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Ginsenoside Rb1 is an allelopathic self-toxic substance that can affect the growth and development of ginseng. This study investigated whether the application of exogenous Rb1 enhances the pathogenicity of ginseng by regulating the antioxidant system and endogenous hormones. Rb1 can inhibit the growth and development of Panax ginseng by inducing Fusarium oxysporum under three concentrations. At the same time, the activities of four antioxidant enzymes and the contents of three endogenous hormones in the roots of Panax ginseng decreased significantly. Compared with the control group, the incidence of ginseng in different treatment groups was significantly increased and the underground growth was significantly inhibited. In conclusion, exogenous ginsenoside Rb1 with different concentrations can enhance the pathogenicity of ginseng. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chemical soil fumigation (CSF) and reductive soil disinfestation (RSD) have been proven to be effective agricultural strategies to improve soil quality, restructure microbial communities, and promote plant growth in soil degradation remediation. However, it is still unclear how RSD and CSF ensure soil and plant health by altering fungal communities. Field experiments were conducted to investigate the effects of CSF with chloropicrin, and RSD with animal feces on soil properties, fungal communities and functional composition, and plant physiological characteristics were evaluated. Results showed that RSD and CSF treatment improved soil properties, restructured fungal community composition and structure, enhanced fungal interactions and functions, and facilitated plant growth. There was a significant increase in OM, AN, and AP contents in the soil with both CSF and RSD treatments compared to CK. Meanwhile, compared with CK and CSF, RSD treatment significantly increased biocontrol Chaetomium relative abundance while reducing pathogenic Neonectria relative abundance, indicating that RSD has strong inhibition potential. Furthermore, the microbial network of RSD treatment was more complex and interconnected, and the functions of plant pathogens, and animal pathogen were decreased. Importantly, RSD treatment significantly increased plant SOD, CAT, POD activity, SP, Ca, Zn content, and decreased MDA, ABA, Mg, K, and Fe content. In summary, RSD treatment is more effective than CSF treatment, by stimulating the proliferation of probiotic communities to further enhance soil health and plant disease resistance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

According to the requirements of maritime command and control system, a method using intelligent speech technology is put forward to improve the ability of command and control. The architecture of the system is designed, and the functions of speech recognition training, analyzing, processing, implementing and responding are designed and verified. The results of simulation show that the ability of command and control can be improved effectively. This method can be taken as a reference for improving the intelligent ability of the marine command and control system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The power conversion efficiency (PCE) and stability of perovskite solar cells (PSCs) are affected by the presence of Pb-I antisite and I vacancy defects. Here, we propose a strategy for synchronous passivation of defects by Lewis bases D-Tryptophan methyl ester hydrochloride (D-TMe·HCl). The results show that the amino and carboxyl groups in D-TMe·HCl could synchronously passivate the Pb-I antisite and I vacancy defects through ionic and hydrogen bonding. In addition, the inhibition of ion migration of Pb2+ and I− effectively suppresses charge recombination and promotes interfacial carrier extraction. As a result, the PCE of the device with D-TMe·HCl increased to 20.59% with a fill factor of 79.8%. Furthermore, the introduction of D-TMe·HCl promotes the crystallinity of the perovskite and obtains a more dense and uniform film, thus the stability of the device is enhanced. The device with D-TMe·HCl retains more than 94% of its initial PCE after aging in a glovebox for 500 h under nitrogen conditions. This work opens up a new avenue for achieving efficient and stable PSCs by forming high-quality films, synchronously passivating defects, and inhibiting ion migration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work presents a method for covalent quaternization of porous carbon nanospheres (PCNSs) and their application as anion exchanging stationary phase for ion chromatography. The PCNSs were covalently quaternized via the dehydration condensation between surface carboxyl groups and polyethyleneimine. This was followed by a repeated epoxy-amine addition reaction with ethylene glycol diglycidyl ether. As a result, surface methylamino groups are formed. The electrostatic interaction between quaternized PCNSs and sulfonated poly(polystyrene-co-divinylbenzene) resulted in the formation of an agglomerated stationary phase. The capacities (41.5-90.2 μequiv) and pressures (540-1150 psi) of column packed with novel phases (100 × 4.0 mm i.d.) were further increased with grafted polymer layer counts (2-5). Common inorganic anions, small organic acids and saccharides were rapidly separated on the new phases. The column efficiencies for seven inorganic anions ranged from 38,400 to 13,200 plates m−1. Through 8 days of flushing test, the RSD values for retention time and efficiencies varied from 0.56% to 1.32%, and from 0.34% to 0.74%, respectively.Schematic presentation of the covalent modification of porous carbon nanospheres (PCNSs) with hyperbranched quaternized polymers via the amidation and epoxy-amine addition reaction was depicted. Functionalized PCNSs were further applied as agglomerated materials of polymeric stationary phase for ion chromatography (IC). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]