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The heat distribution and wear threat of the plate crystallizer used in continuous casting production are different in each area, and a single-thickness coating is unable to fulfill the requirements of all areas. To extend the service life of the crystallizer, a high hardness WC-Cr3C2-Ni thickness gradient wear-resistant coating was prepared on the inner wall of the crystallizer via the HVAF (High-Velocity Air Fuel) spraying technology. In cyclic thermal shock environments, the thermal shock resistance of planar coatings decreased with the thickness. The coating with a thickness of 100 μm exhibited the best thermal shock resistance, with up to 25 cycles at 800 °C thermal shock. In high-temperature wear experiments simulating actual service environments, the 300 μm coating, which owned the worst theoretical thermal shock resistance, was well bonded to the substrate and exhibited good serviceability. Comprehensive experimental results showed that the WC-Cr3C2-Ni coatings deposited by HVAF were stable in practical long-cycle production. The coating preparation process proposed in this paper has been applied in domestic steel mills, effectively extending the working cycle of the production line and improving economic efficiency. This study will provide a theoretical basis for the selection and preparation of surface coatings for continuous casting crystallizers and other structures in complex service environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The wear-resistant cermet coating of WC-Cr3C2-Ni was deposited via high-velocity air–fuel spraying on the beryllium bronze substrate. The wear characteristics of the coatings were investigated under different types and parameters of wear while comparing the effects of various factors on measurement accuracy and visibility. The friction coefficient of the WC-Cr3C2-Ni coating exhibited a lower value in the reciprocating wear experiment compared to that observed in the sliding wear experiment. The mass loss and friction coefficient of the coating increased with the rise in sliding speed and normal load in sliding wear. The wear of the coating is primarily attributed to adhesive wear, with a relatively lower proportion observed in reciprocating wear compared to sliding wear. The proportion of adhesive wear decreased with increasing speed, while it increased with increasing normal load. Moreover, the sensitivity of adhesive wear to normal load surpassed that of sliding speed. The experimental results showed that the tribological properties of WC-Cr3C2-Ni coating can be well demonstrated by both the reciprocating wear test and sliding wear test when the wear parameters of low load and high speed were used. This study will offer theoretical backing for the selection and assessment of polyphase hard coating materials across diverse industries. high-velocity air–fuel (HVAF). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we first propose the model of multi-leader–follower games with fuzzy goals involving fuzzy parameters and introduce its α -FNS equilibrium. Next, we shift our attention to the existence of α -FNS equilibrium and prove it by Kakutani's fixed point theorem. Finally, we illustrate an example to show that the equilibrium existence result is valid. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Antimicrobial resistance is a threat to global public health and requires the development of new antibiotic alternatives to treat bacterial infection. Infection with Escherichia coli (E. coli) is the most common cause of diarrhea in pigs, especially in weaning piglets. The objective of this study was to characterize chemical properties of water-soluble extract (WSE) obtained from yeast cell wall, and study its antibacterial activity and antimicrobial mechanisms against E. coli. Results: WSE was extracted from yeast cell wall by hot water, followed by anhydrous ethanol precipitation and deproteinization by Sevag method to obtain water-soluble polysaccharides (WSP, accounting for 76.53 ± 5.91% by weight of WSE). WSP was purified by DEAE-52 cellulose column and Sephadex G-100 column to obtain three fractions of polysaccharides, WSNP, WSAP-1 and WSAP-2. Physicochemical properties of them were then characterized. The average molecular weights of WSNP, WSAP-1 and WSAP-2 were 105,130, 94,581 and 91,247 Da, respectively. WSNP was composed of glucosamine (GlcN), glucose (Glc), mannose (Man) and glucuronic acid (GlcA) in a molar ratio of 8.6:55.2:34.4:1.8, WSAP-1 was consisted of GlcN, Glc and Man in a molar ratio of 10.9:42.2:46.9, and WSAP-2 was consisted of GlcN, galactose (Gal), Glc and Man in a molar ratio of 9.0:1.0:55.1:34.9. Spectral analysis indicated that all three polysaccharides had pyran polysaccharides, triple-helix structure, α- and β-glycosidic bond. The minimum inhibitory concentrations of WSE and WSP on E.coli were 25 mg/mL and 100 mg/mL, respectively. WSE can not only disrupt the integrity of the cell wall and membrane of E.coli, but also increase the permeability of the outer membrane. Conclusions: Our research elucidated chemical composition and structure of WSNP, WSAP-1 and WSAP-2. WSE exerted its bactericidal activity