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Chlorococcum amblystomatis is a novel microalga with a high content of omega-3 fatty acids (FAs), with applications for food, feed, nutraceuticals, and biotechnology. These applications require the use of food-grade green solvents such as ethanol (EtOH) for lipid extraction, which can be associated with lower lipid recovery yields if not assisted with mechanical means. Ultrasonication can increase the recovery of lipids and omega-3 FAs, however, the impact on polar lipids remains poorly understood. In this study, we propose a comparative lipidomic analysis through liquid-chromatography mass spectrometry (LC–MS) of extracts obtained with EtOH combined with ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) and conventional extraction with dichloromethane:methanol (DCM) or EtOH. Extraction with UAE improved the recovery yield of EtOH alone from 2.3 ± 0.3 to 14.6 ± 0.6%, which is comparable to lipid recovery from DCM (16.7 ± 0.8%). The fatty acid profile of UAE extracts showed no differences in comparison with DCM. Lipidomic LC–MS/MS analysis showed that UAE allowed lipid extracts rich in polar lipids containing omega-3 PUFAs with lipid yield and lipid profile similar to DCM to be obtained. Taken together these results demonstrate the effectiveness of UAE in obtaining extracts rich in omega-3 glycolipids and phospholipids from C. amblystomatis for different biotechnological applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dried blood spots (DBS) are being considered as an alternative sampling method of blood collection that can be used in combination with lipidomic and other omic analysis. DBS are successfully used in the clinical context to collect samples for newborn screening for the measurement of specific fatty acid derivatives, such as acylcarnitines, and lipids from whole blood for diagnostic purposes. However, DBS are scarcely used for lipidomic analysis and investigations. Lipidomic studies using DBS are starting to emerge as a powerful method for sampling and storage in clinical lipidomic analysis, but the major research work is being done in the pre- and analytical steps and procedures, and few in clinical applications. This review presents a description of the impact factors and variables that can affect DBS lipidomic analysis, such as the type of DBS card, haematocrit, homogeneity of the blood drop, matrix/chromatographic effects, and the chemical and physical properties of the analyte. Additionally, a brief overview of lipidomic studies using DBS to unveil their application in clinical scenarios is also presented, considering the studies of method development and validation and, to a less extent, for clinical diagnosis using clinical lipidomics. DBS combined with lipidomic approaches proved to be as effective as whole blood samples, achieving high levels of sensitivity and specificity during MS and MS/MS analysis, which could be a useful tool for biomarker identification. Lipidomic profiling using MS/MS platforms enables significant insights into physiological changes, which could be useful in precision medicine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cancer associated body wasting is the cause of physical disability, reduced tolerance to anticancer therapy and reduced survival of cancer patients and, similarly to cancer, its incidence is increasing. There is no cure for this clinical condition, and the pathophysiological process involved is largely unknown. Exercise training appears as the gold standard non-pharmacological therapy for the management of this wasting syndrome. Herein we used a lipidomics approach based on liquid chromatography coupled with high-resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HR-MS) to study the effect of exercise in the modulation of phospholipids profile of mitochondria isolated from gastrocnemius muscle of a pre-clinical model of urothelial carcinoma-related body wasting (BBN induced), submitted to 13 weeks of treadmill exercise after diagnosis. Multivariate analysis showed a close relationship between the BBN exercise group and both control groups (control sedentary and control exercise), while the BBN sedentary group was significantly separated from the control groups and the BBN exercise group. Univariate statistical analysis revealed differences mainly in phosphatidylserine (PS) and cardiolipin (CL), although some differences were also observed in phosphatidylinositol (PI, LPI) and phosphatidylcholine (PC) phospholipids. PS with shorter fatty acyl chains were up-regulated in the BBN sedentary group, while the other species of PS with longer FA and a higher degree of unsaturation were down-regulated, but the BBN exercise group was mostly similar to control groups. Remarkably, exercise training prevented these alterations and had a positive impact on the ability of mitochondria to produce ATP, restoring the healthy phospholipid profile. The remodelling of mitochondria phospholipid profile in rats with urothelial carcinoma allowed confirming the importance of the lipid metabolism in mitochondria dysfunction in cancer-induced skeletal muscle remodelling. The regulation of phospholipid biosynthetic pathways observed in the BBN