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Abstract A growing body of literature suggests that involving end-users in intervention research, including design, implementation, and evaluation, is associated with numerous positive outcomes. These outcomes include improved intervention efficacy, sustainability, and psychological growth among collaborators. The value of this approach and the recommendation for researchers to embrace co-creation in implementation and policies have also been recognised within the EU Framework of Research Innovation. Furthermore, it has been suggested that this approach may be particularly relevant for working with individuals from marginalised groups, whose voices are often absent from research and policy discussions. However, there has been limited attention given to how co-creation unfolds in practice. In this article, we provide a review of the methodological framework implemented by the H2020 REFUGE-ED (2021–2023), which was conducted in collaboration with migrant, refugee, and asylum-seeking communities. The project implemented the 'REFUGE-ED Dialogic Co-Creation Process (RDCP)' in 46 educational settings across six European countries. Considering the need for evidence-based approaches in education and mental health and psychosocial support practices, we suggest that the RDCP has the potential for sustainability and replicability in diverse contexts.

Abstract Although considerable progress has been made in dissecting the signaling pathways involved in the innate immune response, it is now apparent that this response can no longer be productively thought of in terms of simple linear pathways. InnateDB ( www.innatedb.ca ) has been developed to facilitate systems‐level analyses that will provide better insight into the complex networks of pathways and interactions that govern the innate immune response. InnateDB is a publicly available, manually curated, integrative biology database of the human and mouse molecules, experimentally verified interactions and pathways involved in innate immunity, along with centralized annotation on the broader human and mouse interactomes. To date, more than 3500 innate immunity‐relevant interactions have been contextually annotated through the review of 1000 plus publications. Integrated into InnateDB are novel bioinformatics resources, including network visualization software, pathway analysis, orthologous interaction network construction and the ability to overlay user‐supplied gene expression data in an intuitively displayed molecular interaction network and pathway context, which will enable biologists without a computational background to explore their data in a more systems‐oriented manner.

The supercapacitive properties of the polythiophene (PTh) and its composites with iron dust synthesized by chemical oxidative polymerization are investigated. The UV–Vis, FTIR, TGA, XRD, SEM, and EDX were used to characterize the composites. Iron (Fe) dust is inserted into PTh matrix as confirmed by FTIR, UV–Vis, EDX, and XRD analysis. The TGA shows that composites have higher thermal stability than pure PTh. The SEM reveals highly porous and packed morphology of the composites as compared to pure PTh. Cyclic voltammetry (CV), galvanostatic charge–discharge (GCD), and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) show that a 1:1 ratio by mass of PTh and Fe composite displayed greater specific capacitance than pure PTh. The high specific capacitance of the composite material (428.46 F/g at 1 A/g) suggested that the material is suitable for supercapacitor electrode. Cyclic stability is also tested for 1000 cycles at a current density of 1 A/g with excellent retention of 88.89%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The applications of IoHT have adapted a lot of contemplation as a result of recent IoT (Internet of Things) advancements. Irrespective of several fields in IoHT such as remote medical professional assistance, history of health-charting, integrated care management, decreased cost, disease management, disability management, home care management, individual healthcare assistance, health tracking, drug availability management, healthcare tracking management, and telesurgery. The evolvement in the field of the IoHT network has shown a drastic advancement in the standard of living. Despite the numerous fields of application in the IoHT network, the balance of security and privacy is one of the most pressing problems as far as life-critical solutions are concerned. There are several solutions to maintain security in the IoHT network. The most recent security enhancement schemes in the IoHT have been addressed in this paper. Furthermore, the latest possible challenges in the IoHT network are discussed. Moreover, an extensive survey on future research directions in the field of IoHT network security is illustrated. Additionally, we have proposed a security architecture based on trust assessment for IoHT systems to ameliorate the security of the network. The trust assessment is based on the artificial intelligence mechanism such that the security of the IoHT network is enhanced adaptively. This paper presents a novel IoHT security framework that integrates trust evaluation to dynamically address security challenges. It offers practical solutions for applications like telesurgery by adjusting measures based on real-time trust assessments, setting a new standard in IoHT security and guiding future research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The pursuit of high-performance and cost-effective photoelectrocatalysts for water splitting stands as a focal point in sustainable energy research. In this investigation, we present the fabrication of a novel multifunctional g-C3N4/Al2S3 nanocomposite as photoelectrocatalyst utilizing the co-precipitation method. Tailored for application in photoelectrochemical water splitting under alkaline conditions, the resulting nanocomposite underwent physical characterization via X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy, affirming its well-defined shape, size and crystallinity. Employing a three-dimensional nickel foam substrate as a conducting support, we scrutinized the performance of the g-C3N4/Al2S3 nanocomposite in the light assisted Hydrogen Evolution Reaction (HER) and Oxygen Evolution Reaction (OER). Our findings reveal the nanocomposites superiority over its pristine components (g-C3N4 and Al2S3) in terms of charge transport within an alkaline medium. Additionally, the g-C3N4/Al2S3 nanocomposite showcases enhanced photoelectrocatalytic efficiencies, achieving low overpotentials of 111 mV for HER and 217 mV for OER respectively, to reach a current density of 10 mA cm–2. The prepared g-C3N4/Al2S3 electrocatalyst demonstrates exceptional durability in both HER and OER processes, attributed to the robust electronic coupling between g-C3N4 and Al2S3. This study marks a significant advancement in the development of efficient and robust photoelectrochemical systems for water splitting, promising a brighter future for sustainable energy production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The resilient framework of Linguistic Intuitionistic Fuzzy Sets (LIFSs) allows for the representation and management of uncertainties related to intuitionistic judgments and linguistic expressions. Recent advances in passive and active safety systems have reduced highway fatalities. Autonomous vehicles can improve safety, efficiency, and mobility by navigating traffic without a driver. One of the primary benefits associated with this technology is that it reduces the number of traffic collisions that result in millions of fatalities and numerous injuries. In this research work, we devise two novel aggregation operators: the linguistic intuitionistic fuzzy Dombi ordered weighted averaging (LIFDOWA) operator and the linguistic intuitionistic fuzzy Dombi ordered weighted geometric (LIFDOWG) operator, and explore their fundamental structural properties. We provide innovative score and accuracy functions for multiple attribute decision-making (MADM) problems within the framework of LIF knowledge. Moreover, we use these techniques to develop a specialized algorithm for MADM issues that addresses the complexities arising from ambiguous data during the selection process. We also demonstrate the effectiveness of our proposed methods by applying them to solve the MADM scenario of selecting an optimal approach to improve the credibility of autonomous vehicle control systems on a commercial scale. In addition, we also compare and evaluate the authenticity and practicability of the newly designed techniques in comparison to existing methodologies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The high non-radiative energy loss is a bottleneck issue that impedes the improvement of organic solar cells. The formation of triplet exciton is thought to be the main source of the large non-radiative energy loss. Decreasing the rate of back charge transfer is considered as an effective approach to alleviate the relaxation of the charge-transfer state and the triplet exciton generation. Herein, we develops an efficient ternary system based on D18:N3-BO:F-BTA3 by regulating the charge-transfer state disorder and the rate of back charge transfer of the blend. With the addition of F-BTA3, a well-defined morphology with a more condensed molecular packing is obtained. Moreover, a reduced charge-transfer state disorder is demonstrated in the ternary blend, which decreases the rate of back charge transfer as well as the triplet exciton formation, and therefore hinders the non-radiative recombination pathways. Consequently, D18:N3-BO:F-BTA3-based device produces a low non-radiative energy loss of 0.183 eV and a