Search

The planar droplet sizing (PDS) method for determining the droplet diameter from the ratio of laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) and Mie scattering signal (Mie) has been extensively applied for right-angle scattering detection. The present work consists of a parametrical study of the Mie signal dependency on the scattering angle and polarization, as well as further experimental investigations in single droplets to ultimately improve the intensity fluctuation characteristics of the signal through a favorable experimental arrangement. Finally, we investigated how these findings impact droplet sizing in a spray on a shot-to-shot basis, as well as averaged across a dataset, via microscopic and macroscopic spray measurements. In the parametrical study, we found that horizontally polarized incident light results in a higher degree of Mie signal fluctuation than vertically polarized incident light at a scattering angle of Θ = 90 ∘ , whereas the reduction to Θ = 60 ∘ resulted in the exact opposite observation. Furthermore, the reduction from Θ = 90 ∘ to Θ = 60 ∘ resulted in an overall improvement to the D 2 -dependency and signal fluctuation of the Mie signal. We observed the effects shown in the parametric study in the experimental droplet measurements. For instance, when observing single droplets, the change from Θ = 90 ∘ to Θ = 60 ∘ resulted in a reduction in signal fluctuation by 46.1% and 17.6% for horizontally and vertically polarized incident light, respectively. An implementation into a spray setup yielded reduced shot-to-shot sizing deviations and closer adherence to the microscopically measured diameter when averaged across the dataset. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A first search for rare decays of gadolinium isotopes was performed with an ultra-low background high-purity germanium detector at Gran Sasso Underground Laboratory (Italy). A 198 g Gd 2 O 3 powder sample was measured for 63.8 d with a total Gd exposure of 12.6 kg × d. 152 Gd is the most promising isotope for resonant enhanced neutrinoless double electron capture which could significantly increase the decay rate over other neutrinoless double beta decay processes. The half-life for this decay was constrained to > 4.2 × 10 12 year (90% credibility). This limit is still orders of magnitude away from theoretical predictions but it is the first established limit on the transition paving the way for future experiments. In addition, other rare alpha and double beta decay modes were investigated in 152 Gd, 154 Gd, and 160 Gd with half-life limits in the range of 10 17 - 20 year. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

180 m Ta is the longest-lived metastable state presently known. Its decay has not been observed yet. In this work, we report a new result on the decay of 180 m Ta obtained with a 2015.12-g tantalum sample measured for 527.7 d with an ultra-low background HPGe detector in the STELLA laboratory of the Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso (LNGS), in Italy. Before the measurement, the sample has been stored deep-underground for ten years, resulting in subdominant background contributions from cosmogenically activated 182 Ta . We observe no signal in the regions of interest and set half-life limits on the process for the two channels EC and β - : T 1 / 2 , EC > 1.6 × 10 18 year and T 1 / 2 , β - > 1.1 × 10 18 year (90% C. I.), respectively. We also set the limit on the γ de-excitation / IC channel: T 1 / 2 , IC > 4.1 × 10 15 year (90% C. I.). These are, as of now, the most stringent bounds on the decay of 180 m Ta worldwide. Finally, we test the hypothetical scenarios of de-excitation of 180 m Ta by cosmological Dark Matter and constrain new parameter space for strongly-interacting dark-matter particle with mass up to 10 5 GeV. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A search for alpha and double beta decays of ytterbium isotopes was performed with an ultra low-background high purity germanium detector at Gran Sasso Underground Laboratory (Italy). A 194.7 g Yb 2 (C 2 O 4 ) 3 powder sample was measured for 11.3 days with a total Yb exposure of 1.25 kg × day. Half-life limits for α -decay modes of 168 Y b , 170 Y b , 171 Y b , 172 Y b , 173 Y b , 174 Y b and 176 Y b into the first excited states have been obtained between 6 × 10 14 years and 2 × 10 16 years. These are the first experimental constraints of these decay modes. Double electron capture of 168 Y b and double beta decay of 176 Y b into the first excited 2 + and 0 + states could be excluded with limits between 1 × 10 14 years to 8 × 10 16 years. This improves the experimental information on some of the decay modes compared to previous constraints. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As one of the primordial radioactive isotopes, 232 Th mainly undergoes α -decay with a half-life of 1.402 · 10 10 years. However, it is also one of 35 double beta decay candidates in which the single β -decay is forbidden or strongly suppressed. 181 mg of thorium contained in a gas mantle were measured in a HPGe well-detector at the Gran Sasso Underground Laboratory with a total exposure of 3.25 g × d. We obtain half-life limits on all double beta decay modes of 232 Th to excited states of 232 U on the order of 10 11 - 15 years. For the most likely transition into the 0 1 + state we find a lower half-life limit of 6.7 · 10 14 years (90% C.I.). These are the first constraints on double beta decay excited state transition in 232 Th . [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background coming from the 42Ar decay chain is considered to be one of the most relevant for the Gerda experiment, which searches for the neutrinoless double beta decay of 76Ge. The sensitivity strongly relies on the absence of background around the Q-value of the decay. Background coming from 42K, a progeny of 42Ar, can contribute to that background via electrons from the continuous spectrum with an endpoint at 3.5 MeV. Research and development on the suppression methods targeting this source of background were performed at the low-background test facility LArGe . It was demonstrated that by reducing 42K ion collection on the surfaces of the broad energy germanium detectors in combination with pulse shape discrimination techniques and an argon scintillation veto, it is possible to suppress 42K background by three orders of magnitude. This is sufficient for Phase II of the Gerda experiment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper addresses the problem of how to extract an upper limit on the cross section for $ \Theta^+$ production via the reaction $ pp\rightarrow\Theta^+\Sigma^+$ , where the $ \Theta^+$ is assumed to decay into the $ pK^0$ subsystem. Recent data of the COSY-TOF Collaboration, namely the angular distribution of protons in the $ \Sigma^+K^0$ helicity frame and the invariant mass spectrum of the $ pK^0$ system, were scrutinised with regard to a resonance by applying the profile likelihood method. It is found that the former distribution is best suited for setting an upper limit on the $ \Theta^+$ production, which varies between 90nb for an assumed $ \Theta^+$ mass of 1500MeV/c^2 and 56nb for 1540MeV/c^2. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Background: Not all patients with sialolithiasis can be treated successfully by established minimally invasive techniques.Methods: A forceps was used under sonographic control to fragment and retrieve salivary calculi in five cases refractory to established minimal invasive approaches.Results: One patient with a sialolithiasis of the Stenon duct, two patients with a stone in the hilum region of the submandibular gland, and one patient with a sialolith in the sublingual gland were cured by this technique. For another patient, only a part of the stone in the hilum region of the submandibular gland could be removed. No relevant side effects occurred.Conclusions: To the authors' knowledge, this is the first report of a new, simple, and inexpensive minimally invasive technique that proved to be at least partially successful in the treatment of sialolithiasis in cases refractory to other therapies. The technique also seems to be suitable as a primary treatment approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Evans wave equation [1–3] is developed in the weak-field limit to give the Poisson equation and an electrogravitic equation expressing the electric field strength E in terms of the acceleration g due to gravity and a fundamental scalar potential φ(0) with the units of volts (joules per coulomb). The electrogravitic equation shows that an electric field strength relativity is non-Euclidean spacetime. Therefore an electric field strength can be obtained, in theory, from scalar curvature R. This inference is supported by recent experimental data from the patented motionless electromagnetic generator [5]. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

