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We present a multi-objective Bayesian active learning strategy, which greatly accelerates the discovery of super high-strength and high-ductility lead-free solder alloys. The active learning strategy demonstrates that a machine learning model will have high generalizability if experimental data uncertainty is included, which greatly improves the model prediction or the material design accuracy. The feature-point-start forward method in multi-objective optimization adopts two Gaussian process regression (GPR) models, one for strength and one for elongation, and their outputs build up the acquisition-function-modified objective space of strength and elongation. Then, Bayesian sampling is applied to design the next experiments by balancing exploitation and exploration. Seven multi-objective active learning iterations discovered two novel super high-strength and high-ductility lead-free solder alloys. After that, various material characterizations were conducted on the two novel solder alloys, and the results exhibited their high performances in melting properties, wettability, electrical conductivity, and shear strength of the solder joint and explored the mechanism of high strength and high ductility of the alloys. The present work systematically analyzes the important role of experimental uncertainty in machine learning, especially in the global optimization for material design, which demands high generalizability of predictions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Traditional deep learning methods require a large amount of labeled data for model training, which is laborious and costly in real word. Few-shot learning (FSL) aims to recognize novel classes with only a small number of labeled samples to address these challenges. We focus on metric-based few-shot learning with improvements in both feature extraction and metric method. In our work, we propose the Pluralistic Attention Network (PANet), a novel attention-oriented framework, involving both a local encoded intra-attention(LEIA) module and a global encoded reciprocal attention(GERA) module. The LEIA is designed to capture comprehensive local feature dependencies within every single sample. The GERA concentrates on the correlation between two samples and learns the discriminability of representations obtained from the LEIA. The two modules are complementary to each other and ensure the feature information within and between images can be fully utilized. Furthermore, we also design a dual-centralization (DC) cosine similarity to eliminate the disparity of data distribution in different dimensions and enhance the metric accuracy between support and query samples. Our method is thoroughly evaluated with extensive experiments, and the results demonstrate that with the contribution of each component, our model can achieve high-performance on four widely used few-shot classification benchmarks of miniImageNet, tieredImageNet, CUB-200-2011 and CIFAR-FS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Key message: Exploring the potential action mechanisms of reactive oxygen species during the callus inducing, they can activate specific metabolic pathways in explants to regulate callus development. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) play an important role in the regulation of plant growth and development, but the mechanism of their action on plant callus formation remains to be elucidated. To address this question, kiwifruit was selected as the explant for callus induction, and the influence of ROS on callus formation was investigated by introducing propyl gallate (PG) as an antioxidant into the medium used for inducing callus. The results have unveiled that the inclusion of PG in the medium has disturbed the equilibrium of ROS during the formation of the kiwifruit callus. We selected the callus that was induced by the addition of 0.05 mmol/L PG to the MS medium. The callus exhibited a significant difference in the amount compared to the control medium without PG. The callus induced by the MS medium without PG was used as the control for comparison. KEGG enrichment indicated that PG exposure resulted in significant differences in gene expression in related pathways, such as phytohormone signaling and glutathione in kiwifruit callus. Weighted gene co-expression analysis indicated that the pertinent regulatory networks of both ROS and phytohormone signaling were critical for the establishment of callus in kiwifruit leaves. In addition, during the process of callus establishment, the ROS level of the explants was also closely related to the genes for transmembrane transport of substances, cell wall formation, and plant organ establishment. This investigation expands the theory of ROS-regulated callus formation and presents a new concept for the expeditious propagation of callus in kiwifruit. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Exchange orientation (EO) and communal orientation (CO) are two fundamental relationship orientations (ROs). We argue that state RO (i.e., the relative activation of the two ROs at a specific moment) varies across situations and should be differentiated from trait ROs. In two studies, we examined how state RO affected subsequent helping behaviors and how it was influenced by a situational factor (i.e., hunger). We also examined whether trait ROs moderated the above links. An eye-tracking paradigm (Study 1) and a scenario-based paradigm (Study 2) were adopted to assess state RO. The two studies consistently found that relatively more activation of state EO over state CO reduced helping tendency toward strangers (Study 1) and acquaintances (Study 2). High trait CO amplified the effect in Study 1. Moreover, hunger heightened the relative activation of state EO over state CO in both studies, but the effect was only significant for participants with high trait EO in Study 1. The results highlight the importance to study the momentary variation of ROs and open new research directions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Future time perspective has been found to significantly influence people's cognitive preferences, social choices, and subjective well-being across adulthood. While increasing chronological age is considered as a natural correlate of more limited future time perspective, few studies have investigated other factors related to individual differences in future time perspective. Based on a sample of 372 participants of a wide age range, the current study tested sense of control as an important determinant of future time perspective and a moderator of the association between age and future time perspective. Three different components of future time perspective, extension (FTE), opportunity (FTO), and constraint (FTC), were tested separately. Consistent with the expectation, higher sense of control was related to more open-ended future time perspective (higher FTE and FTO, lower FTC). More importantly, sense of control significantly moderated the associations between age and two components of future time perspective (FTE and FTC). For individuals with high sense of control, older age was no longer related to more limited future time perspective. The results highlight the importance of sense of control in maintaining a positive perception of future time and suggest that psychological resource can interact with chronological age to influence future time perspective. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study developed a method to build relationships between chemical fractionations of heavy metals in soils and their accumulations in rice and estimate the respective contribution of each geochemical speciation in the soils from the Yangtze River Delta, China. In contaminated areas, residue and humic acid-bound fractions in soils were the main phases for most heavy metals. The mobility of heavy metals was in this following order: Cd > Pb ≈ Zn > Ni > As ≈ Cr > Hg. Transfer factors calculated by the ratios of specific fractionations of heavy metals in the soil–rice system were used to assess the capability of different metal speciation transfer from soil to rice. The carbonate and Fe/Mn oxyhydroxides bound phase had significant positive correlations with total metal concentrations in rice. Hg uptake by rice might be related to the exchangeable and carbonate-bound fractions of soil Hg. Results of PCA analysis of transfer factors estimated that the labile fractions (i.e. water soluble, exchangeable and carbonate bound) contributed more than 40% of the heavy metal accumulations in rice. Effect of organic matter and residue fraction on metals transfer was estimated to be ~ 25 to ~ 30% while contribution of humic acid and Fe/Mn oxyhydroxides-bound fractions was estimated to be ~ 20 to ~ 30%. Modified risk assessment code (mRAC) and ecological contamination index (ECI) confirmed that the soil samples were polluted by heavy metals. Soil Cd contributed more than 80% of mRAC. Contrarily, the main contributors to ECI were identified as As, Hg, Pb and Zn. The average values of total target hazard quotient (TTHQ) and Risktotal were above 1 and 10–4 respectively, implying people living in the study area were exposed to both non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic risk. As and Pb were the main contributor to high TTHQ value while As, Cd and Cr in rice contributed mostly to Risktotal value. Spatial changes of ecological risk indexes and human health risk indexes showed that the samples with high TTHQ values distributed in the area with high values of mRAC. Likewise, the area with high ECI values and with high carcinogenic risk overlapped. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This study aims to evaluate the efficacy and safety of intralesional diode laser pretreatment for facilitating surgery for orbital venous malformations (OVMs). Methods: This is a retrospective, non-comparative, interventional cohort involving 23 consecutive OVM patients undergoing intralesional laser pretreatment followed by surgical excision. The main outcome measures included volumetric changes, exophthalmometry, cosmesis, and symptom scores as well as treatment-related adverse events. Results: Following intralesional diode laser, the mean volume dropped significantly from 2366 ± 1887 to 129 ± 119 mm3 (t = 5.716; p < 0.001). After a single treatment session, a mean 90 ± 13% volume shrinkage was achieved in all 23 OVM. The mean Hertel exophthalmometry decreased significantly from 14 ± 3 to 13 ± 1 mm (t = 2.515; P < 0.02). The resolution of periocular dyschromasia and swelling were evident in 20 patients (87%). Symptom scores improved significantly from 6.5 ± 1.4 (very intense discomfort or effect on daily living) to 1.2 ± 1.0 (very mild discomfort or effect on daily living; p < 0.001). Short-term bruises and swelling were reported in 20 patients (87%). Conclusion: Intralesional laser pretreatment is effective to facilitate surgery especially for the deep involving orbital venous malformations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Orbital venous malformation (OVM) is a congenital vascular disease. As a common type of vascular malformation in the orbit, OVM may result in vision deterioration and cosmetic defect. Classification of orbital vascular malformations, especially OVMs, is carried out on the basis of different categories, such as angiogenesis, hemodynamics, and locations. Management of OVM is complicated and challenging. Treatment approaches include sclerotherapy, laser therapy, embolization, surgical resection, and radiotherapy. A satisfactory outcome can be achieved only by selecting the appropriate treatment according to lesion characteristics and following the sequential multi-method treatment strategy. This article summarizes the current classification and treatment advances in OVM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents the study that investigates the differences of differences of a person's understanding of power and wealth and its vital role in the future. The topics discussed include the reasons why power and wealth are deemed important to human societies, the implications of self-interests on societal sustainable development, and effects of age distribution of power holders and wealth on modern societies.

Uveal melanoma (UM) has a high mortality rate for primary intraocular tumors. Approximately half of UM patients present with untreatable and fatal metastases. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) have emerged as potent regulatory RNAs that play key roles in various cellular processes and tumorigenesis. However, to date, their roles in UM are not well-known. Here, we identified a transcriptional variant transcribed from the P2RX7 gene locus, named P2RX7-V3 ( P2RX7 variant 3), which was expressed at a high level in UM cells. P2RX7-V3 silencing revealed that this variant acts as a necessary UM oncoRNA. Knockdown of P2RX7-V3 expression significantly suppressed tumor growth in vitro and in vivo. A genome-wide cDNA array revealed that a variety of genes were dysregulated following P2RX7-V3 silencing. These observations identified P2RX7-V3 that plays a crucial role in UM tumorigenesis and may serve as a useful biomarker in the diagnosis and prognosis treatment of UM in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the study that determined age differences in perceived justifiability of behaviors that are morally debatable across adulthood cross-culturally, based on World Values survey data. Topics discussed include moral transgression judged by older adults across societies less leniently compared to younger adults, but pattern was moderated by tightness of societies, making age a stronger predictor of perceived justifiability of morally debatable behaviors in loose societies.

Regional characteristics of extreme precipitation indices (EPI) of precipitation magnitude, intensity and persistence were analyzed based on a daily rainfall dataset of 135 stations during the period of 1961-2010 in the Yangtze River basin, China. The spatial distribution of temporal trends of the selected indices was regionally mapped and investigated by using non-parametric test method. Future projections of EPI changes derived from the output of general circulation model (HadCM3) under the SRES A2 and B2 emission scenarios were downscaled and analyzed. The results show that: (a) there is not a general significant increasing or decreasing trend in EPI for the Yangtze River basin based on historical recorded data; (b) the automated statistical downscaling method-based precipitation captures some spatial distribution of the EPI and the bias correction can improve the simulation results; (c) a mixed pattern of positive and negative changes is observed in most of the nine indices under both scenarios in the first half of twenty-first century, and they increase continuously in the second half of twenty-first century; and (d) the concurrent increase in the heavy rain and drought indices indicates the possibility of the sudden change from drought to water logging in the lower region of Yangtze River basin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]