exercise group supported the current perspective that exercise is an adequate therapeutic approach for the management of cancer-related muscle remodeling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is a growing trend to explore microalgae as an alternative resource for the food, feed, pharmaceutical, cosmetic and fuel industry. Moreover, the polar lipidome of microalgae is interesting because of the reports of bioactive polar lipids which could foster new applications for microalgae. In this work, we identified for the first time the Chlorococcum amblystomatis lipidome using hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography-high resolution electrospray ionization- tandem mass spectrometry (HILIC–HR–ESI–MS/MS). The Chlorococcum amblystomatis strain had a lipid content of 20.77% and the fatty acid profile, determined by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, has shown that this microalga contains high amounts of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs). The lipidome identified included 245 molecular ions and 350 lipid species comprising 15 different classes of glycolipids (6), phospholipids (7) and betaine lipids (2). Of these, 157 lipid species and the main lipid species of each class were esterified with omega-3 PUFAs. The lipid extract has shown antioxidant activity and anti-inflammatory potential. Lipid extracts also had low values of atherogenic (0.54) and thrombogenic index (0.27). In conclusion, the lipid extracts of Chlorococcum amblystomatis have been found to be a source of lipids rich in omega-3 PUFAs for of great value for the food, feed, cosmetic, nutraceutical and pharmaceutical industries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cyanobacteria are photosynthetic organisms that produce a variety of molecules with beneficial properties for applications in fields such as food and feed, pharmaceuticals, and industrial chemicals. In particular, polar lipids from algae are gaining interest because they have been associated with bioactive properties and health benefits. Cyanobacteria have been little studied, particularly in the case of Gloeothece sp. whose polar lipidome is unknown. We have used a high-resolution liquid chromatography mass spectrometry-based approach to identify the polar lipidome of Gloeothece sp. and have also evaluated their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory potential. Results obtained allowed the identification of 162 lipid molecular species from glycolipids, betaine lipids, and phospholipid categories. These molecular species were esterified to fatty acids (FA) with C16 and C18 chain length and with a degree of unsaturation (DoU) ranging between 0 and 4. Some of the lipid species identified in the lipidome are recognized for their bioactive properties. Therefore, the antioxidant capacity of the polar lipid extracts was evaluated against superoxide (O2·−) and nitric oxide (·NO) radicals and the anti-inflammatory capacity using the COX-2 Enzyme Activity Assay Kit. The lipid extracts displayed antioxidant capacity toward O2·− and ·NO radicals in a dose-dependent manner with IC50 of 939.8 ± 15.6 and 1033.7 ± 17.9 μg mL−1, respectively. The extracts showed anti-inflammatory activity by the inhibition of the conversion of arachidonic acid to prostaglandin H2 (PGH2) via inhibition of COX-2, with the lowest concentration tested of 10 μg mL−1 inhibiting the production of PGH2 by about 58%. Overall, these results suggest that the extracts from Gloeothece could be a source of natural product, fostering increasing interest of cyanobacterial exploitation to produce food and metabolites with potential bioactive properties useful for nutraceutical, cosmetics, and medicinal applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Male and female offspring of obese mothers are known to differ extensively in their metabolic adaptation and later development of complications. We investigate the sex-dependent responses in obese offspring mice with maternal obesity, focusing on changes in liver glucose and lipid metabolism. Here we show that maternal obesity prior to and during gestation leads to hepatic steatosis and inflammation in male offspring, while female offspring are protected. Females from obese mothers display important changes in hepatic transcriptional activity and triglycerides profile which may prevent the damaging effects of maternal obesity compared to males. These differences are sustained later in life, resulting in a better metabolic balance in female offspring. In conclusion, sex and maternal obesity drive differently transcriptional and posttranscriptional regulation of major metabolic processes in offspring liver, explaining the sexual dimorphism in obesity-associated metabolic risk.Sex and maternal obesity drive differently transcriptional and posttranscriptional regulation of major metabolic processes in the livers of female and male offspring, contributing to the sexual dimorphism in obesity-associated metabolic risk. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the increasing prevalence of obesity in women of reproductive age, there is an urgent need to understand the metabolic impact on the fetus. Sex-related susceptibility to liver diseases has been demonstrated but the underlying mechanism remains unclear. Here we report that maternal obesity impacts lipid metabolism differently in female and male offspring. Males, but not females, gained more weight and had impaired insulin sensitivity when born from obese mothers compared to control. Although lipid mass was similar in the livers of female and male offspring, sex-specific modifications in the composition of fatty acids, triglycerides and phospholipids was observed. These overall changes could be linked to sex-specific regulation of genes controlling metabolic pathways. Our findings revised the current assumption that sex-dependent susceptibility to metabolic disorders is caused by sex-specific postnatal regulation and instead we provide molecular evidence supporting in utero metabolic adaptations in the offspring of obese mothers. Savva et al. investigate the sex dependent effect of maternal obesity on the metabolism of offspring. They find that metabolic changes are conferred on a sex basis, with males suffering from impaired lipid metabolism relative to females when born to obese mothers, using a lipidomic approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ulva species, green macroalgae, are widely distributed across the globe, being one of the most heavily traded edible seaweeds. Nonetheless, although this genus has been largely used in scientific studies, its lipidome remains rather unexplored. The present study sheds light over the lipid profile of Ulva rigida produced in a land-based integrated multi-trophic aquaculture (IMTA) system using liquid chromatography coupled to high-resolution mass spectrometry for molecular lipid species identification. The lipidome of U. rigida revealed the presence of distinct beneficial n-3 fatty acids for human health, namely alpha-linoleic acid (ALA) and docosapentaenoic acid (DPA). A total of 87 molecular species of glycolipids, 58 molecular species of betaine lipids, and 57 molecular species of phospholipids were identified in the lipidome of U. rigida including some species bearing PUFA and with described bioactive properties. Overall, the present study contributes to the valorization and quality validation of sustainably farmed U. rigida. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Extensive exposure to UVA is thought to increase the risk of malignancy and the progression of melanoma, the most serious type of skin cancer. It is well known that alterations in lipid metabolism represent an early event in carcinogenesis, but the impact of UVA exposure on the lipid composition of cancer cells is still largely unknown. In this study we aimed at investigating lipid remodeling in human melanoma cells in response to UVA exposure. After UVA irradiation, lipid extracts were either immediately collected from SK-MEL-28 cells or collected after a recovery period of 2 h or 24 h. The lipid profiles for each event were determined by liquid chromatography or gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry. UVA exposure led to major alterations in both fatty acids (FA) and phospholipid profiles. An increase of monounsaturated FA (MUFA) and FA18:0, as well as a decrease of FA16:0, were observed 24 h after irradiation. Moreover, phosphatidylcholine (PC) decreased and phosphatidylinositol (PI) increased after UVA exposure. Molecular alterations in the PC, lysoPC, PI, phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), ether-linked PE and phosphatidylglycerol (PG) profiles were also observed. The absence of cleaved caspase-3 after 2 h and 24 h of re-incubation is correlated with impairment of apoptosis. Overall, these data showed changes in membrane lipids, which may be associated with lipogenesis after UVA exposure which, in turn, is usually a determinant for cell survival. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Embryogenesis is an important stage of marine invertebrates with bi-phasic life cycles, as it conditions their larval and adult life. Throughout embryogenesis, phospholipids (PL) play a key role as an energy source, as well as constituents of biological membranes. However, the dynamics of PL during embryogenesis in marine invertebrates is still poorly studied. The present work used a lipidomic approach to determine how polar lipid profiles shift during embryogenesis in two sympatric estuarine crabs, Carcinus maenas and Necora puber. The combination of thin layer chromatography, liquid chromatography - mass spectrometry and gas chromatography - mass spectrometry allowed us to achieve an unprecedented resolution on PL classes and molecular species present on newly extruded embryos (stage 1) and those near hatching (stage 3). Embryogenesis proved to be a dynamic process, with four PL classes being recorded in stage 1 embryos (68 molecular species in total) and seven PL classes at stage 3 embryos (98 molecular species in total). The low interspecific difference recorded in the lipidomic profiles of stage 1 embryos appears to indicate the existence of similar maternal investment. The same pattern was recorded for stage 3 embryos revealing a similar catabolism of embryonic resources during incubation for both crab species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]