record-high efficiency of 20.25%. This work not only points towards the significant role of the charge-transfer state disorder on the suppression of triplet exciton formation and the non-radiative energy loss, but also provides a valuable insight for enhancing the performance of OSCs. The high non-radiative energy loss is a bottleneck issue for efficient organic solar cells. Here, the authors regulate the charge transfer state disorder and rate of back charge transfer through a ternary system, achieving low non-radiative energy loss of 0.183 eV and device efficiency of 20.25%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The glycocalyx is a complex layer of carbohydrate and protein molecules that surrounds the cell membrane of many types of mammalian cells. It serves several important functions, including cell adhesion and communication, and maintain cell shape and stability, especially in the case of erythrocytes. Alteration of glycocalyx composition represents a cardiovascular health threatening. For example, in diabetes mellitus glycocalyx of erythrocytes and of endothelial cells is known to be impaired, a potential source of blood occlusion in microcirculation, which may lead to blindness, and renal failure of patients. The impact of glycocalyx impairment on erythrocyte aggregation remains a largely unexplored research area. We conduct here in vitro-experiments in microfluidic devices in order to investigate erythrocytes aggregation incubated with amylase, an enzyme that partially breaks down glycocalyx molecules. It is found that incubation of erythrocytes by amylase leads to a dramatic increase of their aggregation and stability and alters the aggregates morphologies. Confocal microscopy analysis reveals a significant degradation of the glycocalyx layer, correlated with enhanced erythrocytes aggregation. An increased erythrocyte aggregation in vivo should affect oxygen and other metabolites delivery to organs and tissues. This study brings new elements about elucidation of microscopic origins of erythrocyte aggregation and their potential impact on cardiovascular pathologies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the adsorption mechanisms of pine bark biochar (BC) and modified pine bark biochar (MBC) in the removal of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) microplastics from aqueous solutions, with a significant focus on resource recovery from pine residues which is one of the key Himalayan Forest byproducts. The research findings highlighted the optimal adsorption capacity of biochar at 131.5 mg/g achieved after 6 h of contact time, with a pH of 10 and a PVC microplastic concentration of 200 mg/L. The primary mechanisms of PVC microplastic adsorption involved ion exchange and physical adsorption, driven by forces such as Vander-Waals, London forces, and electrostatic forces. Thermodynamic analysis showed the exothermic nature of the PVC and BC/MBC interaction, with spontaneous adsorption occurring within the temperature range of 10 to 40 °C. Isotherm and kinetic models fit well with Temkin model and PSO kinetics, as indicated by R2 values exceeding 0.9. Particularly, MBC exhibited superior removal efficiency and adsorption capacity compared to its precursor, reaching an optimum adsorption capacity of 156.08 mg/g with a removal efficiency of 78%, surpassing the performance of BC. This research contributes valuable insights into potential applications of BC for PVC removal and underscores the effectiveness of MBC in achieving enhanced adsorption outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Poor seedling germination and growth can result in large financial losses for farmers, thus, there is an urgent need for sustainable agricultural techniques to enhance seed germination and early growth. As an outcome, sustainable agriculture-which emphasizes the smart and effective utilization of resources-has gained popularity worldwide. At numerous levels, the field of nanotechnology is capable of significant benefit in achieving sustainable agricultural practices. Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) have been shown to have biostimulatory properties and serve as effective solutions for addressing environmental and biotic stressors. The purpose of this study, investigating Salvadora persica halophytic leaf extract -synthesized zinc oxide nanoparticles (S-ZnONPs) as nano-priming agents to ensure okra seeds germinated under stress-free conditions. From an application perspective, we examined the effect of seed priming with varying concentrations of S-ZnO NPs (0, 20 and 40 ppm) for 18 and 24 h of soaking. Results indicated that the germination rate of hybrid variety improved with 20 ppm at 18 h, increasing by 58.22%, while mean germination time reduced by 24.62%. An enhancement trend was observed in the shoot, root length, shoot and root fresh weight, shoot and root dry weight of hybrid variety at 20ppm with 18 h priming by 34.2, 84.3, 80.2, 47.4, 50.3, and 36.2%, respectively. However, chlorophyll pigments chl a, chl b, and carotenoids was significantly raised in desi variety by 42.4, 79.31, and 142.29% with 20 ppm at 18 h priming. Hydrogen per oxide decreased up to 87.8% with 40 ppm at 24 h in hybrid variety, while, in desi variety H2O2 was reduced 88.3% with 20 ppm at 24 h. Non enzymatic antioxidant activities such as ascorbic acid, was highly increased 130.6% in hybrid at 24 h priming with 20 ppm dose. Flavonoids raised in same variety by 166.1% with 20 ppm at 18 h. Proline content was increased by 144.5% with 40ppm at 18 h. Moreover, Antioxidant enzymes, superoxide dismutase, peroxidase and catalase were significantly increased in both varieties with both levels of S-ZnO NPs and priming time. This cost-effective and environmentally safe technique to produce nanoparticles of different halophytic plants can maximize resource utilization, supporting sustainable agriculture by minimizing adverse environmental effects without compromising efficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This qualitative study was conducted to explore the common dyadic coping (DC) efforts of married couples, with a chronically ill partner. The sample for the study consisted of twelve couples chosen from Gujrat, Pakistan. The semi-structured interviews were conducted with the help of an interview guide and analyzed using thematic analysis (Braun and Clarke, 2006). The following four major themes were emerged: "common problem-focused DC," "common emotion-focused DC," "common religious DC," and "combined pattern of intimate relationships." The findings indicated that partners are not preferring relational coping resources for problem- and emotion-focused DC. However, the majority of couples participate in religious DC process in a complementary way to cope with stressful situation in the result of chronic illness. The study also indicated various indigenous factors, for example, socioeconomic status, family culture, lack of physical resource, and religious standpoints contributing in the lack of connectivity and sexual intimacy. To conclude, the results revealed that future research is required to investigate the patient and partner's relationship in greater depth, focusing on above-mentioned contextual factors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To synthesize bis-Schiff bases bearing thiobarbituric acid and to screen their anti-urease inhibitory potential. Methods: In this study, 1,3-dimethylbarbituric acid derivatives were synthesized by a four-step process. Using K2CO3, 2,4-dihydroxy benzaldehyde and chloro ethyl acetate were esterified in DMF in the first step under reflux condition. The reaction was then carried out by combining the esterified aldehyde with 1,3-dimethylbarbituric acid at room temperature for about an 1 h. Hydrazine hydrate was then mixed with compound (II) in ethanol solvent with acetic acid acting as catalyst. Finally, substituted aromatic aldehydes were treated with bis-hydrazide (III) using ethanol and acetic acid as a catalyst. Results: The newly synthesized compounds were screened for their urease inhibition (in vitro). Four analogs, including (IIIj) (IC50 = 15.22 ± 0.49 μM), (IIIg) (IC50 = 16.05 ± 0.16 μM), (IIIa) (IC50 = 16.29 ± 0.73 μM), and (IIIb) (IC50 = 21.17 ± 0.21 μM) were found most powerful inhibitors than standard thiourea (IC50 = 22.80 ± 2.20 μM). The urease inhibition was also seen in compound (IIIi), (IIIc), (IIIh), (IIIe), (IIId), and (IIIf) however it was less from standard. The structure stability and chemical reactivity of the compounds were checked by density functional theory (DFT) method. Furthermore, the molecular docking simulation was performed to check the protein (urease) and ligand interactions and binding affinities by using AutoDock Vina. Conclusions: The synthesized derivatives attributed temendous potential against urease enzyme. Compound (IIIj) was found as the most potent anti-urease agent. Additional research including taxicological and in vivo is necessary to know the safety, effectivness and mechanism of action of these potent molecules. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Levan is a naturally occurring polysaccharide, found in many microorganisms and plants. The polymer is composed of fructose molecules. Food processing industries generate a lot of sugar rich waste consisting of different fruit peels that could be used for levan biosynthesis of levan. The present research presents levan production by Bacillus subtillis via solid state fermentation (SSF) using various sucrose-rich fruit peels. Peels of mango, banana, apple, and sugarcane bagasse were screened and maximum levan yield (1.87 mg/g) was found with mango peels after 24 h at pH 7 and 30 °C. Levan production from mango peel was further optimized for physical parameters using central composite design (CCD) of response surface methodology (RSM). The maximum levan yield (7.586 mg/g) from mango peels was achieved at 120 h incubation, 60% moisture content, 7 pH, and 32 °C. The functional groups of levan were confirmed by FTIR analysis. Sugar content was done by HPLC analysis, which confirmed levan has only fructose sugar. Mango peel could be a potential source for levan production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The dynamics of soft microparticles enclosed in a droplet flowing in a channel is an unexplored fundamental problem that lies at the heart of numerous applications, including droplet-based microfluidics, tissue engineering and smart material synthesis. Here we show that enclosing a flexible capsule into a droplet can amplify the capsule's deformation parameters in channel flow by up to two orders of magnitude. Previously unreported capsule equilibrium shapes in channel flow, including an oblate spheroid and a reversed bullet, have also been discovered. We propose two theoretical models to predict the equilibrium position of the capsule inside the droplet, and estimate the capsule deformation, respectively. The present study provides an effective but simple approach to enhance and control the deformation of soft particles in a flowing suspension, which may inspire widespread applications, from high-throughput single-cell mechanical phenotyping, enhanced cross-membrane drug delivery, to manufacturing shape-controlled non-spherical particles and artificial cells. Enhancing deformation of soft microparticles such as cells, capsules and vesicles has widespread applications in cell phenotyping, drug/gene delivery and smart material synthesis. Here, the authors demonstrate that enclosing a capsule into a droplet can amplify the capsule deformation parameter by up to two orders of magnitude, compared with an isolated capsule experiencing identical channel flow conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Enalapril is an orally administered angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor which is widely prescribed to treat hypertension, chronic kidney disease, and heart failure. It is an ester prodrug that needs to be activated by carboxylesterase 1 (CES1). CES1 is a hepatic hydrolase that in vivo biotransforms enalapril to its active form enalaprilat in order to produce its desired pharmacological impact. Several single nucleotide polymorphisms in CES1 gene are reported to alter the catalytic activity of CES1 enzyme and influence enalapril metabolism. G143E, L40T, G142E, G147C, Y170D, and R171C can completely block the enalapril metabolism. Some polymorphisms like Q169P, E220G, and D269fs do not completely block the CES1 function; however, they reduce the catalytic activity of CES1 enzyme. The prevalence of these polymorphisms is not the same among all populations which necessitate to consider the genetic panel of respective population before prescribing enalapril. These genetic variations are also responsible for interindividual variability of CES1 enzyme activity which ultimately affects the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of enalapril. The current review summarizes the CES1 polymorphisms which influence the enalapril metabolism and efficacy. The structure of CES1 catalytic domain and important amino acids impacting the catalytic activity of CES1 enzyme are also discussed. This review also highlights the importance of pharmacogenomics in personalized medicine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current research delves into the implications of exchange rate fluctuations on commodity trade between Pakistan and Japan, utilizing the nonlinear autoregressive distributed lag method. While prior studies have predominantly utilized the symmetric cointegration approach, the current study posits that the limited assumption of symmetry between the exchange rate and the trade flows could have hindered the empirical findings. The research investigates both the symmetric and asymmetric effects of exchange rate fluctuations on 102 Pakistani industries that import from Japan and 62 industries that export to Japan at the industry level from 1980 to 2020. The outcomes indicate that in nearly half of the importing and exporting industries that engage in trade with Japan, there is evidence of a significant impact of asymmetric exchange rate fluctuations on trade flows in both the short and long term. The study suggests that policymakers should consider the industry-specific impact of exchange rate fluctuations on trade flows and implement targeted policies accordingly. Particularly, industries that benefit from currency depreciation should be encouraged through export incentives, while industries negatively affected by currency volatility should be provided with hedging mechanisms and other forms of support to mitigate their losses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study was aimed to understand the dose-dependent effects of cobalt carbonate nanoparticles (CoCO3 NPs), impacts on the antioxidant systems, hematological parameters, and organ morphology of albino mice. Furthermore, impacts on liver and kidney function and influence on lipid profiles and antioxidant enzyme activities were assessed in albino mice. The experiments were conducted using two groups of two different doses of CoCO3 NPs in a low dose (50 µl of 1 mg/ml) and high dose (100 µl of 1 mg/ml) compared with the control group. Parameters evaluated included the activities of the antioxidant enzymes catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and peroxidase (POD); hematological parameters; and histopathological examination of liver and kidney tissues. The nanoparticles were characterized using X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy. Data showed that the activities of CAT and SOD, which are representative of adaptive responses toward oxidative stress, are enhanced in a dose–response manner in the presence of CoCO3 NPs. However, POD activity decreased, indicating that there might be some inhibitory effects at higher dosages. Hematological analysis showed a significant alteration in monocyte count and platelet count with an increase in nanoparticle concentration. On the other hand, histopathological examination is indicative of damage to the liver and kidney at higher doses. Finally, the study has demonstrated that exposure to CoCO3 NPs exerts complex effects in albino mice, characterized by increases in some antioxidant defenses, organ damage, and alterations in hematological parameters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the impact of real exchange rate misalignment on Pakistan’s economic growth across different identified threshold levels. The research makes three significant contributions to the applied macroeconomics literature. First, it employs a dynamic regression model to assess the primary factors determining the equilibrium real exchange rate (ERER). Second, it examines the asymmetric impact of real exchange rate misalignment on Pakistan’s economic growth using the nonlinear autoregressive distributed lag (NARDL) model. Third, through a threshold regression model inspired by Hansen (Hansen, Econometrica 68:575–603, 2000), it identifies the threshold values of the Pakistani rupee that can either promote or hinder economic growth. The study concludes that the Pakistani rupee experienced significant periods of both undervaluation and overvaluation between 1982 and 2022. Moreover, the analysis establishes that overvaluation impedes Pakistan's economic growth, while undervaluation stimulates it. Our findings suggest that the undervaluation of the Pakistani rupee promotes economic growth up to an estimated threshold of a 10.025% deviation from ERER is reached. In contrast, an overvalued Pakistani rupee can stimulate economic growth up to a 9.346% threshold. The study implies that Pakistan should avoid both overvaluation and undervaluation beyond these identified thresholds to sustainably enhance economic growth. Additionally, it recommends that appropriate fiscal and monetary policies be pursued to maintain the exchange rate close to the equilibrium rate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The electrolytic division of water into hydrogen (H2) and oxygen (O2) presents a sustainable solution for meeting escalating demands in renewable energy sources. Yet, this process faces formidable challenges due to its energy-intensive nature. Our study introduces efficient electrocatalysts formed from chromium sulphide nanoparticles integrated with tin oxide via a straightforward solvothermal approach, enabling water splitting in both acidic and alkaline settings. The resulting SnO2@CrS2 heterostructure exhibits notable performance by requiring lower overpotentials 142 and 99 mV for achieving a current density of 10 mA cm−2 during the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) and hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) in 1 M KOH, and 157 and 165 mV for OER and HER in 0.1 M HClO4, respectively. Correspondingly, Tafel slopes of 30 and 45 mVdec−1 in 1.0 M KOH and 52 and 32 mVdec−1 in 0.1 M HClO4 were observed for OER and HER respectively. These catalysts display promising efficiency at reduced overpotentials, demonstrating exceptional performance for overall water splitting. This approach of integrating an active heterostructure through interfacial tuning offers a novel pathway for developing economically viable and efficient electrocatalyst systems crucial for water splitting and H2 production. Graphical abstract of synthesized catalyst [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One major cause of to environmental pollution is industrial