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Introduction: This study aims to determine if intraoral 850 nm LED irradiation could reduce the duration of lower anterior crowding alignment. Methods: In a parallel-designed, randomized controlled clinical trial 60 patients with 2 to 6 mm of lower incisor crowding who need non-extraction treatment, were randomly assigned to the intervention and control groups by block randomization (36 females, 24 males, mean age: 19.93 ± 3.05). MBT brackets (0.022 × 0.28-inch) were bonded for both groups and the NiTi wires in sequences were put in place until correction of crowding. The intra-oral LED device with a wavelength of 850 nm and power density of 70 mW/cm2 was used for 5 min per day in the intervention group. The control group did not receive any light. The primary outcome was the duration of crowding correction. The patient's pain according the modified McGill pain questionnaire was the secondary outcome. The Cox regression model was used to compare groups. Mann–Whitney test was used for pain analysis. Results: The crowding at baseline was the same between the two groups (P > 0.05). Duration of treatment in the intervention group was 104.7 days (95% CI: 95.6 -113.8) and significantly shorter than 161.9 days (95% CI: 151.5 -171.2) in the control group. The control group experienced a significantly higher pain score of 6.8 (95% CI: 6.1–7.5) immediately after archwire placement than the intervention group 5.4 (95% CI: 4.6–6.3). Conclusions: Intra-oral LED 850 nm significantly decreased the relieving time of lower incisor crowding by up to 36% and reduced pain experience. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to investigate the scientific evidence regarding the effectiveness of modified-ILIB (intravascular laser irradiation of blood) in the control of systemic conditions and/or oral changes during dental care. This systematic literature review study aimed to answer the question, "Is modified-ILIB an effective adjuvant therapy in the control of systemic conditions and/or oral changes in children and adults during dental treatment?". The protocol for this systematic review was registered in the PROSPERO database under number CRD42023493800. The search was carried out in the PubMed, Web of Science, LILACS, SCOPUS and EMBASE databases on June 10, 2024. Google Scholar was used as a search source for gray literature. Randomized clinical trials were included, without restrictions on language or year of publication. The RoB 2.0 tool was used to assess the risk of bias and GRADE was used to check the quality of the evidence. A total of 750 articles were retrieved and five studies were selected for this review. All studies were in English and were carried out in Brazil. The outcomes were periodontal parameters and glycemic control in patients with periodontitis and type II diabetes, anxiety control in pediatric dentistry, postoperative pain after third molar extraction and improving taste in post-COVID-19 patients. The majority of studies had a low risk of bias, while only one study was considered to have some concerns. The quality of evidence from the studies was considered very low. The current evidence does not overwhelmingly support the effectiveness of modified-ILIB in controlling oral and/or systemic conditions in dentistry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bell's palsy, characterized by sudden facial paralysis, affects a significant proportion of the population annually, yet its exact cause remains elusive. Recently, increasing attention has been directed towards photobiomodulation therapy (PBMT) and its prospective contribution to managing various neurological and musculoskeletal conditions, including Bell's palsy. A systematic literature search of different databases was performed using a specific search strategy to find eligible studies that evaluated the potential of PBMT in managing Bell's palsy, considering its non-invasive nature and tissue healing properties. Data extraction was done based on inclusion and exclusion criteria. The systematic review included studies published from 1993 to 2022, examining the effects of photobiomodulation therapy on Bell's palsy. The studies, involving 21 to 120 participants aged 18 to 70, utilized various PBMT parameters such as wavelengths (830–850 nm and 808/905 nm), energy densities (8–20 J/cm²), and irradiation times (10–125 s). The results demonstrated significant improvements in facial muscle function, pain intensity, and muscle strength, showing that PBMT is effective in enhancing facial nerve function recovery in Bell's palsy patients. Statistical analysis showed that PBMT treatments had significant improvements compared to control groups (p < 0.05). Our systematic review indicates that photobiomodulation therapy can improve facial muscle function, pain intensity, and muscle strength in Bell's palsy patients. Notably, wavelengths of 830–850 nm and the combination of 808/905 nm yielded the most favorable results. However, due to heterogeneity in study designs, PBMT parameters, and outcome measures, further standardized and well-designed randomized controlled trials are necessary to establish optimal treatment protocols and validate these findings comprehensively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study aimed to assess the impact of combining potassium iodide (KI) with methylene blue (MB) in antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) within an oral biofilm formed in situ. A single-phase, 14 days in situ study involved 21 volunteers, who wore a palatal appliance with 8 bovine dentin slabs. These slabs were exposed to a 20% sucrose solution 8 times a day, simulating a high cariogenic challenge. Following the intraoral phase, the biofilms formed on the slabs were randomly assigned to the treatments: C (0.9% NaCl); CHX (0.2% chlorhexidine); KI (75 mM KI); MBKI (0.005% MB + 75 mM KI); L (0.9% NaCl + red laser 660 nm, 18 J, 180 s); LMB (0.005% MB + laser); LKI (75 mM KI + laser); LMBKI (0.005% MB + 75 mM KI + laser). The treated biofilms were collected, diluted, and incubated to assess cell viability (CFU/mL) for total microorganisms, total lactobacilli, total streptococci, and mutans streptococci. Data were subjected to analysis using the Friedman test, followed by the Dunn test (α = 0.05). LMBKI group exhibited a noteworthy decrease in the viability of all microorganisms in comparison to groups C, KI, MBKI, MB, L, LMB, and LKI (p < 0.0001), and demonstrated a comparable reduction to the CHX group (p > 0.99). The combination of KI with MB in aPDT may be advocated as a non-invasive technique for diminishing the viability of polymicrobial oral biofilms, thereby aiding in the management of dental diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to investigate the influence of photobiomodulation therapy (PBMT) in hypoxia (HYP) and normoxia (NOR) on time to exhaustion and the energetic contribution of treadmill running in amateur athletes. Eleven male participants, aged between 18 and 29 years, were submitted to an incremental test to determine the iV̇O2max, and subsequently on separated days, to the PBMT application (irradiation = 720 s; wavelength = 850 nm), followed by four efforts to exhaustion, in treadmill running, under different conditions [NOR + placebo (PLA); NOR + PBMT; HYP + PLA; HYP + PBMT], in random order, to access energy contribution and maximal accumulated oxygen deficit alternative (MAODALT). Time to exhaustion and absolute aerobic contribution were lower in HYP than NOR, for both PLA and PBMT conditions (p < 0.05). In the percentage energy contribution of each metabolism during exhaustion effort, aerobic participation was lower, while MAODALT was higher in HYP than NOR, only in the PLA situation; alactic anaerobic participation was higher in HYP than NOR in the PBMT application situation (p = 0.002). The PBMT does not promote additional benefits over time to exhaustion in NOR and HYP conditions, however PBMT during exhaustive efforts in HYP results in an increase in anaerobiosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This review aimed to determine whether photobiomodulation therapy (PBMT) is a safe and effective alternative for treating and preventing OM in children. The database search was carried out on PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane. Gray literature was also consulted through Google Scholar. Among 20 studies included, no adverse effect was reported, and only one study did not show any evidence of benefit from the use of PBMT. The analgesic effect of PBMT was emphasized and its action in accelerating the healing process and reducing the severity, duration and even incidence of OM was also noted. Evidence was found to encourage the use of PBMT to treat OM in pediatric patients. Higher quality studies must be developed in order to clarify the PBMT prophylactic effect and the best protocols for each clinical situation. The protocol of this review was registered on PROSPERO (CRD42023418109). