundary between make-to-order (MTO) and make-to-stock (MTS) policies. A multiproduct multiechelon production supply chain is considered where the first production stage manufactures semifinished products based on an MTS policy to supply the second production stage which operates on the MTO policy. The producer desires to find the optimal fraction of processing time fulfilled by supplier and optimal semifinished products buffer capacity in OPP. To calculate system performance indexes, the matrix geometric method is employed. Afterward, optimal solutions are obtained by enumeration and direct search techniques. Moreover, the system behavior is analyzed by the numerical example. It is shown that system total cost is a concave function of increasing completed percentage in first production stage. According to the total cost function elements, managers desire to locate OPP where to balance the order fulfillment delay cost, holding cost and the cost of disposing unsuitable items. Finally, the impact of different amounts of storage capacity on OPP and total cost are analyzed. Also, the manner of expected numbers of unsuitable products, semifinished products, and expected order completion delay are analyzed versus various quantities of storage capacity and production rate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Speed and price are the two most important factors in customer satisfaction and business success in today's competitive environment. Time-based product differentiation and segment pricing have provided firms with a great opportunity to profit enhancement. This paper presents a coding system for pricing/queuing models in the literature. In this article, a service/make-to-order firm with heterogeneous price and delivery time-sensitive customers as an M/M/1 queuing system is analyzed. The firm uses customers' heterogeneity to create market segments. Products offered to each segment differ only in price and delivery time. The objective of this profit-maximizing firm is to determine optimal price, delivery time, and capacity for different market segments. Moreover, solving this problem can help to strategic decision making about supply chain decoupling point. An approach based on uniformization and matrix geometric method so as to calculate the distribution of low-priority customers' time in system is developed. Then, the proposed pricing/queuing model is implemented by a numerical study and firm's optimal decisions under shared and dedicated capacity strategies are analyzed and the effect of capacity costs and product substitution is studied. Finally, we have shown how firm's decisions are influenced by market characteristics, capacity costs, and operational strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Visual scoring of 30-s epochs of sleep data is not always adequate to show the dynamic structure of sleep in sufficient details. It is also prone to considerable inter- and intra-rater variability. Moreover, it involves considerable training and experience, and is very tedious, time-consuming, labor-intensive and costly. Hence, automatic sleep staging is needed to overcome these limitations. Since naturally occurring NREM sleep and anesthesia have been reported to possess various underlying neurophysiological similarities, EEG-based depth-of-anesthesia monitors have started to penetrate into sleep research. This study investigates the ability of WAV(CNS) index (as implemented in NeuroSENSE depth-of-anesthesia monitor) to detect NREM sleep stages and wake state for full overnight PSG data.Methods: Full overnight PSG sleep data, obtained from 24 adolescents, was scored by a registered PSG technologist for different sleep stages. Retrospective analysis was performed on a single frontal channel using the WAV(CNS) algorithm. Non-parametric descriptive statistics were used to examine the relationship between WAV(CNS) index and sleep stages.Results: A strong correlation (ρ = 0.9458) was found between the WAV(CNS) index and NREM sleep stages, with WAV(CNS) index values decreasing with increasing sleep stages. Moreover, there was no significant overlap between different NREM sleep stages as classified by the WAV(CNS) index, which was able to significantly differentiate (P < 0.001) between all pairs of Awake and different NREM stages.Conclusions: This study demonstrates that changes in the depth of natural NREM sleep are reflected sensitively by changes in the WAV(CNS) index. Hence, WAV(CNS) index may serve as an automatic real-time indicator of depth of natural sleep with high temporal resolution, and can possibly be of great use for automated sleep staging in routine/postoperative somnographic studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The lowest order constrained variational ( LOCV) and the extended LOCV ( ELOCV) method in the frame work of the Ristig-Clark formalism is used to calculate the density dependence of the normal liquid helium 3 one-body momentum distribution, n( k), at zero and finite temperatures. We impose the familiar 6-12 Lennard-Jones potential as the inter-atomic interaction. It is shown that the normal liquid helium 3 one-body momentum distribution, n( k), decreases at low momentums by increasing the density, but its tail becomes longer. The discontinuity of n( k) also decreases as we increase the density of the normal liquid helium 3. The discontinuity disappears at finite temperature but the same density dependent is observed as that of frozen case. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of present article is to compare the different bound state parton distributions in the protons with those coming from the free protons experimental data and to investigate the effect of quark structure of protons on each other. So, the constituent quark model (CQM), in which the quarks are assumed to be the complex objects and was originally proposed by Altarelli et al. (ACMP), is used in the frame work of the quark exchange model (QEM) to calculate the parton distributions of bound protons. Unlike our previous works, the effect of sea quarks and gluons are included in the QEM. Our results are in agreement with those of Glück et al. (GRV) when we ignore the binding and the Fermi motion effects for the constituent quarks. In this case, we get more sea-quarks and gluons with respect to the bound state constituents quarks calculation. It is also shown that the QEM, which is a realistic formalism gives better result with respect to the Isgur and Karl et al. model which is a field theoretical approach. The ratio of the structure functions of neutron to proton is also calculated with the assumption of isospin symmetry and it is compared with the available data and our previous works. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The three sets of conventional integrated parton distribution functions (PDFs) such as MSTW 2008 (Martin et al), GJR08 (Glück et al) and CTEQ6.6 (Nadolsky et al) are used as the inputs to generate the unintegrated parton distribution functions (UPDFs) via the Kimber–Martin–Ryskin (KMR) procedure and the results are compared with each other. The UPDFs are obtained for several values of the squared transverse momentum component of parton $${(k_t^2)}$$ and the longitudinal momentum fraction ( x). The various aspects of the PDFs and the UPDFs ratios of GJR08 and CTEQ6.6 to MSTW 2008 are analyzed and discussed. In addition to our previous justification (Modarres and Hosseinkani in Nucl Phys A 815:40, 2009) about the stability and the reliability of KMR UPDFs, it is observed here that they are more convergent in the larger values of the scale $${k_t^2}$$ (i.e. the suppression of discrepancies of different PDFs schemes) such that the UPDFs produced via the KMR approach are stable with respect to the variation of the input sets of PDFs and they also tend to a unique value by increasing the scale $${k_t^2}$$. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, we investigate the ambiguities proposed by Benhar et al. about different implementation of the impulse approximation (IA) for calculation of the response function of many-Fermion system. The many-Fermion wave-function of composite system is calculated in the framework of impulse approximation by considering the iteration equation of many-Fermion wave-function through the system Hamiltonian propagator, and it is shown that by imposing the plane wave approximation for the struck particle it is possible to remove these ambiguities (the plane wave impulse approximation (PWIA)). Finally it is concluded that in order to get relevant result, one should be careful to perform the IA on the many-Fermion wave function to calculate the response function of the system, since the system response is obviously very sensitive to this quantity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The normal liquid helium 3 one-body momentum distribution, n(k), at zero and finite temperature is evaluated by using the cluster expansion theory for the occupation probability of Ristig-Clark formalism. The lowest order constrained variational (LOCV) and the extended LOCV (ELOCV) method are used to calculate the correlation functions at zero and finite temperatures. The input inter-atomic potential is the familiar 6–12 Lennard-Jones interaction. The gap in n(k) at the Fermi surface is found to be about 0.41 comparing to 1.0 (0.72) for the noninteracting (dilute hard-sphere) Fermi gas model at zero temperature and it decreases by increasing the temperature. It is also demonstrated that the high-momentum tail of n(k) gets larger as we increase the temperature and finally, we find a good agreement between present calculated n(k) and those coming from more sophisticated approaches such as Diffusion and Green-function Monte Carlo techniques. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Focusing on the geometry of one hot spot in airframes, this paper discusses the onset of the interaction of two collinear cracks at adjacent holes and defines the onset as a criterion for multi-site fatigue damage failure. The finite element method is used to calculate the stress intensity factors at the tips of two collinear cracks at adjacent holes growing towards each other. The stress intensity factor is found to increase rapidly at the onset of interaction. Since a rapid increase in stress intensity factor results in a rapid and unstable growth of the crack, the onset of the interaction is proposed as the point where the multi-site fatigue damage starts. A criterion to avoid multi-site fatigue damage locally is then established based on the separation distance of two crack tips at the onset of the interaction. To speed up the simulation of crack growth under multi-site fatigue damage with the finite element method, a semi-empirical criterion is derived to determine the time at which the stress intensity factors at the tips of the cracks correlate. The numerical examples show that the proposed criterion saves simulation time while incurring negligible relative error in the computation of the final crack length. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the present article is to extract the free neutron structure function, which is experimentally unknown, form proton and deuteron deep inelastic scattering (DIS) data in the deep valence region. We begin by using the quark-exchange formalism, deuteron wave function and Fermi motion effect to investigate the deep inelastic electron scattering from the deuteron. The up- and down-quark momentum-space charge distribution in the deuteron is calculated and compared with those of tritium and helium 3. Then the free neutron structure function is evaluated such that we could get the best fit to the experimental NMC and SLAC data of proton and deuteron structure functions. Finally, it is shown that the ratio of free neutron to proton structure functions is in good agreement with the prediction of other theoretical models as well as the present available experimental data, which has been extracted from proton and deuteron cross-sections via Fermi smearing and density models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The charm quark contribution to the proton structure function (SF) is investigated in the leading-order (LO) QCD at small x region. A next-to-leading order (NLO) QCD analysis for the proton SF is made within the $\overline{MS}$ renormalization scheme of the radiation parton evolution model (DGLAP). The valence quark distribution is obtained from the relativistic quark-exchange calculation for the ${\cal A}=3$ mirror nuclei, i.e., 3He and 3H, which is based on a realistic model. The inverse Mellin technique is performed to extract the parton distribution in the ( x, Q 2)-plane. The calculated F 2 c ( x, Q 2) and F 2 p ( x, Q 2) as well as the longitudinal SF, F L p ( x, Q 2) are compared with the experimental data available at present, namely H1, ZEUS, and HERMES at HERA ring as well as other theoretical models, especially the hard pomeron phenomenological model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

By using the quark-exchange formalism, the realistic Faddeev wave function and the Fermi motion effect, we investigate the deep inelastic electron scattering from A = 3 mirror nuclei in the deep-valence region. The initial valence quark input is taken from the GRV's (Glück, Reya and Vogt) fitting procedure and the next-to-leading-order QCD evolution on F 2 p( x, Q 2) which gives a very good fit to the available data in the ( x, Q 2)-plane. It is shown that the free neutron to proton structure functions ratio can be extracted from the corresponding EMC ratios for 3He and 3H mirror nuclei by using the self-consistent iteration procedure and the results are in good agreement with the other theoretical models as well as the present available experimental data and especially the projected data expected from the proposed 11GeV Jefferson Laboratory in the near future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A next-to-leading order QCD analysis of polarized and unpolarized structure functions of the proton in the ( x, Q2)-plane is discussed within the scheme of the radiation parton formalism. The valence quark distribution is obtained from the application of the relativistic quark-exchange model to A = 3 mirror nuclei, i.e., 3He and 3H. The sea quark and gluon distributions are calculated using the inverse Mellin technique in the NLO approximation. A comparison is made with the corresponding available experimental data. We find a good fit for F2p( x, Q2) to the data. It is shown that our new NLO calculation improves our previous works. We argue that the valence quark scenario at some μ02 ≪ Q2 is a reasonable assumption in the framework of the DGLAP evolution equation. In agreement with the data, it is demonstrated that the asymmetry A1p( x, Q2) has no significant Q2-dependence as we go to the small x, even at NLO limit. Finally we argue that for small x ≤ 0.2 it is a good approximation to consider 3He and 3H structure functions as those of neutrons and protons, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The energy of normal liquid 3He is obtained using the lowest order constrained variational (LOCV) method. In order to test the convergence of the cluster expansion series, the three-body cluster energy is calculated, with the LOCV correlation functions, and by imposing the normalization constraint on the two-body distribution function which includes three-body cluster correlations (LOCVE). It is shown that the normalization constraint plays an important role in keeping the higher cluster terms small. The resulting LOCVE calculation for the ground state energy of liquid 3He is compared with the available experimental data and the prediction from different theoretical techniques. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