by damaging the bacterial cell wall and membrane and increasing outer membrane permeability. Yeast cell wall products have been recommended as a potential alternative to antibiotics. This work provides more information, regarding chemical properties and anti-E. coli mechanism of WSE, and facilitates the application of yeast cell wall products as a promising antibiotic alternative in animal feed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this work was to provide a feasible gel-casting method to develop a high-performance porous ceramic for high-temperature flue gas filtration. The calcium hexaaluminate (CA6) porous ceramics were fabricated by an aqueous gel-casting process using CaCO3 and ρ-Al2O3 powders as raw materials. The properties of CA6 porous ceramics in terms of microstructural characteristics, phase composition, pore size distribution, open porosity, compressive strength, thermal conductivity, and air permeability have been investigated. The results indicated that completely developed lamellar CA6 grains can form a stepped structure and an irregular structure due to enough growth space, which could significantly improve the properties of the CA6 porous ceramics. The CA6 samples showed a high open porosity of 68.1% at a low thermal conductivity of 0.48 W/(m/K). In particular, the CA6 samples possess high compressive strength of 7.9–62.0 MPa and high air permeability of 5.19 × 10−7 m2–2.01 × 10−6 m2 (Darcy permeability, k1). Based on these good properties, the CA6 porous ceramic could resist the impact of gas and reduce heat loss in flue gas in high-temperature environment, which indicated that it could be appropriative for applications of high-temperature flue gas filtration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, porous mullite ceramics were prepared by gel-casting using fused mullite particles as the raw materials, ρ-Al2O3 and polysilicon waste as the binders, and starch as the pore forming agent. In addition, the effects of pore forming agent content on the apparent porosity, compressive strength, pore size distribution, thermal analysis, and pressure drop of porous mullite ceramics were studied. The results show that the as-prepared porous mullite ceramics have high apparent porosity, compressive strength, and gas permeability. Mullite phase formed in situ by adding polysilicon waste and ρ-Al2O3, which bonded the fused mullite particles and improved the performance of porous mullite ceramics. With increasing soluble starch content, the apparent porosity of the samples increased from 49.50 to 62.67%, and the compressive strength decreased from 4.98 MPa to 1.35 MPa. Furthermore, uniform pore size distribution and high gas permeability fully meet the requirements for the application of high-temperature flue gas filtration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, a novel pectin gel-casting method was developed to prepare porous MgAl2O4 ceramics using MgO and Al2O3 powders as raw materials and ficus pumila seeds as the gel source. The effects of pectin content on the properties of MgAl2O4 porous ceramics, such as phase composition, microstructural characteristics, apparent porosity, bulk density, compressive strength, and thermal conductivity, were investigated. The results showed that the linear shrinkage of the samples was about 5%, indicating a near-net shape method. With the increase of pectin content, the porosity of porous MgAl2O4 ceramics increased significantly. The prepared MgAl2O4 porous ceramics with different pectin contents showed high apparent porosity of 58.7–70.1%, low thermal conductivity of 0.328–0.840 W/(mK), and relatively high compressive strength of 0.27–2.45 MPa. The proposed method as a near-net shape forming method provided a novel feasible gel-casting method to fabricate other porous ceramics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As a result of figure assembly errors, in Figure 5A and Supplementary Figure 4F the images used to represent the treatment condition were incorrectly derived from the control dataset. Graph: Figure 1 The corrected version of Figure 5. [Extracted from the article]

In the present study, sulfamethazine-imprinted polymers have been prepared by bulk polymerization method with a living radical photopolymerization using sulfamethazine (SM2) as the template molecule, methacrylic acid (MAA) as the functional monomer, ethylene glycol dimethacrylate (EGDMA) as the cross-linker, and azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN) as the initiator in the porogenic solvent of acetonitrile. After estimating the recognition properties, the imprinting factor of the polymer reached up to 9.3779. Then, the polymer particles were incorporated into a solid-phase extraction (SPE) column for the selective separation and purification of the sulfonamides (SAs), including sulfadiazine (SD), sulfamerazine (SM1), and SM2, from edible swine tissues. By using the detection method of high-performance liquid chromatography with the optimum SPE conditions, the limits of detection and limits of quantitation were calculated as 0.7–2.3 μg kg−1 and 3.4–4.6 μg kg−1 in the complex samples, respectively. The recovery of SAs ranged from 85.5 to 88.3%. Compared