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To evaluate the quality of oral health care through indicators in patients undergoing hematopoietic stem cell transplantation for the management of oral mucositis. Methods: Thirty-five patients were evaluated. Photobiomodulation was performed during the conditioning regimen, 1 day, 5 days, and 10 days after transplantation. Four process indicators and 13 outcome indicators were used to evaluate the effectiveness of the intervention, according to SQUIRE 2.0. Results: All process indicators demonstrated a compliance rate of 100% to the desired standard. Outcome indicators revealed that 66.6% of patients experienced mucositis during at least one follow-up period. A statistically significant increase was observed between periods of 1 and 5 days post-transplant, as well as between 1 and 10 days post-transplant (p < 0.05), with a predominance of grade I mucositis (p = 0.014). Four patients (16.7%) reported feeling pain, occurring between 5 and 10 days after transplantation, with moderate pain being the most prevalent. Oral mucositis did not show a statistically significant association with pain, associated treatments, leukopenia, comorbidities, or type of transplant. Conclusions: The indicators demonstrated their suitability for evaluating oral health in both the prevention and treatment of oral mucositis in these patients. Furthermore, the effectiveness of photobiomodulation in improving the quality of oral health in the patients studied was confirmed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Photobiomodulation (PBM) has become a promising approach for slowing the progression of early and intermediate dry age-related macular degeneration (dAMD) to advanced AMD. This technique uses light to penetrate tissues and activate molecules that influence biochemical reactions and cellular metabolism. This preliminary analysis is aimed at assessing the safety, tolerability, and short-term effectiveness of the EYE-LIGHT®PBM treatment device in patients with dAMD. Methods: The EYE-LIGHT® device employs two wavelengths, 590 nm (yellow) and 630 nm (red), in both continuous and pulsed modes. Patients over 50 years of age with a diagnosis of dAMD in any AREDS (Age-Related Eye Disease Study) category were randomly assigned to either the treatment group or the sham group. The treatment plan consisted of an initial cycle of two sessions per week for 4 weeks. Safety, tolerability, and compliance outcomes, along with functional and anatomical outcomes, were assessed at the end of the fourth month. Results: This preliminary analysis included data from 76 patients (152 eyes). All patients were fully compliant with treatment sessions, and only one fifth of patients treated with PBM reported mild ocular adverse events, highlighting exceptional results in terms of tolerability and adherence. Changes in best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) from baseline to month 4 differed significantly between the sham and PBM-treated groups, favoring the latter, with a higher proportion achieving a gain of five or more letters post-treatment (8.9% vs. 20.3%, respectively; p = 0.043). No significant differences in central subfield thickness (CST) were observed between the two groups over the 4-month period. The study also found a statistically significant disparity in mean drusen volume changes from baseline to month 4 between the groups in favor of patients treated with PBM (p = 0.013). Conclusion: These preliminary results indicate that PBM treatment using the EYE-LIGHT® system is safe and well tolerated among patients with dAMD. Furthermore, both functional and anatomical data support the treatment's short-term efficacy. Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov identifier NCT06046118. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Photobiomodulation (PBM) occurs when a cell is exposed to low energy intensities. A novel central venous port (CVP) with light-emitting diodes (LEDs) that emits red light with a wavelength of 680 nm via wireless energy transmission technology has been established. This comparative in vitro study examined whether PBM can reduce the growth of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), a common cause of central venous (CV) infections, in vitro. In this comparative in vitro study, the red light with a wavelength of 680 nm was used to irradiate an MRSA suspension in phosphate-buffered saline for 7.5, 15, 30, or 60 min in a 3.5 cm Petri dish with an area of 8.5 cm2. The total energy was 85 J at 7.5 min, 170 J at 15 min, 340 J at 30 min, and 680 J at 60 min. Six dishes for each time and 6 temperature-controlled samples were prepared. Each sample was incubated overnight at 37℃. The Shapiro-wilk test was used to determine whether the data were normally distributed. The numbers of colonies were counted and compared using one-factor ANOVA and Bonferroni's post-hoc test. The mean numbers of colonies in the control group were 60.3, where the numbers of colonies in the irradiated group were 51.4 at 7.5 min, 53.5 at 15 min, 44.6 at 30 min, 34.3 at 60 min. The mean number of colonies in the 60 min irradiated group differed significantly from that in the control, 7.5 min, and 15 min groups. The Bonferroni's post-hoc test showed significant difference in the number of colonies between control vs. 30 min control vs. 60 min, 7.5 min vs. 60 min, 15 min vs. 60 min. PBM with 680 nm LEDs on MRSA for 340 J at 30 min and 680 J at 60 min inhibited the growth of cell colonies. These findings support the use of photobiomodulation in Central venous port to prevent CV access port-Blood stream infection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: To compare the efficacy of the various wavelengths of low-level light therapy (LLLT) in alleviating knee pain, dysfunction, and stiffness in patients with knee osteoarthritis (KOA), and to compare the effectiveness of LLLT versus sham treatment in reducing knee pain, dysfunction, and stiffness. Methods: PubMed, Web of Science, EMBASE, and Cochrane Library were searched from inception to 12 December 2023. Randomized controlled trials that assessed the effects of different wavelengths of LLLT on alleviating pain of patients with KOA were included. A conventional meta-analysis and network meta-analysis were preformed, and standardized mean differences (SMD) with 95% confidence interval (CI) were calculated. Results: Thirteen studies involving 673 participants with KOA met inclusion criteria. Overall, LLLT was superior to sham LLLT for relieving pain (SMD = 0.96, 95% CI 0.31–1.61) but not for improving function (SMD = 0.21, 95% CI − 0.11 to 0.53) or stiffness (SMD = 0.07, 95% CI − 0.25 to 0.39). Surface under the cumulative ranking curve (SUCRA) value ranking showed the most effective wavelength of LLLT in reducing KOA pain was 904–905 nm (SUCRA, 86.90%), followed by multi-wavelengths (MWL) (SUCRA, 56.43%) and 785–850 nm (SUCRA, 54.97%). Compared to sham LLLT, L2 (SMD = 1.42, 95% CI = 0.31–2.53) and L1 (SMD = 0.82; 95% CI = 0.11–1.50) showed a significant reduction in KOA pain. However, MWL (SMD = 0.83; 95% CI = − 0.06 to 1.72) showed similar KOA pain reduction compared to sham LLLT. The certainty of evidence showed that the quality of evidence regarding the effectiveness of overall LLLT versus sham, and 904–905 nm versus sham were low, while the quality of evidence for MWL versus sham, and 785–850 nm versus sham was very low. Conclusion: While the 904–905 nm wavelength showed potential benefits in reducing KOA pain, the overall quality of the evidence was low. LLLT with 904–905 nm or 785–850 nm wavelengths yielded significantly better reduction in KOA pain compared to sham LLLT, but further high-quality research is warranted to validate these findings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the effectiveness of photobiomodulation therapy (PBMT) in treating chronic high-frequency tinnitus with the TINI device, a near-infrared (830 nm) laser. The study includes preliminary animal experiments with 28 mice and a randomized controlled trial with 56 participants to examine the functional and molecular changes in the auditory system that PBMT may cause. The animal model used sodium salicylate to induce tinnitus, followed by PBMT, which showed promising reductions in the behavioral evidence of tinnitus and a reversal of tinnitus-associated upregulation of vesicular glutamate transporters 2 expression in the ipsilateral dorsal cochlear nucleus (p < 0.05). In the clinical trial, participants with chronic high-frequency tinnitus received trans-tympanic application of the TINI device. The results did not show a significant difference in tinnitus score at the final time point when compared to the sham group. However, questionnaires revealed significant improvements in tinnitus symptoms and psychological outcomes following treatment with the TINI device compared to before treatment (p < 0.05). These findings suggest that while PBMT has potential benefits, its clinical effectiveness may be unclear due to its complex nature and interaction with other conditions. Further research is required to optimize treatment parameters and gain a complete understanding of the therapeutic potential of PBMT in managing tinnitus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mesenchymal stem cells can differentiate into specific cell lineages in the tissue repair process. Photobiomodulation with laser and LED is used to treat several comorbidities, can interfere in cell proliferation and viability, in addition to promoting responses related to the physical parameters adopted. Evaluate and compare the effects of laser and LED on mesenchymal cells, with different energy doses and different wavelengths, in addition to viability and wound closure. Mesenchymal stem cells derived from human adipocytes were irradiated with laser (energy of 0.5 J, 2 J and 4 J, wavelength of 660 nm and 830 nm), and LED (energy of 0.5 J, 2 J and 4 J, where lengths are 630 nm and 850 nm). The wound closure process was evaluated through monitoring the reduction of the lesion area in vitro. Viability was determined by analysis with Hoechst and Propidium Iodide markers, and quantification of viable and non-viable cells respectively Data distributions were analyzed using the Shapiro–Wilk test. Homogeneity was analyzed using Levene's test. The comparison between the parameters used was analyzed using the Two-way ANOVA test. The T test was applied to data relating to viability and lesion area. For LED photobiomodulation, only the 630 nm wavelength obtained a significant result in 24, 48 and 72 h (p = 0,027; p = 0,024; p = 0,009). The results related to the in vitro wound closure test indicate that both photobiomodulation with laser and LED demonstrated significant results considering the time it takes to approach the edges (p < 0.05). Considering the in vitro experimental conditions of the study, it is possible to conclude that the physical parameters of photobiomodulation, such as energy and wavelength, with laser or LED in mesenchymal stem cells, can play a potential role in cell viability and wound closure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Photobiomodulation therapy (PBMT) has been advocated as a potential intervention to improve muscle performance and recovery in the health and sports context. However, the short- and long-term effects of PBMT on endurance running performance remain under-researched and controversial. The purpose of this study was to investigate the acute dose-response effect of PBMT with light-emitting diodes (LEDs) on endurance performance and rating of perceived exertion (RPE; 6–20 Borg) during a 5-km running trial in recreational runners. In a crossover design, eighteen young adult runners (28.7 ± 7.8 years) were randomized to receive 1 of 4 PBMT conditions (placebo, 300, 900, and 1260 Joules [J]) 60 min before the 5-km running trial on four occasions, separated by a 2-wk washout period. The treatments were applied to the quadriceps, hamstrings, and gastrocnemius muscles of both legs using a device containing 200 LEDs (100 red and 100 infrared). The following variables were assessed: endurance performance (i.e. total time, mean velocity, and velocity in the split distances at the initial 200 m and every 400 m lap) and RPE in the split distances at the initial 200 m and every 400 m lap. Data normality and homogeneity were tested using Shapiro–Wilk's and Levene's tests, respectively. Differences between treatment conditions were assessed using the analysis of variance tests (one- or two-way ANOVA, depending on the comparisons), complemented by the Bonferroni post hoc test. There were significant time effects for the running velocity and RPE in the split distances (p < 0.0001), with no significant treatment-by-time interaction (running velocity, p = 0.59; RPE, p = 0.95). The mean velocity (p = 0.997), total time (p = 0.998), and total mean of the RPE (p = 0.91) were similar between treatment conditions. In conclusion, acute PBMT with LEDs at doses of 300, 900, and 1260 J is not recommended for improving endurance performance and RPE in the 5-km running trial in recreational runners. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper the photobiomodulation on isolated mitochondria of bovine liver is studied as a thermodynamic process of conversion of energy. This analysis is conducted by considering a particular set-up for the photobiomodulation experiments of interest. It allows, in particular, the computation of the electromagnetic field and the related energetic quantities in the stimulated organelles. The measurements of the excess of biochemical power density produced by the illuminated mitochondria are performed at regular time intervals after the experiments. The calculations and the measurements finally allow us to obtain the first results on the efficiency of the process of conversion of electromagnetic energy into excess of biochemical energy released by the isolated organelles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of Intravascular Laser Irradiation of Blood (ILIB) as a treatment or adjunct tool has been used around the world since the 1980s. So that more professionals can deliver benefits to their patients in different areas of health, it is necessary to understand in depth the mechanisms of laser action at the molecular level, for correct indication and success in the treatment. To analyze works that evaluated the influence of ILIB on inflammatory cytokines and nitric oxide (NO) in animals and humans. The literature search was carried out between February and April 2023 in Pubmed, Medline, Web of Science, SciELO, Lilacs database. The risk of bias was assessed using the bias table where the authors performed the analyzes of all articles with the risk of bias domains. The methodology was defined following the PRISMA guidelines (Preferred Systematic Reviews and MetaAnalysis Report). The search retrieved 135 possibly relevant articles. After removing duplicates, according to the eligibility criteria, evaluation of titles and review of abstracts, in the end, 6 articles were included. An increase in anti-inflammatory cytokines, a decrease in pro-inflammatory cytokines and an increase in NO can be observed. The wavelengths used ranged from 660 to 808 nm when using a low intensity laser and when using a VIP light source 480–3400 nm, they also differed in terms of the light emission pattern. ILIB may be a complementary treatment option for patients who have comorbidities that lead to systemic inflammation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The application of low-level laser therapy (LLLT) to acupuncture points may produce effects similar to that of needle stimulation in patients with temporomandibular disorders (TMD). This systematic review was conducted according to the Cochrane Collaboration guidelines and aimed to address clinical questions using the following strategy: Patient/Problem, Intervention, Comparison, and Outcome (PICO). A comprehensive literature search was performed upto April 26, 2023, across nine electronic databases (BVS, PubMed, Scopus, Embase, Web of Science, ScienceDirect, Cochrane Library, Latin American and Caribbean Health Sciences Literature (LILACS), and Google Scholar) supplemented with gray literature. The risk of bias in randomized and nonrandomized clinical trials was assessed using two tools: risk-of-bias (RoB) 2 and Risk Of Bias In Non-randomised Studies—of Interventions (ROBINS-I). Meta-analysis involved the extraction of mean and standard deviation values for spontaneous pain and mouth opening levels. Seven studies were included in this review, all of which used LLLT. The applied wavelengths ranged from 690 to 810 nm without significant variations in light emission patterns. LLLT demonstrated a significant reduction in instantaneous pain levels (standard mean difference [SMD] = 3.85; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 2.09, 5.62; p < 0.003) and an improvement in instantaneous mouth opening ability (mean difference [SMD] = -7.15; 95% CI = -11.73, -2.58; p < 0.002), with low certainty of evidence. LLLT may alleviate symptoms in patients with TMD; however, caution should be exercised when interpreting the results because of protocol variations among studies and the limited number of studies included in the meta-analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dental caries is a multifactorial, non-communicable disease. Effective treatment options for minimally invasive removal of carious tissue include Papacarie Duo® gel and antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT). aPDT involves a combination of a light source and photosensitizer. Given that Papacarie Duo® contains a percentage of blue dye, this study aims to explore the antimicrobial potential of Papacarie Duo® when associated with a light source against Streptococcus mutans strains. The chosen light source was a low-power diode laser (λ = 660 nm, E = 3 J, P = 100 mW, t = 30 s). To assess antimicrobial capacity, planktonic suspensions of Streptococcus mutans were plated on Brain Heart Infusion Agar (BHI) to observe the formation of inhibition halos. The studied groups included methylene blue (0.005%), Papacarie Duo®, distilled water (negative control), 2% chlorhexidine (positive control), Papacarie Duo® + laser, and methylene blue (0.005%) + laser. Following distribution onto plates, each group was incubated at 37 °C for 48 h under microaerophilic conditions. Inhibition halos were subsequently measured using a digital caliper. The results showed that chlorhexidine had the greatest antimicrobial effect followed by the group of irradiated methylene blue and irradiated Papacarie Duo®. All experimental groups demonstrated antimicrobial potential, excluding the negative control group. The study concludes that Papacarie Duo® exhibits antimicrobial properties when associated with a low-power diode laser. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study is to assess the effect of photobiomodulation therapy (PBMT) on functional performance concerning strength, fatigue, and functional capacity in healthy individuals. This systematic review with meta-analysis involved searches on data platforms and active searches of randomized clinical trials, focusing on PBMT as the sole intervention. Primary outcomes assessed included strength, fatigue, and functional capacity. Three reviewers screened studies by title and abstract using Rayyan, and data were extracted using a specific form. Bias risk was assessed using RoB2, and confidence in the evidence was evaluated using the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE). The RevMan was used for meta-analysis. Sixteen studies were included, totaling 340 individuals (183 males and 157 women). Most articles presented a low risk of bias. Variability was observed in device types and application domains, including wavelengths (655–905 nm), power (10–200 nW), energy (0.6–30 J per point), and time (30–100 s per point). PBMT improved fatigue recovery (mean difference: 5.87; 95% CI 3.83, 7.91). There was no enhancement in strength (peak torque: mean difference 12.40; 95% CI -5.55, 30.55; one-repetition maximum test: mean difference 39.97, 95% CI -2.44, 82.38; isometric and isokinetic strength: mean difference 2.77, 95% CI -14.90, 20.44) nor improvement in short-term (mean difference 0.67, 95% CI -0.58, 1.91) and long-term (mean difference 18.44, 95% CI -55.65, 92.54) functional capacity. PBMT may aid in favoring fatigue recovery in healthy individuals; however, there's no evidence to support PBMT enhancing strength or improving functional capacity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study evaluated photobiomodulation therapy (PBMT) for treatment of trismus in patients undergoing radiotherapy for head and neck cancer (HNC). Sixteen patients, 10 men and 6 women, who had a mouth opening < 35 mm and underwent RT were included. The patients were evaluated daily before and after the PBMT application, measuring mouth opening and performing pain scores for the masticatory muscles using the visual analog scale (VAS). We used the infrared laser (~ 808 nm) extraorally, 0.1 W power, 3 J energy, 30 s (107 J/cm2) per point, applied to temporalis anterior, masseter muscles, and temporomandibular joints (TMJ). An intraoral point was made in the trigonoretromolar region towards the medial pterygoid muscle. The mean mouth opening of the patients increased by more than 7 mm throughout the treatment. The pain scores on the initial days showed an immediate reduction after PBMT on the ipsilateral side in the muscles and TMJ. Throughout PBMT applications, there was a significant reduction in pain scores in all muscles and the TMJ. The radiation dose of all patients was above 40 Gy, which is the threshold dose for the risk of developing trismus. SPSS software was used and adopted a confidence of 95%. The Kolmogorov–Smirnov normality test, Wilcoxon test, and Spearman correlation were performed. PBMT controls muscular pain and reduced mouth opening limitation in HNC during radiotherapy. Further studies are needed