: The free energy of the homogeneous electron fluid at finite temperature is obtained using the lowest order constrained variational (LOCV) method. In order to test the convergence of cluster expansion series the three-body cluster terms are calculated with the LOCV correlation functions. The results agree reasonably with those of Monte Carlo, coupled-cluster, perturbational expansion etc, techniques at zero temperature. The flashing and critical temperatures as well as the critical exponent are found to be about 0.6, 1.3 eV and 0.384 respectively. A similar liquid-gas phase transition to that of nuclear matter and liquid He3 is observed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present work we combine the Lanczos algorithm and the lowest order constrained variational method (LOCV) to obtain a simple version of the Lanczos algorithm. In order to test the method the ground state energy and the antisymmetric mass gap of the U(1) lattice gauge model are calculated, and the results are compared with those computed by other many body methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article we intend to discuss the evolution of polarized and unpolarized structure functions in the (x,Q2) plane. We analyze the proton data on the spin dependence asymmetry A1(x,Q2), by making the dynamical assumption that at low resolution energies, the hadrons consist only of valence quarks and the scaling violation of F2(x,Q2) at low x comes only from the gluons density. While the sea quark and the gluon distributions are calculated using the inverse Mellin technique and the various moments of the valence quarks, the valence quark distribution itself is obtained from the relativistic quark-exchange model. A comparison is made with the corresponding available experimental data. Finally in agreement with the data, it is demonstrated that there is no significant Q2-dependence of asymmetry A1(x,Q2) for x ranging 0.014 ≤ x ≤ 0.25. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Spin dependent gluon and sea quark distributions of the proton and the neutron are extracted in the leading order (LO) and the next-to-leading order (NLO) QCD. The relativistic quark exchange model is used to calculate the related valence quark spin dependent structure function. The inverse Mellin transform technique is performed to evaluate the polarized x-dependent distributions of the gluon and the sea quark from the various moments of the valence quarks. It is shown that the calculated spin structure functions (SSF) of the proton and the neutron are in good agreement with the available data, such as E143, SMC, E142, E154 and Hermes experiments. A comparison is also made with the other theoretical models. Finally it is shown that the above calculated parton distributions improve the SSF of the proton and the neutron. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The spin structure of protons will be discussed by using MIT-bag model and considering constituent quarks to be combined from current quarks and gluons. It will be shown that the gluonic degrees of freedom play an important role in prediction of the recent EMC results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

PurposeTo evaluate the effect of intra-silicone injection of bevacizumab for the treatment of neovascular glaucoma (NVG) after vitrectomy for advanced proliferative diabetic retinopathy.MethodsBevacizumab was injected into the silicone oil in five pseudophakic eyes of five patients with NVG. The iris neovascularization (INV) and NVG had developed 1.5–4 months after vitrectomy and silicone oil tamponade. The main outcome measures were regression of INV, intraocular pressure and visual acuity.ResultsIn all eyes, INV regressed and intraocular pressure was controlled within 7 days. Visual acuity improved in all eyes. In one patient, INV and NVG recurred 10 weeks after the injection and was successfully treated with a repeat intra-silicone bevacizumab injection.ConclusionIntra-silicone injection of bevacizumab is effective in the treatment of patients with INV and NVG after vitrectomy for advanced proliferative diabetic retinopathy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We previously investigated the compatibility of the Kimber – Martin – Ryskin (KMR ) unintegrated parton distribution functions (UPDF ) with the experimental data on the proton (longitudinal) structure functions (PSF (PLSF )). Recently Golec - Biernat and Stasto (GBS ) demonstrated that the differential version of KMR prescription and the implementations of angular (strong) ordering (AOC (SOC )) constraints, cause the negative-discontinuous UPDF with the ordinary parton distribution functions (PDF ) as the input, which leads to a sizable effect on the calculation of PSF . In the present work, we use the new MMHT 2014 - LO - PDF as the input and focus on the UPDF behaviors as was raised by GBS . The resulting PSF and PLSF are compared with the MSTW 2008 - LO - PDF and MRST 99 - PDF and the 2014 data given by the ZEUS and H 1 collaborations. The calculated PSF and PLSF based on the integral prescription of the KMR - UPDF with the AOC and the ordinary PDF as the input are reasonably consistent with the experimental data. Therefore, they are approximately independent to the PDF (no need to impose cutoff on the PDF ). At very small x regions because of the excess of gluons in the MMHT 2014 - LO - PDF and MSTW 2008 - LO - PDF , an increase in PSF and PLSF is achieved. Finally, according to the GBS report the differential version by using the cutoff independent PDF produces results far from the experimental data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A letter to the editor is presented in response to the article "Proliferative vitreoretinopathy and antivascular endothelial growth factor treatment."