with the commonly used Waters Oasis HLB® column, the proposed selective SM2-MI-SPE column has opened a promising new approach for trace enrichment of the residues. It will facilitate sulfonamide residue analysis in animal tissues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To monitor monensin (MON) residues in chicken tissues, a monoclonal antibody (mAb)–based indirect competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ic-ELISA) was developed in this study. The haptenMON was obtained by adding hydrochloric acid to a MON salt, and then was coupled with carrier protein. After the inoculation of female Balb/c mice and cell fusions, one cell line, MON/4C9, was obtained. The MON/4C9 antibody exhibited the ability to specifically recognize MON with IC50 1.28 μg L−1.Based on this mAb, an optimized ic-ELISA protocol was performed using only methanol-water (8:2, v/v) in chicken tissue samples. The limits of detection and the limits of quantification of MON in various sample matrices varied from 0.38 to 1.01 μg kg−1. The recoveries ranged from 71.9 to 116.9% in chicken tissues, and the intra- and inter-assay CVs were all less than 18%. Moreover, the developed method also exhibited a positive correlation with the results of HPLC-MS conducted on the samples. These results suggest that the prepared mAb and the developed ic-ELISA method will be a useful tool for detecting MON in chicken tissues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on magnetic graphene (Fe3O4-G), a liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometric detection (LC-MS/MS) method coupled with magnetic solid-phase extraction was developed for the simultaneous detection of 47 kinds of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) residues in meat of swine, chicken, and bovine. The samples were extracted with acetonitrile-phosphate, then the extracts were purified by dispersed solid-phase extraction based on magnetic graphene (Fe3O4-G). The linearity range is 0.1–50 μg L−1. Limits of detection were between 0.1 μg kg−1 and 0.5 μg kg−1, and limits of quantification were between 0.5 μg kg−1 and 1.0 μg kg−1. The average recoveries were 72.4–97.1% at spiking levels. The inter-day RSDs varied from 5.3 to 12.6%. Due to the advantages of easy collection of magnetic solid-phase extraction materials, the method was more rapid and efficient for the enrichment and separation without filling columns. The sensitivity, precision, and accuracy method was suitable for simultaneous detection of multi-component residues of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) exerts its therapeutic effect in a holistic fashion with the synergistic function of multiple characteristic constituents. The holism philosophy of TCM is coincident with global and systematic theories of metabolomics. The proposed pseudotargeted metabolomics methodologies were employed for the establishment of reliable quality control markers for use in the screening strategy of TCMs. Pseudotargeted metabolomics integrates the advantages of both targeted and untargeted methods. In the present study, targeted metabolomics equipped with the gold standard RRLC-QqQ-MS method was employed for in vivo quantitative plasma pharmacochemistry study of characteristic prototypic constituents. Meanwhile, untargeted metabolomics using UHPLC-QE Orbitrap HRMS with better specificity and selectivity was employed for identification of untargeted metabolites in the complex plasma matrix. In all, 32 prototypic metabolites were quantitatively determined, and 66 biotransformed metabolites were convincingly identified after being orally administered with standard extracts of four labeled Citrus TCMs. The global absorption and metabolism process of complex TCMs was depicted in a systematic manner. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Rice vinegar (RV) and white vinegar (WV) as daily flavoring, have also used as accessory in traditional Chinese medicine processing. As we know, the promoting blood circulation efficiency could be enhanced when herbs processed by vinegar. Number of reports focused on health benefits derived by consumption of vinegar. However, few concerned the blood circulation bioactivity. Methods: In this paper, a metabolomics guided strategy was proposed to elaborate on the chemical constituents' variation of two kinds of vinegar. GC-MS coupled with multivariate statistical analysis were conducted to analyze the chemical components in RV and WV and discriminate these two kinds of vinegar. The anti-platelet activities in vitro were investigated by whole blood aggregometry platelet test. And the anticoagulant activities were monitored by the whole blood viscosity, plasma viscosity, packed cell volume, prothrombin time, and four coagulation tests (PT, TT, APTT, FIB) in vivo. Results: Constituents of RV and WV were globally characterized and 33 potential biomarkers were identified. The contents of four potential alkaloid biomarkers increased with aging time prolonged in RV. RV and its alkaloids metabolites exhibited some anti-platelet effects in vitro and anticoagulant activities in vivo. WV failed to exhibit promoting effects. Conclusions: Alkaloid metabolites were demonstrated