to evaluate the preventive capacity of PBMT protocols for RT trismus-related HNC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Diabetes-related muscle damage has been overlooked despite its known association with increased morbidity and mortality in DM individuals. PBMT is a recognized alternative to improve skeletal muscle health in other populations, but its effectiveness in DM is still unclear. To address this issue, we reviewed preclinical studies, available in any language and period, in ten sources of information. The methods were previously registered at PROSPERO (CRD42021271041), based on PRISMA recommendations. Studies in murine models of T1DM or T2DM that reported quantitative analyses of skeletal muscles treated with low-level light therapy could be included after a blind selection process. Most of the seven included studies focus on decompensated T1DM rats with acute muscle injury (cryoinjury or contusion). In these five studies, PBMT improved muscle regeneration, by reducing inflammation and stimulating factors pro-angiogenesis and pro-myogenesis. Some positive effects could also be observed in two studies on muscles without acute injury: control of oxidative stress (T1DM) and reduction of myosteatosis (T2DM). Although infrared laser applied locally appears to be a promising approach, optimal parameters are undefined due to the heterogeneity of outcomes and high risk of bias, which prevented a quantitative synthesis. Several aspects of this growing field have yet to be investigated, particularly regarding the DM model (e.g., aged animals, T2DM), intervention (e.g., comparison with LED), and outcomes (e.g., muscle mass, strength, and function). Future research should aim to improve the internal validity by following guidelines for animal studies and enhance the translatability to clinical trials by using animal models that closely mimic patients with DM in rehabilitation settings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To determine if photobiomodulation (PBM) has ergogenic effects on the anaerobic performance of well-trained cyclists. Fifteen healthy male road or mountain bike cyclists participated in this randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled, crossover study. Athletes were randomly assigned to receive photobiomodulation (630 nm, 4.6 J/cm2, 6 J per point, 16 points, PBM session) or placebo intervention (PLA session) in the first session. The athletes then performed a 30-s Wingate test to determine mean and peak average power, relative power, mean and peak velocity, mean and peak RPM, fatigue index, total distance, time to peak power, explosive strength, and power drop. After 48 h, athletes returned to the laboratory for the crossover intervention. The repeated-measures ANOVA test followed by Bonferroni post hoc test or Friedman test with Dunn's post hoc test (p < 0.05), and Cohen's d statistic were used for comparisons. Performance in the Wingate test was not significantly different (p > 0.05) between PBM and PLA sessions for any variable. Only a small effect size was detected for time to peak power (-0.40; 1.11 to 0.31) and explosive strength (0.38; -0.34 to 1.09). We conclude that irradiation with red light, under a low energy density, does not promote ergogenic effects on the anaerobic performance of cycling athletes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Light penetration depth in the scalp is a key limitation of low-level light therapy for the treatment of androgenetic alopecia (AGA). A novel light emitting diode (LED) microneedle patch was designed to achieve greater efficacy by enhancing the percutaneous light delivery. The study aimed to investigate the efficacy and safety of this device on hair growth in mice. Thirty-five male C57BL/6 mice which their dorsal skin was split into upper and lower parts to receive either LED irradiation alone or LED irradiation with a microneedle patch. Red (629 nm), green (513 nm), and blue light (465 nm) at an energy dose of 0.2 J/cm2 were applied once daily for 28 days. Outcomes were evaluated weekly using digital photographs. Histopathological findings were assessed using a 6 mm punch biopsy. A significant increase in hair growth was observed in the green light, moderate in the red light, and the lowest in the blue light group. The addition of the microneedle patch to LED irradiation enhanced greater and faster anagen entry in all the groups. Histopathology showed an apparent increase in the number of hair follicles, collagen bundles in the dermis, angiogenesis, and mononuclear cell infiltration after treatment with the green-light LED microneedle patches. No serious adverse effects were observed during the experiment. Our study provides evidence that the newly developed green-light LED microneedle patch caused the optimal telogen-to-anagen transition and could lead to new approaches for AGA. Microneedle stimulation may aid percutaneous light delivery to the target hair follicle stem cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Photobiomodulation therapy (PBMT) causes stimulatory effects that raise cell metabolism. The study aimed to evaluate the effects of PBMT on the endothelial function of healthy individuals. It was a controlled, randomized, crossover, triple-blind trial with 22 healthy volunteers (female: 77.3%), aged 25.45 years which were randomly divided into three groups. PBMT with gallium-aluminum-arsenide (GaAlAs) diode laser (810 nm, continuous-wave mode, 1000 mW, 0.28 cm2) was applied over the radial and ulnar artery regions in two parallel spots: group 1—30 J (n = 22, 107 J/cm2) per spot; group 2—60 J (n = 22, 214 J/cm2) per spot; and group 3—placebo (n = 22, sham). The endothelial function was measured before and immediately after PBMT by the flow-mediated dilation technique (%FMD) with high-resolution ultrasound. Statistical analysis was made with ANOVA for repeated measures, the effect size was measured by Cohen’s d, and results are presented as mean and standard error (or 95% confidence intervals). A p-value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. The %FMD increases 10.4% with 60 J (mean difference = 0.496 mm, 95% CI = 0.42 to 0.57, p < 0.001), 7.3% with 30 J (mean difference = 0.518 mm, 95% CI = 0.44 to 0.59, p < 0.001), and 4.7% with placebo (mean difference = 0.560 mm, 95% CI = 0.48 to 0.63, p < 0.001). We found a small effect size (p = 0.702; d de Cohen = 0.24) without statistical difference between interventions. PBMT with the energy density of 60 J and 30 J did not improve endothelial function. Trial registration number: NCT03252184 (01/09/2017). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The biomodulatory potential of low-level laser therapy (LLLT) has prompted investigations of different outcomes in health. One line of research is the stimulation of acupuncture points for the relief of different signs and symptoms related to the stomatognathic system. In dentistry, some studies in pediatric dentistry have demonstrated the benefit of LLLT therapies in the management of dental anxiety in children. This systematic review aimed to analyze previous clinical studies on the application of LLLT at acupoints among pediatric dental patients. This systematic review was conducted according to the Cochrane Collaboration guidelines and the population, intervention, comparison, and outcome strategy. A broad literature search up to June 17, 2022, was performed using four electronic databases (PubMed, Scopus, Embase, and Google Scholar). The risk of bias in randomized clinical trials was assessed using the RoB 2 tool. A total of four studies using LLLT for photobiomodulation were included (n = 4). The most common wavelengths used were in the infrared range (variation between 716 nm and 980 nm). There were little variations in the application time (14 s to 1 min) and exposure dose (1 to 5 joules). LLLT acted positively on different acupuncture points. LLLT provided various benefits and optimized dental practice by reducing the gag reflex during radiography and impression taking, preanesthetic pain, and symptoms of sleep bruxism in the pediatric dental population. Only one of the evaluated studies had a high risk of bias. The LLLT at acupuncture points is associated with positive results on sleep bruxism, preanesthetic pain, and gag reflex in pediatric dentistry. Future research studies should prioritize standardization of the study design and the methods of analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the use of infrared photobiomodulation with low-level laser therapy (PBM) to reduce bleaching-induced tooth sensitivity (TS) after in-office bleaching. Eighty-three participants were randomized in blocks into two groups. In the experimental group, the patients received an application after each session of in-office bleaching (35% hydrogen peroxide, 1 × 50 min; 2 sessions with 1-week interval), while the laser application was simulated in the control group. The PBM system was operated in continuous mode, using 3 J of energy. A dose of 100 J/cm2 was applied for 30 s with 808 nm (100 mW of power) in the middle third of the crown. The risk and intensity of TS were recorded immediately after bleaching, 1 h, 24 h, and 48 h after each bleaching session, with a visual scale analog (0–10) and a five-point numerical scale (0–4). The color was recorded at the beginning, weekly, and 1 month after the end of the bleaching (VITA Classical, VITA Bleachedguide, and digital spectrophotometer). The risk of TS was 98% (95% CI 88 to 99%) for the laser group and 95% (95% CI 83 to 99%) for the control (RR = 1.03; 95% CI 0.94 to 1.12; p = 1.0). Similarly, no difference in the intensity of TS was detected for both pain scales (p > 0.65). Improvement in color change, regardless of the group, was observed (p > 0.15). The application of an PBM did not reduce the risk and intensity of TS when applied after the procedure using the parameters recommended by the manufacturer. Trial registration number and date of registration: RBR-4HCVSG—04/06/2019. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: This study aimed to evaluate the changes that a recently developed at-home device using low-level light therapy (LLLT) produced in signs and symptoms of patients with dry eye disease (DED) owing to meibomian gland dysfunction (MGD). Methods: In this prospective study, patients with DED owing to MGD not successfully responding to first-line therapy (tear substitutes and eye lid hygiene) were treated with four serial sessions (every other day) of mask based on LLLT technology and dedicated for home use (my-mask®, Espansione Marketing S.p.A., Bologna, Italy). Non-invasive ocular surface examination was carried out by means of Keratograph 5M (Oculus, Wetzlar, Germany) before and after four mask sessions for the evaluation of (i) tear meniscus height (TMH); (ii) first and average non-invasive Keratograph breakup time (NIKBUT); (iii) meibomian gland loss (MGL). Ocular Surface Disease Index (OSDI) questionnaire was used to assess ocular discomfort symptoms. Results: Overall, 17 patients (3 male, 14 female; mean age 61.47 ± 11.93 years) were enrolled and all of them regularly completed the entire cycle of four sessions without reporting any adverse event. The mean values of NIKBUT first and NIKBUT average increased significantly after treatment (from 5.29 ± 2.60 at T0 to 9.04 ± 3.49 s at T1 [P = 0.001] and from 9.40 ± 3.81 to 11.28 ± 2.81 s [P = 0.017]); in parallel, the mean value of TMH increased significantly from 0.27 ± 0.06 to 0.32 ± 0.09 mm (P = 0.029). Conversely, there were not statistically significant differences for MGL (P = 0.346). In addition, the mean value of OSDI score decreased after treatment (from 32.00 ± 7.96 at T0 to 20.71 ± 8.03 at T1; P < 0.001). Conclusions: One week of serial sessions of a newly developed LLLT device for home use significantly improved tear film production and stability along with ocular discomfort symptoms in patients with DED owing to MGD. These findings open up a new scenario for patients with MGD who can enjoy the unique benefits of LLLT at home. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction and hypothesis: Overactive bladder (OAB) is a common condition that remains challenging to treat. We hypothesized that skin-adhesive low-level light therapy (LLLT) would be an effective treatment for OAB caused by bladder muscle contraction. Accordingly, we aimed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of an LLLT device for the treatment of OAB. Methods: This prospective, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicenter trial included patients with a clinical diagnosis of OAB who were treated at either of two university hospitals. Patients were instructed to apply an LLLT device (Color DNA-WSF) or a sham device at home three times daily for 12 weeks. The primary outcome was the change in the mean daily number of urge urinary incontinence (UUI) episodes between baseline and 12 weeks. The secondary outcomes were the mean changes in incontinence, voiding, and nocturia episodes from baseline and the likelihood of achieving a > 50% reduction in UUI and incontinence episodes after 12 weeks. All patients completed the Overactive Bladder Symptom Score (OABSS), Urogenital Distress Inventory-6 (UDI-6), and Impact Urinary Incontinence-7 (IIQ-7) questionnaires. Safety parameters included treatment-emergent adverse events. Results: Compared with those in the sham group, the numbers of UUI and urinary incontinence episodes in the LLLT group were significantly decreased at week 12 (UUI, (-1.0 ± 1.7 vs. -0.4 ± 2.5, P = 0.003; urinary incontinence, -1.1 ± 1.9 vs. -0.5 ± 2.9, P=0.002). Furthermore, the OABSS, UDI-6, and IIQ-7 scores at week 12 tended to be better in the LLLT group than in the sham group. The incidence of device-related treatment-emergent adverse events was similar between groups. Conclusions: LLLT may be clinically useful and safe for the treatment of OAB. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to evaluate the time course of the effects of far-infrared emitting fabric (FIR) on neuromuscular performance of knee extensor over 120 h and to investigate whether the use of FIR affects semen. This is a crossover, randomized, double-blind, and placebo-controlled trial split into neuromuscular and fertility assessments. Four (28.8 ± 4.7 years old) and six (29 ± 3.9 years old) healthy, resistance-trained males completed all neuromuscular and fertility assessments, respectively. In neuromuscular assessments, for five consecutive days, the participants underwent neuromuscular tests in an isokinetic dynamometer (maximal isometric voluntary contraction (MVC) and fatigue test) every 24 h in both conditions (FIR and Placebo). In fertility assessments, participants performed three semen collections: Baseline, FIR, and Placebo. FIR and Placebo collections were performed after five consecutive days of use of the pants. Conventional parameters and sperm DNA fragmentation were evaluated. In the FIR condition, the participants showed significant differences in total work at 96 h (p < 0.001; Cohen's d = 3.73), 120 h (p = 0.01; Cohen's d = 2.65), and pre-MVC at 120 h (p = 0.02; Cohen's d = 2.15) when compared to Placebo. FIR did not significantly (p > 0.05) affect the conventional semen parameters or sperm DNA fragmentation compared to Baseline or Placebo. FIR improved the knee extensor neuromuscular performance of healthy resistance-trained individuals, with 112.4 ± 7.8 h accumulated, and did not affect their seminal parameters (conventional or sperm DNA fragmentation), with 113.1 ± 10.2 h accumulated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Photo biomodulation (PBM) as a non-invasive and safe treatment has been demonstrated the anti-inflammatory potential in a variety of cell types, including stem cells. However, further investigations using different laser parameters combined with more accurate methods such as quantitative measurement of inflammatory gene expression at the mRNA level are still necessary. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of 532 nm green laser on cell proliferation as well as expression of inflammatory genes in human adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (hADMSCs) using RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) technique and confirmatory RT-PCR. hADMSCs were cultured in DMEM low glocuse medium with 10% fetal bovine serum until the fourth passage. Cultured cells were divided in two groups: control group (no laser irradiation) and laser group, irradiated with 532 nm laser at 44 m J/cm2 with an output power of 50 mW and a density of 6 mW/cm2, every other day, 7 s each time. The cell viability was assessed using MTT assay 24 h after each irradiation on days 3, 5, and 7 after cell seeding, followed by performing RNA-seq and RT-PCR. The MTT assay showed that PBM increased cell proliferation on day 5 after irradiation compared to day 3 and decreased on day 7 compared to day 5. In addition, gene expression analysis in hADMSCs using RNA-seq revealed down-regulation of inflammatory genes including CSF2, CXCL2, 3, 5, 6, 8, and CCL2, 7. These results indicate that 532 nm PBM with the parameters used in this study has a time-dependent effect on hADMSCs proliferation as well as anti-inflammatory potential. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This systematic review aimed to answer the research focused question: What are the effects of photobiomodulation (PBM) therapy on bone healing after ionizing irradiation in animal models? The EMBASE, LILACS, LIVIVO, PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science databases, including gray literature, were searched using the following keywords: "Head and Neck Neoplasms"; "Ionizing Radiation"; "Low-Level Light Therapy"; and "Bone regeneration", focusing on the primary studies that assessed the effects of PBM therapy on animal models of irradiated bone. Six studies have met the eligibility criteria and presented an overall regular quality according to the risk of bias assessment tools. All the studies utilized rat animal model and near-infrared laser PBM at low power output setting. Most of the studies showed increased new bone formation, osteocytes, osteoblasts, and vascularization networking, as a result of PBM therapy. However, only one out of the six studies has not shown any differences in bone healing in both lased and non-lased animal groups. Nevertheless, PBM therapy is a potential tool to improve bone healing induced by ionizing radiation. However, due to the scarce number of studies and the great variability of laser parameters and treatment protocols, a clear conclusion cannot be drawn. Hence, extensive preclinical in vivo studies are warranted to ensure these beneficial effects have been addressed prior to translational clinical trials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Radiation therapy for head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is associated with several complications. Although photobiomodulation (PBM) has radioprotective effects in normal tissue, it could also enhance the growth of neoplastic cells. Thus, the present study aimed to investigate the cellular response of oral squamous cell carcinoma with pre-exposure to low-level phototherapy before radiotherapy. SCC9, Cal-27, A431, and HaCaT cell lines were subjected to low-level light therapy and radiotherapy. The cells were treated with a single energy density (300 J/cm2) of a light-emitting diode (660 nm) prior to ionizing radiation at different doses (0, 2, 4, and 6 Gy). After 24 h, wound scratch, proliferation, clonogenic cell survival, cell death, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) analyses were performed to evaluate cell response. The cell lines pre-exposed to PBM at the analyzed dosage were radiosensitive. The treatment significantly reduced cell proliferation and clonogenic cell survival. Migration and cell death assays also revealed positive results, with the treatment group showing lower rate of migration and higher cell death than did the control group. Moreover, PBM effectively increased the intracellular levels of ROS. PBM at 300 J/cm2 is a promising radiosensitizing modality to reduce the radiation dose and avoid the intolerable side effects of radiotherapy for HNSCC, thus increasing the probability of successful treatment. However, further studies are needed to support and confirm the results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mood disorders are common, debilitating and impose a high-cost burden on society. Side effects and resistance to psychiatric drugs justify finding new treatment methods. Photobiomodulation therapy (PBMT) uses photons of light to repair, modulate and improve the function of target tissue. The purpose