dye wastewater. The main purpose of current work was synthesis and investigation of effectiveness of LDH–Ferrite–Biochar–Polymeric composites for removal of anionic dye (Acid blue 41) from wastewater. The co-precipitation technique is used to synthesize Zn–Al Layered double hydroxide-Manganese ferrite–Egg Shell biochar–Starch (Zn–Al–MnFe2O4–ESB–Sta), Cu–Al Layered double hydroxide–Cadmium ferrite–Eucalyptus bark biochar–Chitosan (Cu–Al–CdFe2O4–EBB–Cs), Cd–Al Layered double hydroxide–Cobalt ferrite–Jujube wood biochar–Sodium alginate (Cd–Al–CoFe2O4–JWB–Na–Alg), Mn–Al Layered double hydroxide–Copper ferrite–Mulberry Stem Biochar–Starch (Mn–Al–CuFe2O4–MSB–Sta) and Co–Al Layered double hydroxide–zinc ferrite-peanut shell biochar–carboxymethyl cellulose (Co–Al–ZnFe2O4–PSB–CMC). According to findings of recent studies, Zn–Al–MnFe2O4–ESB-Sta (40.1 mg/g), Cu–Al–CdFe2O4–EBB–Cs (35.6 mg/g), Cd–Al–CoFe2O4–JWB–Na–Alg (28.1 mg/g), Mn–Al–CuFe2O4–MSB-Sta (37.3 mg/g) and Co–Al–ZnFe2O4–PSB–CMC (31.2 mg/g) has adsorption capacity for acid blue 41 dye. All composites achieved maximum adsorption effectiveness in acidic range (2–5), eliminating AB-41 dye in 45 min at optimal dose 0.05 g and 150 mg/l initial dye concentration was optimum. After 30 °C, adsorption potential decreased, indicating exothermic mechanisms. The efficiency was still adequate after five cycles of regeneration. The Pseudo 2nd order Kinetics and Freundlich isotherm model were successfully implemented among the applied models. The aforementioned composites are deemed the most cost-effective, energy-efficient, ecologically friendly, and biologically renewable materials for treating wastewater containing AB-41 dye. The results indicate that Zn–Al–MnFe2O4–ESB–Sta is the most effective synthetic composite for water remediation among all others. Furthermore, it was discovered in a column study that the ideal bed height, flow rate, and inlet concentration of dye were 3 cm, 3.6 ml/min, and 50 mg/l, respectively, for achieving the highest adsorption of AB-41 dye. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study's goal was to compare and evaluate the benefits of deep friction massage and ultrasonic therapy (US) vs extracorporeal shockwave therapy (ESWT) for people with lateral epicondylitis. This double-blind, parallel-arm randomized clinical trial was conducted after ethical approval on a sample of 80 subjects with lateral epicondylitis. Participants were enrolled based on predefined eligibility criteria. They were randomly allocated to groups A and B. Group A received ESWT, while Group B received the US combined with deep friction massage. Data was collected using the Numeric Pain Rating Score (NPRS) and Patient-rated tennis elbow evaluation questionnaire (PRTEE) at baseline, at 3rd, and at 7th week of treatment. On the basis of the normality of the data, a non-parametric test was applied to evaluate between-group and within-group differences. P value ≤ 0.05 was considered significant. There was a significant difference between groups (p < 0.001). Comparisons of PRTEE scores at 3rd week and 7th week of intervention were found significant for both groups (p < 0.001). While considering between-group comparisons based on percentile scores of PRTEE at baseline, 3rd and 7th week of intervention, in group A Median (IQR) at the baseline was 24.00 (5.00), at 3rd week, 10.00 (5.00) and 7th week was 1.50 (2.50) and in group B Median (IQR) at the baseline was 25.00 (4.00), at 3rd week 19.50 (4.50) and at 7th week was 11.50 (2.50). The results were significant in both groups (p = 0.000), but between-group analysis revealed that ESWT is more effective in patients with lateral epicondylitis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Exosomes are the smallest extracellular vesicles (30–150 nm) secreted by all cell types, including synovial fluid. However, because biological fluids are complex, heterogeneous, and contain contaminants, their isolation is difficult and time-consuming. Furthermore, the pathophysiology of osteoarthritis (OA) involves exosomes carrying complex components that cause macrophages to release chemokines and proinflammatory cytokines. This narrative review aims to provide in-depth insights into exosome biology, isolation techniques, role in OA pathophysiology, and potential role in future OA therapeutics. Methods: A literature search was conducted using PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science databases for studies involving exosomes in the osteoarthritis using keywords "Exosomes" and "Osteoarthritis". Relevant articles in the last 15 years involving both human and animal models were included. Studies involving exosomes in other inflammatory diseases were excluded. Results: Despite some progress, conventional techniques for isolating exosomes remain laborious and difficult, requiring intricate and time-consuming procedures across various body fluids and sample origins. Moreover, exosomes are involved in various physiological processes associated with OA, like cartilage calcification, degradation of osteoarthritic joints, and inflammation. Conclusion: The process of achieving standardization, integration, and high throughput of exosome isolation equipment is challenging and time-consuming. The integration of various methodologies can be employed to effectively address specific issues by leveraging their complementary benefits. Exosomes have the potential to effectively repair damaged cartilage OA, reduce inflammation, and maintain a balance between the formation and breakdown of cartilage matrix, therefore showing promise as a therapeutic option for OA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Meniscal injuries frequently require surgical intervention to restore knee joint function and stability. Intraoperative platelet-rich plasma (PRP) injection has emerged as a potential adjunctive therapy to enhance tissue healing post-meniscal repair. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to evaluate the efficacy of PRP in terms of pain relief, functional recovery, and overall success rates in patients undergoing meniscal repair procedures. Methods: A comprehensive search strategy was employed to identify relevant studies across Scopus, PubMed, Embase, and the Cochrane Library databases. The inclusion criteria encompassed human studies, including randomized controlled trials (RCTs), cohorts, and case–control studies, focusing on intraoperative platelet-rich plasma (PRP) use post-meniscal repair and reporting outcomes related to pain, functionality, and cure rates. Exclusion criteria comprised animal studies, non-English publications, studies lacking relevant outcome measures, and those with insufficient data. Two reviewers independently screened titles and abstracts, resolving disagreements through consensus or consultation with a third reviewer, followed by a full-text assessment for potentially eligible studies. Data extraction was conducted independently by two reviewers using a standardized form. The reliability of observational studies was evaluated using the Newcastle–Ottawa Scale. Subgroup analyses and pooled effect estimates for main outcomes were computed using RevMan 5.3, a meta-analysis tool. Results: The demographic analysis revealed that the PRP group had an average age of 41.39 years, while the control group had an average age of 42.1 years. In terms of gender distribution, the PRP group consisted of 61 men and 29 women, while the control group had 62 men and 34 women. Pain ratings showed a preference for PRP with a mean difference of 4.83 (p = 0.13). However, there was no significant difference in Lysholm scores (mean difference: − 0.44, p = 0.91) or IKDC scores (mean difference: 2.80, p = 0.14) between the PRP and control groups. Similarly, ROM measures did not show a statistically significant difference, with a mean difference of 2.80 (p = 0.18). Additionally, there was no significant distinction in failure rates between the PRP and control groups, as indicated by a weighted mean difference of 0.71 (p = 0.52). These findings suggest that while PRP may offer some benefits in pain relief, its impact on functional recovery, range of motion, and failure rates following meniscal repair procedures is inconclusive. Conclusion: The current evidence regarding the effect of intraoperative platelet-rich plasma (PRP) injection on patients undergoing meniscal repair remains inconclusive. While some studies suggest potential benefits in terms of pain relief and functional recovery, others show no significant differences compared to control groups. The impact of PRP therapy on overall success rates, including rates of re-tear and revision surgery, is also uncertain. Further well-designed randomized controlled trials with larger sample sizes are needed to provide more robust evidence and guide clinical practice in orthopedic surgery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