to be the principal compounds contributing to discrimination and it increased with aging time prolonged in RV. RV exhibited the blood circulation bioactivity. The alkaloids of RV contributed to the blood circulation bioactivity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, two specific monoclonal antibodies, one for Sudan I and the other for leucocrystal violet, were prepared and then used to develop a sensitive indirect competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ic-ELISA) for the detection of two illegal synthetic dyes: Sudan I in duck egg and crystal violet in fish muscle. The Sudan I-specific antibody 1H7 was of the IgG2b isotype and had an IC of 3.1 μg L. Additionally, the crystal violet-specific antibody 4B10 was of the IgG2a isotype and had an IC of 5.3 μg L. Based on these antibodies, the limit of detection (LOD), recoveries, and coefficient of variation of the ic-ELISA developed for the detection of Sudan I residues in duck egg samples were 0.6 μg kg, 83.6∼113.8 %, and less than 8.4 %, and the values of the ic-ELISA developed for the detection of leucocrystal violet residues in fish muscle samples were 1.2 μg kg, 90.8∼108.4 %, and less than 12.3 %, respectively. Both assays exhibited a positive correlation ( r > 0.99) with the results of HPLC-MS run on the samples. These data indicate that the developed ic-ELISAs are reliable and will be very reliable screening methods for the detection of the illegal dyes Sudan I and crystal violet in duck egg and fish muscle, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The residue kinetics of bacitracin in animals has rarely been quantitatively described due to inadequate sensitivity of analytical methods. A sensitive and selective quantitative liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method was developed to determine the residue depletion kinetics of zinc bacitracin in pigs. The tissues samples were extracted with acidified methanol/water solution ( v/ v, 1:1, 1 % formic acid) and followed by liquid-liquid extraction with saturated solution of 0.1 mmol dithizone in chloroform. The extracts were subjected to Phenomenex Strata-X cartridges for further cleanup with 0.1 % formic acid in methanol. Analysis was performed on a C column with positive-ion electrospray mass spectrometry and multiple-reaction monitoring mode. The product ions at m/z 199 and 227 were selected for bacitracin A confirmation and at 199 for quantification. The developed method was linear in the concentration ranges of 150-4000 μg/L for bacitracin with limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) of 25 and 50 μg/kg for kidney and 20 and 50 μg/kg for skin with fat, liver, and muscle. The recoveries from different tissues were higher than 82.1 % at three different spiking levels with relative standard deviations (RSDs) less than 8.8 %. The residue depletion study showed that higher concentration and longer residue time were detected in kidney than in other three tissues. The elimination half-life in kidney was 0.45 days, and the recommended withdrawal period was zero. These results suggest that the established method satisfactorily enables a closer study of residue depletion kinetics of bacitracin in swine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Incorrect use of benzodiazepines could result in serious health problems. To monitor the illegal use of benzodiazepine compounds in animals, a group-specific monoclonal antibody (mAb) was prepared in this study. The obtained 3D7 mAb, which is an IgG1 isotype mAb, displayed an IC value of 8.9 ng mL for diazepam and exhibited cross-reaction for diazepam (100 %), nitrazepam (49 %), nordiazepam (140 %), temazepam (32 %), oxazepam (17 %), estazolam (7.5 %), and alprazolam (2.4 %). Based on this mAb, for the first time in this study, an optimized indirect competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ic-ELISA) protocol that did not require complicated sample preparation and clean-up was developed. The detection limits of this ic-ELISA for benzodiazepines ranged from 1.2 to 3.3 μg kg in muscle matrix and from 25.2 to 55.4 μg kg in feed matrix. The recoveries ranged from 70.9 to 111.3 % with coefficients of variation below 15.0 %. Good correlations ( r > 0.9494) between the results of the ic-ELISA and high-performance liquid chromatography were also observed. This simple method reduced the time required for sample preparation, ensured greater throughput, and met the requirements for benzodiazepine residue analyses. In conclusion, the proposed method is a sensitive and rapid multi-residue technique that offers a cost-effective alternative to current published procedures without any concession in the ability to detect benzodiazepine sedative misuse. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To quickly monitor fluoroquinolone (FQ) residues in eggs, three broadly specific monoclonal antibodies (mAbs; i.e., 5B11, 4B6, and 6A2) against FQs were generated. Among them, the 6A2 mAb exhibited the capability to recognize 19 FQs with equal or nearly equal efficacy and therefore was selected for the development of a simple and rapid indirect competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ic-ELISA). The optimized ic-ELISA protocol was carried out using only acetonitrile with NaOH for the fast extraction of FQs in whole eggs. The CC α, the CC β, and the limit of quantity values of 19 FQs in eggs ranged from 0.6 to 3.1, 0.7 to 3.6, and 1.6 to 4.2 μg kg, respectively. The recoveries from eggs spiked with the above FQs ranged from 60.2 to 119.9 %, with coefficients of variation (CVs) of less than 17.8 %. These results suggest that the prepared mAbs and the developed ic-ELISA protocol are reliable tools that can be applied for the screening of FQ residues in eggs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To monitor the illegal use of florfenicol (FF) and thiamphenicol (TAP) in edible animal tissue and feed, a sensitive monoclonal antibody-based indirect competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ic-ELISA) has been developed with simple sample preparation and cleanup. The obtained monoclonal antibody (5F4) that has isotype IgG1 showed an IC value of 0.21 μg L for FF and 0.35 μg L for TAP, respectively. It did not exhibit measurable cross-reactivity with other antibiotics. The limits of detection (LODs) for FF and TAP in a muscle matrix ranged from 0.07 to 0.14 μg kg and in a feed matrix ranged from 2.9 to 5.2 μg kg. The recoveries were 72.8 to 113.4 % with a coefficient of variation of less than 15 %. Good correlation between the ELISA and HPLC-MS/MS results in the tissues tested demonstrated the reliability of our ic-ELISA. This ELISA is a useful tool for screening FF and TAP in edible animal tissue and feed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fumonisins (FBs) are widespread Fusarium toxins commonly found as corn contaminants. FBs could cause a variety of diseases in animals and humans, such as hepatotoxic, nephrotoxic, hepatocarcinogenic and cytotoxic effects in mammals. To date, almost no review has addressed the toxicity of FBs in relation to oxidative stress and their metabolism. The focus of this article is primarily intended to summarize the progress in research associated with oxidative stress as a plausible mechanism for FB-induced toxicity as well as the metabolism. The present review showed that studies have been carried out over the last three decades to elucidate the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and oxidative stress as a result of FBs treatment and have correlated them with various types of FBs toxicity, indicating that oxidative stress plays critical roles in the toxicity of FBs. The major metabolic pathways of FBs are hydrolysis, acylation and transamination. Ceramide synthase, carboxylesterase FumD and aminotransferase FumI could degrade FB and FB. The cecal microbiota of pigs and alkaline processing such as nixtamalization can also transform FB into metabolites. Most of the metabolites of FB were less toxic than FB, except its partial (pHFB) metabolites. Further understanding of the role of oxidative stress in FB-induced toxicity will throw new light on the use of antioxidants, scavengers of ROS, as well as on the blind spots of metabolism and the metabolizing enzymes of FBs. The present review might contribute to reveal the toxicity of FBs and help to protect against their oxidative damage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fluoroquinolones (FQNs) are broad-spectrum antibacterial agents widely used in animal husbandry and aquaculture. The residues and antimicrobial resistance of such antibiotics are a major public health concern. To realize multianalyte detection of FQN residues, a genetically modified bacterium, Escherichia coli pK12 harboring plasmid pRecAlux3, was constructed in this study to develop a bioluminescent-bacteria-based assay for the detection of FQNs in animal-derived foods. This assay was based on the principle of induction of an SOS response by FQNs via inducing the recA-promoter-fused luciferase reporter gene existing on the plasmid pRecAlux3. E. coli pK12 was able to recognize 11 FQNs: difloxacin, enrofloxacin, ciprofloxacin, sarafloxacin, norfloxacin, danofloxacin, ofloxacin, pefloxacin, lomefloxacin, marbofloxacin, and orbifloxacin. This method could be applied to 11 edible tissues, including milk, fish muscle, and the muscles, livers, and kidneys of cattle, chickens, and pigs, with a very simple and rapid sample extraction procedure using only phosphate-buffered saline. The limits of detection of the FQNs were between 12.5 and 100 μg kg, all of which were lower than the maximum residue limits. Most of the recoveries of the FQNs were in the range from 60 to 120 %, and the interassay coefficients of variation were less than 30 %. This method, confirmed by high-performance liquid chromatography, is reliable and can be used as both a screening test and a semiquantitative assay, when the identity of a single type of FQN is known. [Figure not available: see fulltext.] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