of this study is to systematically review the use of PBMT for the treatment of mood disorders and to identify the useful parameters of PBMT, the level of evidence of its effectiveness, and the degree of its practical recommendation. "Google scholar," "Pub Med," "Scopus," and "Science direct" online databases were searched based on Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and meta-analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. The human or animal studies written in English and published from January 2009 to August 2021 were included. Sixteen studies, which included four randomized controlled trials (RCTs), met the inclusion criteria. Infrared wavelength ranges from 800 to 830 nm, power density of 250 mW/cm2 and energy density of 60 to 120 J/ cm2 were the most used PBMT parameters. Bias risk assessment was performed to evaluate the quality of RCTs in which 2 out of 4 RCTs were evaluated as high quality. Based on grade practice recommendations, PBMT can be classified as strongly recommended for moderate grade of major depressive disorder (MDD) and recommended for anxiety disorder. In bipolar disorder, further studies are needed to recommend this therapeutic method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Low-level laser therapy (LLLT) is one of recent modalities for treatment of myofascial neck pain (MNP). Several RCTs have been conducted on its effectiveness. The aim of this comprehensive meta-analysis was to evaluate the effectiveness of LLLT on MNP. Electronic databases were searched for identifying eligible studies comparing the effectiveness of LLLT using any wavelength with placebo or active control in myofascial neck pain up to June 2022. Data related to pain intensity, pain pressure threshold (PPT), range of motion (ROM), and disability was analyzed as a pooled estimate of mean difference or standard mean difference (SMD) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) using random/fixed-effect model. Funnel plot and Egger's linear regression test were also conducted to examine the risk of publication bias. A total of 13 randomized controlled trials were included in this systematic review and meta-analysis. The data assessing laser effectiveness on different outcomes of 556 patients were considered for meta-analysis. Pooled results revealed that LLLT was significantly effective in pain reduction (MD =  - 1.29, 95% CI =  - 2.36; - 0.23, P < 0.001). Also, secondary outcomes including PPT (SMD of 2.63, 95% CI = 0.96; 4.30, P < 0.01) and right bending ROM (SMD of 3.44, 95% CI = 0.64; 6.24, P < 0.01) were improved, while disability (MD of - 7.83, 95% CI =  - 17.1; 0.08, P = 1.34) did not improve significantly after LLLT. Our meta-data revealed that LLLT may reduce myofascial neck pain and its related outcomes. LLLT is suggested to be used by clinicians along with other therapies such as manual and exercise therapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The aim of this study is to compare the effect of photobiomodulation with low-level laser therapy (LLLT) and nimesulide on inflammatory parameters, biomarkers of oxidative stress and inflammation, and quality of life after lower third molar (L3M) surgery. Material and methods: A randomized, two-factor, triple-blind, controlled, split-mouth clinical trial was performed with 40 volunteers who required bilateral L3M removal. Patients were allocated depending on the use or not of 100 mg nimesulide 1 hbefore surgery, as well as the use or not of LLLT in the preoperative period. Results: Pain peaks occurred after 6 h (nimesulide-placebo [N-P] group) and 8 h (nimesulide group). In the N-P group, LLLT resulted in significantly lower mean pain scores than the subgroup without LLLT after 4 h (p = 0.009) and 6 h (p = 0.048). As for edema, a shorter distance between the mandibular angle and the outer canthus of the eyes after 7 days (p = 0.037) and a smaller cumulative effect (p = 0.036) were observed in the N-P group associated with LLLT. A direct effect between LLLT (p = 0.047) and a reduction in the mean scores of overall dissatisfaction with quality of life was detected. Conclusions: Preemptive use of nimesulide only delayed peak pain. LLLT reduced edema, trismus, and contributed to a better perception of quality of life. Nimesulide inhibits peroxidation by increasing GSH and stopping neutrophil migration. The benefit of the association of both strategies was not superior to the use of LLLT alone. Clinical relevance: Translational study with impact on clinical-surgical protocols involving L3M surgery related to pharmacological and non-pharmacological methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of red light emitting diode (LED) photobiomodulation therapy protocol on inflammatory cells during the healing of third-degree skin burns. Fifty Wistar rats were randomly divided into control group (CTRL) (n = 25) and red group (RED) (n = 25), with subgroups (n = 5) for each time of euthanasia (7, 14, 21, 28, and 32 days). Treatment animals were daily irradiated (630 nm ± 10 nm, 300 mW, 9 J/cm2 per point, 30 s, continuous emission mode) at the 4 angles of the wound (total: 36 J/cm2). After specimen removal, histological sections were stained with hematoxylin and eosin for quantitative analysis of the inflammatory infiltrate (neutrophils and lymphocytes) under light microscopy. Greater number of inflammatory cells was observed in irradiated groups when compared to CTRL at 7, 14, 21, and 28 days, but with statistically significant difference only at 14 days (p = 0.02). At 32 days, higher inflammatory cell value was observed in CTRL when compared to RED, but with no statistically significant difference (p = 0.91). The results suggest that red LED, according to the protocol used, modulates the number of inflammatory cells in the early stages of the healing of third-degree skin burns. Nevertheless, this low-intensity light therapy may not, be efficient in reducing the number of neutrophils and lymphocytes in advanced stages of the repair process of skin burns. Further studies with other therapy protocols are needed to assess the effects of this type of light on the inflammatory response of skin burns. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Low-level laser therapy (LLLT) is a noninvasive technique used in different medical fields. It has been applied in different medical areas such as wound healing, traumatic brain injuries, neurological disorders, cognitive disorders, Alzheimer's disease, pain, and arthritis, with different results. We studied the effectiveness of LLLT on cognitive impairment in patients with chronic schizophrenia. A randomized controlled double-blind clinical trial was performed in a men's chronic treatment center, in Razi Psychiatric Hospital, in Tehran, Iran. We screened the cognitive impairment by Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE). Positive And Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) was also used to assess the patients' positive and negative symptoms. Seventeen consenting patients were randomly allocated to the treatment arm, and 15 to the sham treatment control arm. The mean age of the control and treated patients was 49.47 ± 6.99 and 50.24 ± 7.69, respectively. No significant difference in PANSS and MMSE test scores was detected in both groups after the 6th session and after 2 months of follow-up after laser therapy. The positive and negative scales and agitation and excitement levels did not change significantly in either group. Nevertheless, the depression/anxiety subscale in the PANSS test showed a significant reduction after 6 sessions but did not persist after 2 months. No improvement in cognitive impairment or the positive and negative symptoms was detected after LLLT in patients with chronic schizophrenia. Trial registration: IRCT 20210520051349N1. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to verify if exposure to the far-IR emitted by fabric (FIR) is able to improve the neuromuscular performance of the knee extensors of resistance-trained males regardless of changes of the temperature. It is a crossover, randomized, double-blind, and placebo-controlled trial. Fourteen resistance-trained males (age: 24.3 ± 4 years; body mass: 82.8 ± 11.3 kg; height: 176.3 ± 4.2 cm) were randomly assigned to one of initial conditions: FIR (n = 7) or placebo (n = 7). After 4 days, the participants were submitted to neuromuscular tests in an isokinetic dynamometer (maximal isometric voluntary contraction (MVC) and fatigue test). After a week of washout, participants performed the other condition. We measured peak torque (Nm), total work (J), fatigue index (%), root mean square (mV), median frequency (Hz), and temperature (°C) of thigh. The FIR was worn for 82 ± 19 h before the experimental session, totaling 317 ± 74 kJ of energy irradiation. There was a significant increase (p < 0.05) for pre-MVC (318.5 ± 68.7 Nm) and post-MVC (284.1 ± 58.2 Nm), and a trend (p = 0.055) for significant increase for total work (4,122.2 ± 699.8 J) on FIR condition regardless of none change on temperature and electromyographic (EMG) signals. FIR improved the neuromuscular performance of knee extensors in resistance-trained males regardless of changes on temperature and EMG. The present results suggest that the FIR could optimize the neuromuscular performance with 82 ± 19 h of wear. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We aimed to compare low-level light therapy with oral contraceptive pills for pain relief and serum levels of nitric oxide and prostaglandin E2 in patients with primary dysmenorrhoea. This was a randomised, active comparator-controlled, multicentre study. In total, 156 patients were randomised to receive either low-level light therapy with light-emitting diodes (LED) applying on two acupoints, namely, conception vessel 4 (CV4) and CV6 or conventional treatment with oral Marvelon, 30 µg of ethinyl estradiol and 150 µg of desogestrel (DSG/EE), for three consecutive menstrual cycles. The main outcome was the proportion of patients who achieved 33% or more decrease in pain scores measured using the visual analogue scale, which was deemed as efficient rate. Absolute changes in visual analogue scale scores, serum levels of nitric oxide (assessed by nitrites and nitrates reflecting nitric oxide metabolism) and prostaglandin E2 (measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) were the secondary outcomes. A total of 135 patients completed the study (73 in the light therapy group and 62 in the DSG/EE group). The efficient rate at the end of treatment was comparable between the groups (73.6% vs. 85.7%, χ2 = 2.994, p = 0.084). A more significant reduction in pain scores was observed in the DSG/EE group (39.25% vs. 59.52%, p < 0.001). Serum levels of prostaglandin E2 significantly decreased from baseline but did not differ between groups (− 109.57 ± 3.99 pg/mL vs. − 118.11 ± 12.93 pg/mL, p = 0.51). Nitric oxide concentration remained stable in both groups. Low-level light therapy with LED-based device applied on acupuncture points CV4 and CV6 demonstrated a similar level of dysmenorrhoea pain reduction to DSG/EE combined contraceptive. Both treatment modalities achieved clinically meaningful levels of pain reduction. Registration on ClinicalTrials.gov: TRN: NCT03953716, Date: April 04, 2019. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of a protocol of photobiomodulation (PBM) with light-emitting diodes (LED) on the clinical risk of bleaching-induced sensitivity. Materials and methods: Sixty-four volunteers were selected and randomly divided in two groups, placebo (PG) and LED (LG). The LG received PBM irradiation and tooth bleaching, while the PG received tooth bleaching and simulation of the irradiation. The occurrence of painful sensitivity was recorded during the dental bleaching; immediately after bleaching; and 24, 48, and 72 h after tooth bleaching. At the same measurement times, data were collected on the intensity of sensitivity (VAS and NRS scale) and teeth affected by bleaching-induced sensitivity. A questionnaire sought to measure how the painful sensitivity influenced basic daily activities. Tooth color measures were performed using subjective and objective methods. Results: LED irradiation decreased the occurrence of sensitivity at all studied evaluation times as well as its intensity, with the exception of the 72-h data when both groups presented no difference. Teeth affected by bleaching-induced sensitivity were significantly greater in the PG. Color measurements presented no differences between the groups in the recently after and later measures. Conclusions: PBM with LED decreases sensitivity risk and sensibility intensity during and after office bleaching and causes no influence on the shade degree of whitening achieved. The decrease in tooth sensitivity provided more comfort and less suffering while drinking. Clinical relevance: LED irradiation is a promising intervention in the control of bleaching-induced sensitivity. Trial registration: RBR-7hpfwj. Sensitivity intensity measured by the VAS scale (0-10) in the first whitening session (Graphic A) and second whitening session (Graphic B). Significance level set at ≤ 5%. *Mann-Whiteney U test. Columns followed by the same letter are significant different (ap < 0.001; bp < 0.001; cp < 0.001; dp =0.013; ep < 0.001; fp < 0.001; gp < 0.001; hp = 0.002). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The benefits of photobiomodulation (PBM) applied to wounds are well-described in the literature; however, its effects in skin graft donor sites have been poorly studied. The aim of this study is to evaluate the effects of LED PBM on re-epithelialization and wound quality of the skin donor site and on pain during repair process. This is a case series study that part of the patients received standard treatment and the others received standard treatment combined with PBM. Data collection was performed at the Burn Unit at a Public Hospital, Brazil. The study had 21 participants and 25 donor sites, 13 in the control group (conventional treatment with Membracel® bandage) and 12 in the experimental group (Membracel® + LED). Irradiation parameters were 1.53 J/cm2, 2.55 mW/cm2, 660 nm, 600 s in the immediate postoperative period as well as on the 1st, 3rd, 5th, and 7th days postoperatively. Pain was measured using the visual analog scale. The Bates-Jensen scale was used to monitor the re-epithelialization process and measurements were performed of donor skin sites in the postoperative period. Quantitative variables were expressed as mean ± standard deviation or median and interquartile range [p25; p75]. The comparison of the distribution of these variables between groups was performed using the Mann–Whitney test. No differences between groups were found for re-epithelialization time, area or quality of the wound. Regarding pain, a significant reduction was found on the 5th postoperative day in the experimental group compared to the control group. PBM did not induce changes in the re-epithelialization period, wound area or wound quality scores of the Bates-Jensen Scale but did induce a reduction in pain compared to the group treated with Membracel® alone. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mandible fractures compromise stomatognathic functions, requiring rehabilitation. Evaluate the effectiveness of photobiomodulation (PBM) associated with oral exercises for rehabilitation of patients with mandible fractures. In this randomized clinical trial, we compared PBM with PBM sham in 14 adults with mandibular fractures who underwent surgical intervention. The sessions were performed 24 h and 48 h after surgical procedure, and weekly for 4 weeks after hospital discharge. Both groups performed oral exercises after each PBM session. Restriction of food consistencies, mandibular mobility, pain, and facial sensitivity measured before and after the surgical procedure were the outcomes evaluated, one and 3 months after surgery. Maximum interincisal distances (MID), exercise pain, and restriction of food consistencies were also evaluated during each week of intervention. Both groups showed normal MID (> 35 mm) and food consistencies consumed 1 month after the surgical procedure, with no significant differences between them. Individuals in the PBM group had less pain response to exercise during all the weeks of intervention than the sham group (p < 0.05). The patients presented a reduction in the painful response in MID and mandibular laterality movements 1 month after surgery compared to the preoperative period. In contrast, there was an improvement in laterality in the sham group only 3 months postoperatively and persistent pain in MID. There was no significant difference in facial sensitivity within and between groups during follow-up. The performance of oral exercises associated with PBM effectively facilitated the early rehabilitation of oral functions, with significant gains in pain management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hyposalivation is a condition represented by a reduced salivary flow and may include symptoms such as mouth dryness (xerostomia), loss of taste, pain, dysphagia, and dysphonia, all of which greatly affect an individual's quality of life. The aim of the present study was to systematically review the effects of low-level light therapy irradiation (photobiomodulation) on salivary gland function in patients with hyposalivation. The main question of the systematic review was: "Does low-level light irradiation therapy of the salivary glands affect salivary flow rate or indicators of salivary function (ion and protein concentrations) in patients with xerostomia or hyposalivation?" The question was based on the PICO (participant, intervention, control, outcome) principle and followed the PRISMA guidelines. Databases were explored and papers published between the years 1997 and 2020 were reviewed for the following Mesh-term keywords and their corresponding entry terms in different combinations: "Low-level light therapy," "Xerostomia," "Saliva," "Salivary glands," "Salivation." The initial sample consisted of 220 articles. Of those, 47 articles were used for full-text analysis and 18 were used for a systematic review, 14 were used in meta-analysis. According to their individual quality, most articles were classified as high quality of evidence according to the GRADE score. Meta-analysis of the evidence observed increase of unstimulated salivary flow 0.51 SMD compared to placebo (95% CI: 0.16–0.86), I2 = 50%, p = 0.005. The findings of our review revealed evidence of a beneficial effect of photobiomodulation therapy on salivary gland function. The therapy alleviates xerostomia and hyposalivation. However, these effects are reported short term only and did not induce lasting effects of photobiomodulation therapy on patients' quality of life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Osteoarthritis (OA) and rheumatoid arthritis (RA) are common inflammation-associated cartilage degenerative diseases. Recent studies have shown that low-level diode laser treatment can reduce inflammatory cytokine expressions in cartilage. We recently reported that high-frequency low-level diode laser irradiation attenuates matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) expression in human primary chondrocytes. However, the molecular mechanism underlying the effect of high-frequency low-level diode laser on chondrocytes remains unclear. Therefore, we aimed to elucidate the effect of high-frequency low-level diode laser irradiation on inflammatory cytokine expression in human primary chondrocytes. Normal human articular chondrocytes were treated with recombinant interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β) for 30 min or 24 h and irradiated with a high-frequency NIR diode laser at 8 J/cm2. The expression of IL-1β, interleukin-6, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha was assessed using western blot analysis. To evaluate the nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) signaling pathway, the phosphorylation, translocation, and DNA-binding activity of NF-κB were detected using western blot analysis, immunofluorescence analysis, electrophoretic mobility shift assay, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay analysis. High-frequency low-level diode laser irradiation decreased inflammatory cytokine expression in IL-1β-treated chondrocytes. Moreover, high-frequency low-level diode laser irradiation decreased the phosphorylation, nuclear translocation, and DNA-binding activity of NF-κB in the IL-1β-treated state. However, irradiation alone did not affect NF-κB activity. Thus, high-frequency low-level diode laser irradiation at 8 J/cm2 can reduce inflammatory