From the useless municipal solid waste (MSW) ashes, CeO2, Gd2O3 and CeO2 + Gd2O3 doped borosilicate glasses were organized via melting-quenching procedure. Various optical, structural, physical and radiation shielding parameters were examined towards the influence of 100 kGy of γ-radiation. UV–visible NIR spectra revealed UV peaks at 351, 348 and 370 nm corresponding to the trivalent states of Ce3+ and Gd3+ ions, while, photoluminescence (PL) spectra displayed asymmetric broad excitations of Ce3+ and Gd3+ ions due to 4f → 5d transitions, and emission intense bands at 412, 434, and 417 nm. CIE chromaticity shows that Gd3+ ions increase the luminescence of Ce3+. FTIR absorption bands revealed an overlapping between tetrahedral groups of silicate (SiO4), with trigonal (BO3) and tetrahedral (BO4) units of borate. The influence of 100 kGy obtains quite reduction in UV–visible NIR and PL peaks, large stability in FTIR and ESR spectra, and stability of thermal expansion coefficient (CTE) as well. The whole data revealed optical, structural and physical stability of glasses after irradiation besides an enhancement in microhardness owing to more structural compactness and high bonding connectivity. Radiation shielding parameters from Phy-X/PSD program showed higher values of mass (MAC) and linear attenuation coefficients (LAC), and effective atomic number (Zeff) in the order of; glass Ce+Gd > glass Ce > glass Gd. Ce + Gd doped glass revealed also the lowest half value layer (HVL) comparing to other shielding commercial concretes. The study recommends the beneficial and economical use of the useless MSW ash to produce CeO2 and/or Gd2O3 borosilicate glasses with hopeful radiation shielding features. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The human microbiome is a diverse consortium of microbial kingdoms that play pivotal roles in host health and diseases. We previously reported a dysbiotic bacteriome in chronic pancreatitis patients with diabetes (CPD) compared with patients with it's nondiabetic (CPND) phenotype. In this study, we extended our exploration to elucidate the intricate interactions between the mycobiome, bacteriome, and hosts' plasma metabolome with the disease phenotypes. A total of 25 participants (CPD, n = 7; CPND, n = 10; healthy control, n = 8) were recruited for the study. We observed elevated species richness in both the bacterial and fungal profiles within the CP diabetic cohort compared to the nondiabetic CP phenotype and healthy control cohorts. Notably, the CP group displayed heterogeneous fungal diversity, with only 40% of the CP nondiabetic patients and 20% of the CP diabetic patients exhibiting common core gut fungal profiles. Specific microbial taxa alterations were identified, including a reduction in Bifidobacterium adolescentis and an increase in the prevalence of Aspergillus penicilloides and Klebsiella sp. in the disease groups. In silico analysis revealed the enrichment of pathways related to lipopolysaccharide (LPS), apoptosis, and peptidase, as well as reduced counts of the genes responsible for carbohydrate metabolism in the CP groups. Additionally, distinct plasma metabolome signatures were observed, with CPD group exhibiting higher concentrations of sugars and glycerolipids, while the CPND cohort displayed elevated levels of amino acids in their blood. The fatty acid-binding protein (FABP) concentration was notably greater in the CPD group than in the HC group (4.220 vs. 1.10 ng/ml, p = 0.04). Furthermore, compared with healthy controls, disease groups exhibited fewer correlations between key fungal taxa (Aspergillus sp., Candida sp.) and bacterial taxa (Prevotella copri, Bifidobacteria sp., Rumminococcaceae). Our study unveils, for the first time, a dysbiotic mycobiome and emphasizes unique host bacterial-mycobial interactions in CP patient with diabetes, potentially influencing disease severity. These findings provide crucial insights for future mechanistic studies aiming to unravel the determinants of disease severity in this complex clinical context. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The realization of Janus monolayers presents an exciting opportunity to disrupt structural symmetry, opening up novel avenues in the realm of layered materials. While several ternary systems, comprising the group-III monochalcogenides, has been proposed for this purpose, the impact of oxygen interaction on the electronic, thermoelectric and optical characteristics of gallium and indium monochalcogenides has been observed. Interestingly, the concept of incorporating oxygen as a third element in ternary systems has not yet been explored extensively. Here we embark on the design and exploration of 2D A2OX (A = Ga, In and X = S, Se) monolayer through first-principles calculations. Our investigation includes the analysis of electronic band structure, optical and thermoelectric properties, revealing that Ga2OS, Ga2OSe and In2OS exhibit direct band nature. However, In2OSe is found to be metallic in unstrained condition. Moreover, the band gap in these materials can be fine-tuned through the application of tensile or compressive strain. Additionally, our analysis suggests strong optical absorption within the visible, and/or ultraviolet regions, depending on the specific system under consideration. Our findings reveal that Ga2OS and In2OS monolayers elevated power factors with application of tensile strain, rendering them as compelling candidates for applications in thermoelectric devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Genetic polymorphisms of apolipoprotein B gene (APOB) may result into serum proteomic perturbance in Coronary Artery Disease (CAD). The current case–control cohort of Pakistani subjects was designed to analyze the genetic influence of APOB rs1042031, (G/T) genotype on serum proteome. Subjects were categorized into two groups: CAD patients (n = 480) and healthy individuals (n = 220). For genotyping, tetra ARMS-PCR was carried out and validated through sequencing, whereas LC/MS-based proteomic analysis of serum samples was performed through label-free quantification. In initial step of genotyping, the frequencies of each genotype GG, GT, and TT were 70%, 27%, and 30% in CAD patients, while in control group, the subjects were 52%, 43%, and 5%, respectively, in CAD patients. The genotypic frequencies in patients vs. control groups found significantly different (p = 0.004), and a strong association of dominant alleles GG with the CAD was observed in both dominant (OR: 2.4 (1.71–3.34), p = 0.001) and allelic genetic models (OR: 2.0 (1.45–2.86), p = 0.001). In second step of label-free quantitation, a total of 40 significant proteins were found with altered expression in CAD patients. The enriched Gene Ontology (GO) terms of molecular functions and pathways of these protein showed upregulated pathways as follows: chylomicron remodeling and assembly, complement cascade activation, plasma lipoprotein assembly, apolipoprotein-A receptor binding, and metabolism of fat-soluble vitamins in G allele carrier of rs1042031 (G > T) vs. mutant T-allele carriers. This study provides better understanding of CAD pathobiology by proteogenomics of APOB. It evidences the influence of APOB rs1042031-dominant (GG) genotype with CAD patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the pursuit of sustainable energy technologies, the development of efficient electrocatalysts for water splitting and energy storage systems is of paramount importance. Bifunctional electrocatalysts are extremely desirable for efficient overall water splitting, but that remains a challenge. This study presents the solvothermal synthesis of potassium niobium tungstate K2Nb10W7O47 nanoparticles, a novel material with remarkable electrocatalytic water splitting and supercapacitance properties. Through a systematic investigation, we reveal the influence of synthesis parameters on the nanoparticle's morphology and crystal structure, emphasizing the tailoring of electrocatalytic activity. The Quaternary K2Nb10W7O47 electrocatalysts exhibit the lowest onset potential of 1.47 V and overpotential of 120 mV in 1 M KOH solution to obtain a current density of 10 mA cm−2 and superior HER performance delivering merely -0.16 E Vs RHE at 10 mA cm−2. It also exhibited good supercapacitor performance with a specific capacitance of 2427.0656 F/g and energy density of 41.235 Wh kg−1 at a power density of 4.3768 W kg−1. Thus, the as synthesized K2Nb10W7O47 nanoparticles exhibit excellent electrocatalytic performance, with low overpotential and high catalytic activity for both hydrogen evolution and oxygen evolution reactions. Furthermore, their supercapacitance behavior is investigated, demonstrating promising energy storage capabilities. This work contributes to the growing field of advanced materials for clean energy applications, showcasing the potential of K2Nb10W7O47nanoparticles as a versatile and efficient electrocatalyst and super-capacitive material. Graphical abstract of synthesized K2Nb1A0W7O47 Nano-catalysts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

According to an estimate, 30% to 40%, of global fruit are wasted, leading to post harvest losses and contributing to economic losses ranging from $10 to $100 billion worldwide. Among, all fruits the discarded portion of oranges is around 20%. A novel and value addition approach to utilize the orange peels is in nanoscience. In the present study, a synthesis approach was conducted to prepare the metallic nanoparticles (copper and silver); by utilizing food waste (Citrus plant peels) as bioactive reductants. In addition, the Citrus sinensis extracts showed the reducing activity against metallic salts copper chloride and silver nitrate to form Cu-NPs (copper nanoparticles) and Ag-NPs (Silver nanoparticles). The in vitro potential of both types of prepared nanoparticles was examined against plant pathogenic bacteria Erwinia carotovora (Pectobacterium carotovorum) and pathogens effect on human health Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus). Moreover, the in vivo antagonistic potential of both types of prepared nanoparticles was examined by their interaction with against plant (potato slices). Furthermore, additional antipathogenic (antiviral and antifungal) properties were also examined. The statistical analysis was done to explain the level of significance and antipathogenic effectiveness among synthesized Ag-NPs and Cu-NPs. The surface morphology, elemental description and size of particles were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, energy-dispersive spectroscopy and zeta sizer (in addition polydispersity index and zeta potential). The justification for the preparation of particles was done by UV–Vis Spectroscopy (excitation peaks at 339 nm for copper and 415 nm for silver) and crystalline nature was observed by X-ray diffraction. Hence, the prepared particles are quite effective against soft rot pathogens in plants and can also be used effectively in some other multifunctional applications such as bioactive sport wear, surgical gowns, bioactive bandages and wrist or knee compression bandages, etc. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Education is one of the most important service-oriented sectors with a significant number of clients. In India, the population of students pursuing higher education is enormous, and the number of Higher education institutes (HEI) is significantly higher, resulting in fierce competition among HEIs. The sustainability of private HEIs has become extremely difficult due to intense competition. Their survival is mainly determined by the number of students enrolled each year. To combat competition and increase enrolments, institutions must enhance the elements influencing college choice decisions by students. This study employs a two-phased strategy to understand the perceptions of both stakeholders and administrators. The Best–Worst method (BWM) is used in the first phase, followed by the Two-Way assessment technique in the second phase. Results are validated using real-life data sets collected from the HEIs in Delhi NCR. The research results show that out of nine factors, Placement, tuition fee and travelling time, distance and boarding facility are the top priority for college choice admissions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The reduction in crop productivity due to drought stress, is a major concern in agriculture. Drought stress usually disrupts photosynthesis by triggering oxidative stress and generating reactive oxygen species (ROS). The use of zinc-quantum dot biochar (ZQDB) and proline (Pro) can be effective techniques to overcome this issue. Biochar has the potential to improve the water use efficiency while proline can play an imperative role in minimization of adverse impacts of ROS Proline, functioning as an osmotic protector, efficiently mitigates the adverse effects of heavy metals on plants by maintaining cellular structure, scavenging free radicals, and ensuring the stability of cellular integrity. That's why current study explored the impact of ZQDB and proline on chili growth under drought stress. Four treatments, i.e., control, 0.4%ZQDB, 0.1 mM Pro, and 0.4%ZQDB + Pro, were applied in 4 replications following the complete randomized design. Results exhibited that 0.4%ZQDB + Pro caused an increases in chili plant dry weight (29.28%), plant height (28.12%), fruit length (29.20%), fruit girth (59.81%), and fruit yield (55.78%) over control under drought stress. A significant increment in chlorophyll a (18.97%), chlorophyll b (49.02%), and total chlorophyll (26.67%), compared to control under drought stress, confirmed the effectiveness of 0.4%ZQDB + Pro. Furthermore, improvement in leaves N, P, and K concentration over control validated the efficacy of 0.4%ZQDB + Pro against drought stress. In conclusion, 0.4%ZQDB + Pro can mitigate drought stress in chili. More investigations are suggested to declare 0.4%ZQDB + Pro as promising amendment for mitigation of drought stress in other crops as well under changing climatic situations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Molecular dynamics simulations have been employed to investigate the phase transition phenomena in three-dimensional strongly coupled Yukawa systems (SC-YSs) under the influence of an external uniaxial AC electric field (MT). Lattice correlation function (LCF) and radial distribution function (RDF) tests are used to investigate the phase transitions in SC-YSs with and without electric fields. The states of dust grains depend on plasma coupling (Γ), screening length (κ) and MT strength. In the absence of MT, the new calculations of LCF and RDF demonstrate the self-organization of dust grains with increasing Γ and decreasing κ. Furthermore, condensation (gas–liquid) and solidification (liquid–crystal) transitions are observed in SC-YSs with increased MT intensities and Γ values. Moreover, gas-like states of the YS require significantly higher MT intensity, while liquid-like or near solid-like states require intermediate to low MT intensity, respectively, to achieve solidification. It is illustrated that the SC-YSs exhibit electrorheological behavior that is the same as conventional electrorheological fluids. Due to these characteristics, the SC-YSs can be used to investigate the electrorheological properties of condensed and soft matter physics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The melt-quenching method was used to manufacture newly synthesized glasses with a nominal composition of 60B2O3 – 20CaO – 15ZnO – 5Li2O – xEu2O3: 0 (Eu-0.0) ≤ x ≤ 0.5 (Eu-0.5) mol%. The structural, physical, FTIR, UV–visible spectra, and mechanical properties of the synthesized Eu-x glasses are examined. XRD results verified the amorphous condition of proposed glasses. The density (ρ) of the prepared glasses increased from 3.231 to 3.338 g cm−3, but in contrast, the molar volume (VM) decreased from 20.643 to 20.506 cm3 mol−1 with increasing Eu3+ ions. FTIR spectroscopy illustrated absorbance peaks appear around 393 and 464 nm, which indicates the presence of electronic states in the wide band gap of glass matrix. These peaks are attributed to the 5L6 and 5D2 electronic states of Eu3+ ions. UV–visible measurements showed an improvement in optical absorbance and a decrease in optical energy gap. The Eu3+ ions mol% doping into the proposed glasses results in generating photoluminescence glasses, which is attributed to the 5D0 → 7F1, 5D0 → 7F2, 5D0 → 7F3, and 5D0 → 7F4 electronic transitions of Eu3+ ions. Thus, the emission spectra due to the 393 nm excitation results in the appearance of emission peaks at 593 (orange), 617 (strong red), 653 (red), and 698 (red) nm. The Poisson's ratio (σ) of Eu-x glasses is decreased from 0.3927 to 0.3903 as the molar fraction of Eu3+ ions is increased from 0.0 to 0.5 mol%. The thermodynamic properties of the glassy network are hidden in the Gibbs free energy (G) which started at 33.56 and ended at 33.72 kJ.cm−3 at low and high Eu3+ ions content mol%. Furthermore, all elastic moduli increased linearly with molar increment of Eu3+ ions in the molecular structure of the proposed glassy network. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Structural, density, mechanical, electrical and shielding properties of xLi2O·(49.5-x)BaO·50P2O5·0.5CuO (0 ≤ x ≤ 49.5 mol%) glasses have been studied. XRD patterns and SEM analyses have demonstrated the amorphous nature of the prepared glass system. FTIR spectra showed that there is a slight increase in the relative areas of Q1 and Q2, and a decrease in that of P=O as Li2O replaces BaO. This is concomitant not only with a decrease in density and molar volume but also with an increase in electrical conductivity and elastic parameters (Young, shear and bulk moduli). This is attributed to the significantly heavier mass of BaO than Li2O, as well as the higher ionic radius of the Ba2+ cation than the Li+ ion. Furthermore, the mass and linear attenuation coefficients, effective electron density and effective atomic number are decreased. Thus, the radiation shielding capacity decreases as the Li2O content replaces BaO. Overall, the proposed glass matrix is promising for electronic devices and radiation shielding applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is a major staple for the majority of the global population and plays a significant role in economic stability. Being a staple food, it is attacked by various insect pests mainly aphids. Rhpalosiphum padi and Shizaphis graminum are considered serious aphid pests of the wheat crop. An experiment was conducted to evaluate the insecticidal potential of Beauveria bassiana and Metarhizium anisopliae against aphid species. B. bassiana and M. anisopliae were tested at three same dose rates (1.05 × 1013, 0.52 × 1013 and 2.1 × 1013conidia /ml) against the aphid species both in laboratory and field settings. Under laboratory conditions, B. bassiana and M. anisopliae were applied at the same dose rate and data regarding the mortality of insects were recorded after 3, 5 and 7 days. In the field, treatments were applied three times with a 15-day interval between each application. B. bassiana@1.05 × 1013conidia /ml resulted in maximum mortality against R. padi (83.39%) than S. graminum (79.36%) under laboratory conditions after a 7-day interval. Similarly, under field conditions, the mortality rates were 69.33% for R. padi, and 66.34% for S. graminum after the third spray treatment. The results concluded that B. bassiana provides more effective control than M. anisopliae under both laboratory and natural conditions against R. Padi and S. graminum. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Photosynthesis is responsible for sustained plant productivity and ensures food supply. The change in global climatic patterns affects photosynthesis that subsequently reduces plant yield and poses threat to food security. Photosynthesis relies on a dual nature enzyme ribulose 1, 5 bisphosphate carboxylase oxygenase (Rubisco), which can fix CO2 as well as O2. The fixation rate of CO2 to O2 depends upon the relative concentration of CO2 inside chloroplast. Higher level of CO2 results in improved photosynthesis, however, its concentration depends upon environmental conditions. Under adverse climate conditions, the CO2 level drops down that leads to increased oxygenation which impedes the photosynthesis and reduces plant productivity. The impact is more significant and apparent specifically in C3 plants. Attempts have been made to address the loss in photosynthesis and multiple strategies have been adapted to date that focus on improvement of photosynthesis in C3 plants. In this review, we have discussed the multiple strategies being employed by different researchers to date for improvement of photosynthesis. The strategies discussed in this review include: improving the performance of Rubisco, engineering CO2-concentrating mechanism of C4 photosynthesis into C3 species, transformation of bicarbonate transporters from cyanobacteria into chloroplasts of C3 plants, and establishment of photorespiratory bypasses to catabolise toxic glycolate in shortest possible pathway. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new class of halide perovskite RbCrX 3 (X = F, Cl, Br, I) compounds with a cubic crystal structure was examined using first-principles calculations. The proposed perovskite compounds exhibit promising stabilities in the cubic crystal structure, such as structural stability evidenced by the negative formation energy, phonon spectrum confirmed dynamic stability, and the Born-Huang stability criteria indicating mechanical stability. The computed electronic characteristics reveal the half-metallic nature of all these investigated compounds under ambient conditions, which is robust up to ± 3 % volumetric strain. The GGA+SOC total energy calculation yields that the single-ion anisotropy is very small in all these compounds, and the z-axis is a hard axis in all these compounds. Based on the total energy, the difference in total energy is 0.007 meV with reference to the hard axis. Ultimately, we further studied FM, AFM1, and AFM2 interactions by considering 2 × 2 × 2 supercell of a halide perovskite RbCrX 3 compounds. To estimate transition temperature ( T c ), we used the mean field theory (MFT) and quantum Monte Carlo (MC) simulations. The estimated Curie temperature using QMC is 465.3 K, 536.7 K, 668.2 K, and 643.5 K with ± 4.5 % error for RbCrF 3 , RbCrCl 3 , RbCrBr 3 , and RbCrI 3 compounds, respectively. Our finding provides fresh recommendations and predicts that halide perovskite RbCrX 3 compounds are new candidate materials for room-temperature spintronic nanodevices application. For the first time, we are presenting the results for halide perovskite compounds based on rubidium and chromium atoms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The detection of toxic molecules has gained imperial attention to protect living organisms and their environment. The broadly explored sensor behaviour of triazine-based C3N4 reveals their ultra-high sensitivity towards numerous toxic molecules e.g., chemical welfare agents. However, another potential analogue of C3N4 composed of heptazine exhibits remarkable electrical and optical properties but has not been much explored in sensor technology, especially for toxic pollutants. Keeping this in mind, the sensing performance of heptazine-based g-C3N4 is explored for the detection of toxic amides by using First Principles calculations. In this context, acryloyl amide (C2H3CONH2), acryloyl chloride (C2H3COCl), fluoroacetic acid (C2H3FCOOH), flouroaceta amide (C2H2FONH2), flouroacetyl chloride (C2H2FOCl) are selected as toxic pollutants; herein, for the ease of understanding, these molecules are represented as AAM, ACl, FAAc, FAA, & FACl, respectively. The electrochemical sensitivity of g-C3N4 is determined via geometric, energetic, and electronic properties analysis, whereas the photochemical sensitivity is explored by UV–Vis absorption analysis based on TD-DFT calculations. The interaction energies of studied molecules on C3N4 range between − 9.09 and - 23.39 kcal/mol depending upon the type of interactions e.g., hydrogen bonding or dispersion, which are explained on the basis of Symmetry Adopted Perturbation Theory, Non-Covalent Interaction Index, and Quantum Theory of Atoms in Molecules analyses. The density of State analysis, Frontier Molecular Orbitals and NBO charge transfer characterized that the electronic behaviour of g-C3N4 can be an effective sensor material with a semiconducting nature and significant charge transfer. Lastly, UV–Vis absorption analysis confirms the photosensitivity of g-C3N4 upon interaction with toxic molecules. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study has documented the structural and stratigraphic investigations of the Darwaza, Tajwal, Masot, Bhurban, Dewal, and Malkot areas of Murree and KPK, Pakistan. The proposed territory is positioned along the western limb of the Hazara Kashmir syntaxis (HKS). The HKS is an anti-formal hairpin-like architecture, which is seismically an active folded-and-thrust belt in the sub-Himalayas of Pakistan. It was studied using the Kink method (stratigraphic and structural analysis) combined with detailed field observations. The results reveal that the sedimentary rock sequence is fully exposed to the area from the Middle Jurassic (Samana Suk Formation) to date (Quaternary alluvium). Structurally, the study area is highly deformed. Two main deformational episodes (D1 and D2) were recognized. D1 deformation is characterized by tight to isoclinal folds with penetrative axial plane cleavage, axes plunging N43°E/80°NW, and interlimb angle 03–05°, whereas D2 deformation is categorized by open to gentle-style folds with an axial plane ranging from N28°E/68° SE to N50°E/86°NW and an interlimb angle of 95–122°. Moreover, faults and folds are present in the area. Sandh overturned syncline, Sandh anticline, Sandh syncline, Daryagali anticline, Tandoi syncline, Bhurban anticline, and Potha syncline are the major folds. These folds are northwest verging and southeast or southwest plunging. These are isoclinal to gentle folds. The Darwaza fault, Masot fault, and Main Boundary Thrust (MBT) are the major faults in the study area. These faults are northeast–southwest trending and dip to the northwest, thus forming thrust-fault–related folds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The findings of Xeromphalina enigmatica and Xeromphalina brunneola (Mycenaceae) are described and illustrated macroscopically and microscopically. We also sequenced the internal transcribed spacer regions (ITS-5.8S-ITS2) of the rDNA of these fungi, growing in moist temperate forests of Ayubia National Park and Kaghan valley, Pakistan during the rainy season of July–September 2016, 2020 and 2021. Both taxa originally described from the North America and also found in Russia. These are first time being reported from Pakistan and were analyzed morphologically and phylogenetically. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Autonomous locomotion is a ubiquitous phenomenon in biology and in physics of active systems at microscopic scale. This includes prokaryotic, eukaryotic cells (crawling and swimming) and artificial swimmers. An outstanding feature is the ability of these entities to follow complex trajectories, ranging from straight, curved (circular, helical...), to random-like ones. The non-straight nature of these trajectories is often explained as a consequence of the asymmetry of the particle or the medium in which it moves, or due to the presence of bounding walls, etc... Here, we show that for a particle driven by a concentration field of an active species, straight, circular and helical trajectories emerge naturally in the absence of asymmetry of the particle or that of suspending medium. Our proof is based on general considerations, without referring to an explicit form of a model. We show that these three trajectories correspond to self-congruent solutions. Self-congruency means that the states of the system at different moments of time can be made identical by an appropriate combination of rotation and translation of the coordinate space. We show that these solutions are exhibited by spherically symmetric particles as a result of a series of pitchfork bifurcations, leading to spontaneous symmetry breaking in the concentration field driving the particle motility. Self-congruent dynamics in one and two dimensions are analyzed as well. Finally, we present a simple explicit nonlinear exactly solvable model of fully isotropic phoretic particle that shows the transitions from a non-motile state to straight motion to circular motion to helical motion as a series of spontaneous symmetry-breaking bifurcations. Whether a system exhibits or not a given trajectory only depends on the numerical values of parameters entering the model, while asymmetry of swimmer shape, or anisotropy of the suspending medium, or influence of bounding walls are not necessary. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plant mediated synthesis of metallic nanomaterials has emerged as a non-toxic and economical approach to their applications in diverse fields especially in biomedical sciences. Herein, this study first time reporting the use of Bombax ceiba flower extract for synthesis of selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs). Initially, SeNPs were confirmed by turning the color of reaction mixtures from light yellow to brick-red. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) and Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images showed spherical shaped nanoparticles with smooth surface, size ranges between 30 and 150 nm. Dynamic light scattering (DLS) showed 100–150 nm for the distribution of particle size. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis revealed SeNPs crystallinity and confirmed by matching with selenium JCPD card No. 06-362. Energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectra showed presence of pure Se peaks that corroborate the conversion of selenium ions into its elemental form by bio-reduction. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) spectra demonstrated that involvement of –OH, C–H, C=C, and C=O functional groups for SeNPs formation. Raman Spectra peaks at 250 cm−1 represent asymmetric trigonal selenium (t-Se). Ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometer (UV-Vis) peaks at 296 and 306 nm which is an indication of surface plasmon resonance (SPR). Moreover, maximum antibacterial activity of SeNPs were observed against Staphylococcus aureus- a gram positive bacteria that possess zone of inhibition (ZOI) 20 mm and Klebsiella pneumonia and Pseudomonas aeruginosa-gram negative bacteria with ZOI 28 mm, respectively, at concentration 100 µg/ml. In addition, the surface functionalities induced through extract components adhere over Se binds with urea and give its detection up to 1mM in milk sample. Conclusively, synthesized SeNPs may function as a potential antibacterial pharmaceutical candidate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study delves into the intricate relationship between financial development and environmental sustainability by considering the role of the Paris Agreement in the context of developing countries. By employing advanced econometric techniques method of moment quantile regression (MMQR) and considering a period spanning from 1996 to 2021, this research unravels the non-linear impact of financial development on environmental degradation while considering population and GDP as control variables. The study reveals an inverted N-shaped relationship between financial development and environmental degradation, indicating that environmental degradation (ED) decreases as financial development increases. However, this is followed by a rise in ED before eventually witnessing a further decline. Additionally, the study highlights the positive correlation between GDP and population with ED across all quantiles, with a more pronounced impact observed in higher quantiles. Furthermore, the coefficient of the Paris Agreement demonstrates its effectiveness in decreasing environmental degradation, particularly at higher quantiles of ED. The findings of this study hold practical implications for policymakers, emphasizing the importance of designing and implementing coherent environmental and economic policies in developing countries. This study contributes to understanding the complex dynamics between financial development and environmental sustainability, offering valuable insights for fostering sustainable development pathways. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: This study aims to access the perspective of medical students toward practicing neurosurgery after MBBS and also to identify factors responsible for low affinity among medical students in pursuing neurosurgery as a career. In this cross-sectional study, medical students were surveyed via pre-tested questionnaire, with a four-point Likert scale to determine their influence on student's consideration of neurosurgery as a career. Data analysis was performed using SPSS software. Results: The survey was completed by 185 students out of which 56.2% students considered neurosurgery as a career. Although more than 90% students acknowledged that neurosurgery training is too prolonged and it can also impede family life but huge prestige and income is attached to neurosurgery, 35.7% students shared that neurosurgery exposure and teaching is not adequate enough for them in order to have a positive influence toward neurosurgery as a career. Conclusion: Additional studies are required to further explore how participation in a formal neurosurgery experience can alter medical students' perceptions and influences their consideration of neurosurgery as career choice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The growing application of radioactive materials in various industries, such as nuclear power, oil and gas, and research labs, has led to an increase in the amount of radioactive material present in waste liquids. This poses a risk to both the environment and human health through exposure to radiation. Current methods for treating these types of waste liquids, aside from membrane technology, are not economically feasible. Therefore, it is crucial to investigate ways to effectively treat liquid radioactive waste to comply with environmental regulations. Membrane technology is a cost-effective and energy-efficient method for treating radioactive waste. This review focuses on the utilization of membrane technology for the treatment of radioactive waste, discussing various collective membrane techniques, including nanofiltration, microfiltration, ultrafiltration, membrane distillation, and reverse osmosis. The review also evaluates selective membrane separation techniques such as ion-exchange membranes, supported liquid membranes, and polymer inclusion membranes. Previous studies' findings are summarized, and potential areas for future development are highlighted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Person tracking is considered an important application in the field of video surveillance. A top view camera provides a wide coverage of scene and better handling of occlusion as compared to frontal view. The proposed top view based person tracking method mainly contains four modules, namely BLOB detection, standardisation, size estimation and tracking. In blob detection, foreground is extracted using segmentation, statistical operation, connected component labelling and morphological operations. The top view is radial symmetric thus using this property, the extracted blob is transformed to upright position using geometric transformations. This effectively makes the blob/person rotation invariant in the scene. Basic shape based features including width, height and body ratio are measured for each blob. On the basis of these features, the algorithm effectively distinguishes a person, no person as well as merged person blob. A simple tracker for each blob is formerly created to maintain different parameters for example, blob name, blob width & height, blob x & y coordinates, blob time, blob history, blob size and blob ratio. The proposed algorithm along with the seven attractive/popular tracking methods have been tested on different test sequences. The experimental results show that the proposed algorithm significantly improves results by achieving true detection rate of 95%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pond aquaculture has been developed to increase the production of the Pangasius hypothalamus, an important aquatic species; it plays a pivotal role in providing food, fish, nutrition, income, and livelihoods for various value-chain actors in Pakistan. However, this method is mainly used in intensive monoculture, and little knowledge is available on polyculture approaches in Pakistan. Therefore, this study was conducted to evaluate the growth and production of fish at the different species composition in polyculture. The experiment was conducted for 90 days at the Department of Fisheries and Aquaculture UVAS, Lahore, Pakistan. There were three treatment groups, each with three replications. In all treatments, the stocking density of pangas was similar at different species compositions. All the ponds were subjected to the same regime of feeding and fertilization. Fortnightly random sampling was done to adjust the feeding rate. In this study, the Pangasius hypothalamus, showed significant variations with a final weight of 385.34 g, in T3, and 318.50 g, in T1 compared to others. %Weight gain and % SGR of Pangasius were comparatively higher among other fishes in T1 and T3. The FCR of pangas was recorded as 1.9 in T1 and 1.30 in T3, which shows a better result than the control and other groups. In addition, the polyculture of the pangas influenced the nitrate level, which was increased in the high-density group compared to low density and control. At the end of the trial, we observed non-significant variations in cortisol and glucose levels among all treatments, which indicates that there was no stress on Pangasius in the polyculture system. Due to positive effects on growth parameters, it is concluded that the polyculture of pangas with only Indian and mixed (Indian and Chinese carp) could be tried to enhance the economic benefits in Pakistan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To determine the antibody levels at 6 months in SARS-CoV-2 vaccinated individuals in COVID-recovered versus non-infected groups to determine the need to administer booster COVID vaccine in each group. Prospective longitudinal study. Pathology Department, Combined Military Hospital, Lahore for a period of eight months from July 2021 to February 2022. Two hundred and thirty three study participants in both COVID recovered and non-infected groups (105 participants in infected group, 128 participants in non-infected group) were subjected to blood sampling at 6 months post-vaccination. Anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibody test was done using Chemiluminescence method. Comparison of antibody levels between COVID-recovered and non-infected groups was made. Results were compiled and statistically analyzed using SPSS version 21. Out of 233 study participants, males were 183 (78%) while females were 50 (22%), mean age being 35.93 years ± 8.298. Mean Anti-SARS-CoV-2 S IgG levels among COVID-recovered group was 1342 U/ml and among non-infected group was 828 U/ml at 6 months post-vaccination. Mean antibody titers in COVID-19 recovered group are higher than in non-infected group at 6 months post-vaccination in both groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]