β-Lactam antibiotics, including penicillins and cephalosporins, are commonly used in veterinary medicine. Illegal use and abuse of β-lactams could cause allergy and selected bacterial resistance. BlaR-CTD, the carboxy-terminal of penicillin-recognizing protein BlaR from Bacillus licheniformis ATCC 14580, was utilized in this study to develop a receptor-based ELISA for detection and determination of β-lactam antibiotics in milk, beef, and chicken. This assay was based on directly competitive inhibition of binding of horseradish peroxidase-labeled ampicillin to the immobilized BlaR-CTD by β-lactams. The assay was developed as screening test with the option as semiquantitative assay, when the identity of a single type of residual β-lactam was known. The IC values of 15 β-lactam antibiotics, including benzylpenicillin, ampicillin, amoxicillin, dicloxacillin, oxacillin, nafcillin, cefapirin, cefoperazone, cefalotin, cefazolin, cefquinome, ceftriaxone, cefotaxime, cefalexin, ceftiofur and its metabolite desfuroylceftiofur were evaluated and ranged from 0.18 to 170.81 μg L. Simple sample extraction method was carried out with only phosphate-buffered saline, and the recoveries of selected β-lactam antibiotics in milk, beef, and chicken were in the range of 53.27 to 128.29 %, most ranging from 60 to 120 %. The inter-assay variability was below 30 %. Limits of detection in milk, beef, and chicken muscles with cefquinome matrix calibration were 2.10, 30.68, and 31.13 μg kg, respectively. This study firstly established a rapid, simple, and accurate method for simultaneous detection of 15 β-lactams in edible tissues, among which 11 β-lactams controlled by European Union could be detected below maximum residue limits. [Figure not available: see fulltext.] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aditoprim (ADP) has potential use as an antimicrobial agent in animals. However, its pharmacodynamic properties have not been systematically studied yet. In this study, the in vitro antibacterial activities of ADP and its main metabolites were assayed, and the in vivo antibacterial efficacy of ADP for the treatment of swine streptococcosis was evaluated. It was shown that Salmonella and Streptococcus from swine, Escherichia coli and Salmonella from chickens, E. coli, Streptococcus, Mannheimia, Pasteurella from calves, Streptococcus and Mannheimia from sheep, and E. coli, Flavobacterium columnare, Acinetobacter baumannii and Yersinia ruckeri from fishes were highly susceptible to ADP. Haemophilus parasuis from swine, Staphylococcus aureus, Aeromonas punctate, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Streptococcus agalactiae from fishes, and Klebsiella from calves and sheep showed moderate susceptibility to ADP, whereas E. coli, Actinobacillus pleuropneumonia, Pasteurella, S. aureus, Clostridium perfringens from swine, S. aureus, C. perfringens from chickens, and S. aureus from calves were resistant to ADP. The main metabolites of ADP showed equal activity to that of their parent compound, and the prevention and therapeutic dosages of ADP recommended for swine streptococcosis were 10 and 20~40 mg/kg b.w., respectively. This study firstly showed that ADP had strong antibacterial activity and had potential to be used as a single drug in the treatment of bacterial infectious diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Enrofloxacin-loaded docosanoic acid solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) with different physicochemical properties were developed to enhance activity against intracellular Salmonella. Their cellular uptake, intracellular elimination and antibacterial activity were studied in RAW 264.7 cells. During the experimental period, SLN-encapsulated enrofloxacin accumulated in the cells approximately 27.06-37.71 times more efficiently than free drugs at the same extracellular concentration. After incubation for 0.5 h, the intracellular enrofloxacin was enhanced from 0.336 to 1.147 μg/mg of protein as the sizes of nanoparticles were increased from 150 to 605 nm, and from 0.960 to 1.147 μg/mg of protein when the charge was improved from −8.1 to −24.9 mv. The cellular uptake was more significantly influenced by the size than it was by the charge, and was not affected by whether the charge was positive or negative. The elimination of optimal SLN-encapsulated enrofloxacin from the cells was significantly slower than that of free enrofloxacin after removing extracellular drug. The inhibition effect against intracellular Salmonella CVCC541 of 0.24 and 0.06 μg/mL encapsulated enrofloxacin was stronger than 0.6 μg/mL free drug after all of the incubation periods and at 48 h, respectively. Docosanoic acid SLNs are thus considered as a promising carrier for intracellular bacterial treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper mainly proposes the notion of robust weak Nash equilibria for multi-objective leader-follower games with uncertainty and proves their existence. Firstly, based on l-type set relations, robust weak Nash equilibria for n-person noncooperative games are introduced and their existence are proved by Fan-Glicksberg’s fixed point theorem. Secondly, such robust weak Nash equilibria are further put forward for multi-objective single-leader-multi-follower games with uncertainty, and their existence are furthermore shown. Two examples illustrate the validity of the existence results respectively. Our results are novel from the current ones. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]