cytokine expressions in normal human articular chondrocytes through NF-κB regulation. These findings indicate that high-frequency low-level diode laser irradiation may reduce the expression of inflammatory cytokines in OA and RA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this scoping review was to assess the extent of the literature on the use of LED therapy to treat synovial joint disorders. The JBI methodology for scoping reviews was followed. The databases used were PUBMED, EMBASE, Scopus, Web of Science, LILACS, PEDro, Cochrane Database, Google Scholar and ProQuest. To be included, studies should have used LED as therapy, and include at least one measure related to the structures of any synovial joint. The search strategy included all keywords and indexed terms identified in the articles. Studies in any language and in any year, whether published or not, were included. The analysis of the studies was carried out by two independent reviewers. Data were extracted from articles using a data extraction tool developed by the reviewers. After carrying out the definitive search and selection, 47 publications were included: 15 clinical trials, 8 clinical protocols, 12 animal studies, 4 in vitro studies and 8 reviews on the topic. Studies have shown great variability from the device and number of diodes used, to the parameters and dosimetry chosen. Some positive effects were observed: on cell proliferation (in vitro); on anti-inflammatory biomarkers (murine models) and on pain scale (clinical trials — TMD). Although, the cause of non-significant results in clinical trials was rarely discussed: depth of penetration, dosimetry, follow-up time? Thus, future studies should focus on answering more elementary aspects about the LED effect when used alone in different synovial joints. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to evaluate the safety and efficacy of combined 1060-nm diode laser and 635-nm low-level laser therapy (LLLT) device for non-invasive reduction of the abdominal and submental fat. Forty-two healthy subjects received single laser treatment on both the abdomen and submental area. Ultrasound images measuring the thickness of abdominal and submental fat were taken at baseline, follow-up at 4, 8, and 12 weeks after treatment. Waist circumference and body weight were also measured at all visits. Adverse events were recorded at all visits. Subjects completed a satisfaction questionnaire at the end of the trial. Twelve weeks after a single treatment with the investigational device, ultrasound images showed statistically significant (P < 0.0001) reductions in abdominal and submental fat by 18.62 and 26.4%, respectively. In addition, significant (P < 0.0001) reduction in waist circumference was observed. Ninety-six percent of subjects rated that they were satisfied. Noted side effects were transient mild to moderate tenderness which subsided within 1 to 3 weeks. No serious treatment-related adverse events were reported. The dual wavelength device combining 1060-nm diode laser with 635-nm LLLT was safe and effective for non-invasive reduction of both abdominal and submental fat. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The first double-blind placebo-controlled trial randomized 33 patients treated with adjuvant radiotherapy for breast cancer to either LED PBM (590 nm, 0.15 J/cm SP 2 sp , 100 pulse, 250 ms/pulse, 2 cm from the breast skin) or a sham laser immediately before and after each radiotherapy session. Low-level laser therapy/photobiomodulation in the management of side effects of chemoradiation therapy in head and neck cancer: part 2: proposed applications and treatment protocols. Keywords: Photobiomodulation; Low-level light therapy; Radiation therapy; Neoplasms; Stomatitis; Radiation dermatitis; Lymphedema EN Photobiomodulation Low-level light therapy Radiation therapy Neoplasms Stomatitis Radiation dermatitis Lymphedema 13 19 7 12/03/21 20220101 NES 220101 Introduction Photobiomodulation (PBM), formerly called "low-level laser therapy (LLLT)", is a non-invasive therapy used, among other indications, as a preventive or curative treatment in the management of several radiotherapy side effects. Xerostomia Grade >= 2 xerostomia occurs in approximatively 76% of patients 3 months after radiotherapy for a head and neck cancer and in 30% of patients at 2 years in the era of intensity-modulated conformal radiation therapy [[29]]. [Extracted from the article]

Objective : To investigate the treatment efficacy of low-level light therapy on dentin hypersensitivity. Materials and methods: Following the PRISMA guideline, six electronic databases supplemented with bibliographies were searched till December 2020. Two reviewers performed the screenings independently with a reliability assessment. Studies fulfilling the pre-registered eligibility criteria were included for risk-of-bias assessment and data synthesis. Results: Thirty-five articles ultimately informed this systematic review based on the eligibility criteria and underwent risk-of-bias assessment (ĸ = 0.86). Quantitative results were deduced by meta-analysis of 20 randomised controlled trials: LLLT showed favourable outcomes compared to placebos for immediate (SMD: 1.09, 95% CI: 0.47 to 1.70), interim (SMD: 1.32, 95% CI: 0.41 to 2.23), and persistent efficacies (SMD: 2.86, 95% CI: 1.98 to 3.74). However, substantial heterogeneity existed among included studies (I2: 64–95%). Regarding comparisons with other desensitising strategies, LLLT showed no significant benefits in DH alleviation over others except fluorides for interim efficacy (SMD: 0.31, 95% CI: 0.10 to 0.52) and persistent efficacy (SMD: 0.45, 95% CI: 0.03 to 0.86). Conclusions: This systematic review shows that LLLT has positive immediate, interim, and persistent DH-treatment efficacies compared with placebo. No superior treatment effects of LLLT were observed except fluoride agent use. Further studies are warranted—RCTs with low risk of bias, consistent technical settings, comprehensive assessments, and long follow-up periods. Clinical relevance: This systematic review bridges a critical research gap by analysing clinical evidence in the DH-alleviating efficacy of LLLT in comparison with placebo and other in-office desensitising strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to evaluate the effect of different photobiomodulation (PBM) radiant exposures on the viability, proliferation, and gene expression of pulp fibroblasts from human primary teeth (HPF) involved in the pulp tissue repair. HPF were irradiated with Laser InGaAlP (Twin Flex Evolution, MMOptics®) at 660-nm wavelength (red); single time, continuous mode, 0.04-cm2 laser tip area, and 0.225-cm laser tip diameter, keeping the distance of 1 mm between the laser beam and the cell culture. The doses used were between 1.2 and 6.2 J/cm2 and were evaluated at the 6 h, 12 h, and 24 h after PBM. MTT and crystal violet assays evaluated the cell viability and proliferation. RT-PCR verified VEGF and FGF-2 mRNA expression. A blinded examiner analyzed the data through two-way ANOVA followed by Tukey test (p < 0.05). The groups with higher powers (10 mW, 15 mW, 20 mW, and 25 mW), shortest application periods (10 s), and radiant exposures between 2.5 and 6.2 J/cm2 exhibited statistically higher viability than that of the groups with small power (5 mW), longer application period (50 s), and radiant exposure of 6.2 J/cm2 (p < 0.05). VEGF and FGF-2 mRNA expression were observed at the three evaluated periods (6 h, 12 h, and 24 h) and the highest expression was in the shortest period (p < 0.05). All radiant exposures maintained HPF viable. The period of 6 h after irradiation showed statistically greater gene expression for both growth factors than other periods. VEGF mRNA had no differences among the dosimetries studied. The best radiant exposures for FGF-2 gene expression were 2.5 J/cm2 and 3.7 J/cm2. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to investigate the effects of administering photobiomodulation therapy (PBM) with bovine bone matrix on critical size defects in rats. Seventy-two adult male rats (albinus, Wistar), 90 days old, were used. Defect of 5 mm in diameter was made in their calvaria. The animals were divided into 4 groups: C-blood clot, B-Bio-Oss®, L-PBM, B+L-Bio-Oss®+PBM. Each group has been subdivided into 07, 30, and 60 days of observation. For PBM, a low GaAlAs energy of 660 nm was irradiated, total energy density of 45 J/cm2. PBM was conducted in a trans-surgical form once only. For immunohistochemistry, a semi-quantitative analysis was made of expression of osteoprotegerin (OPG), nuclear kappa B-factor ligand receptor activator (RANKL), and tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP). All histomorphometric data were statistically analyzed by ANOVA and Tukey test, significance level of 5%. The groups that showed the highest proportion of neoformation were L (0.39% ± 0.13) and C (0.37% ± 0.97), but groups B and B+L had larger defect size (C-1.75 mm2 ± 0.40, B-3.02 mm2 ± 0.63, L-2.45 mm2 ± 0.53, B+L-3.23 mm2 ± 1.01). In immunohistochemistry, groups B and B+L had higher immunostaining scores for OPG and RANKL at 60 days, and TRAP immunostaining increased in all groups at 30 days, but group L was the only one to present specimens with score 0. Although, at 60 days, groups L and C presented the highest proportion of bone neoformation, at 30 days group B+L had more than twice as much bone neoformation as group B, the choice of treatment application should depend on the aim of the treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

COVID-19 is now a worldwide concern, causing an unprecedented pandemic. The infected cases show different symptoms based on the severity of the disease. In asymptomatic and non-severe symptomatic cases, the host immune system can successfully eliminate the virus and its effects. In severe cases, however, immune system impairment causes cytokine release syndrome which eventually leads to acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). In recent years, photobiomodulation (PBM) has shown promising results in reducing acute pulmonary inflammation. Considering the high potential impact of PBM on immune responses, we hypothesized that using PBM could be an effective treatment modality for ARDS management in COVID-19 patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]