General relativity is reduced to O(3) electrodynamics by consideration of the irreducible representations of the Einstein group and through a particular choice of basis. The photon is shown always to possess a scalar curvature R, and so the origin of quantization is found in general relativity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The inverse Faraday effect is described from the first principles of general relativity, using the irreducible representations of the Einstein group. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

By considering the irreducible representations of the Einstein group (the Lie group of general relativity), Sachs [1] has shown that the electromagnetic field tensor can be developed in terms of a metric q, which is a set of four quaternion-valued components of four-vector. Using this method, it is shown that the electromagnetic field vanishes [1] in flat spacetime, and that electromagnetism in general is a non-Abelian field theory. In this paper the non-Abelian component of the field tensor is developed to show the presence of the B field of the O(3) electrodynamics, and the basic structure of O(3) electrodynamics is shown to be a sub-structure of general relativity as developed by Sachs. The extensive empirical evidence for both theories is summarized. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is demonstrated to a first approximation that anti-gravity effects can occur in the most general theory of electromagnetism, developed by Sachs [1] from the irreducible representations of the Einstein group. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The most general form of electrodynamics has been derived by Sachs [1] from the irreducible representations of the Einstein group. In this paper the Sachs theory is developed as a gauge theory with a vacuum four-current i μ. The B Cyclic Theorem O(3) electrodynamics is derived from a consideration of four-vectors appearing in the Sachs theory, and electromagnetic helicity, expressed in terms of the B j. The B Cyclic Theorem O(3) electrodynamics is derived from a consideration of four-vectors appearing in the Sachs theory, and electromagnetic helicity, expressed in terms of the B(3) field of O(3) electrodynamics, is derived from the more general Sachs theory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The archetypical and phaseless vacuum magnetic flux density of O(3) electrodynamics, the B(3) field, is derived from the irreducible representation of the Einstein group and is shown to be accompanied by a vacuum energy density which depends directly on the square of the scalar curvature R of curved spacetime. The B(3) field and the vacuum energy density are obtained respectively from the non-Abelian part of the field tensor F μν and the non-Abelian part of the metrical field equation. Both of these terms are given by Sachs [5]. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is shown that the principles of general relativity as developed by Sachs [1] can be used to explain the principles of the motionless electromagnetic generator (MEG), which takes electromagnetic energy from Riemannian curved space-time and in consequence outputs about twenty times more energy than inputted [2]. Therefore, it is shown in the most general manner that electromagnetic energy can be extracted from vacuum and used to power working devices such as the MEG, devices which are reproducible and repeatable [2]. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recently, Bearden el al. developed a device which is known as a motionless electromagnetic generator (MEG) and which produces a coefficient of performance (COP) far in excess of unity. The device has been independently replicated by Naudin. In this communication, the fundamental operational principle of the MEG is explained using a version of higher symmetry electrodynamics known as O(3) electrodynamics, which is based on the empirical existence of two circular polarization states of electromagnetic radiation, and which has been developed extensively in the literature. The theoretical explanation of the MEG with O(3) electrodynamics is straightforward: Magnetic energy is taken directly ex vacua and used to replenish the permanent magnets of the MEG device, which therefore produces a source of energy that, in theory, can be replenished indefinitely from the vacuum. Such a result is incomprehensible in U(1) Maxwell-Heaviside electrodynamics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using covariant derivatives and the operator definitions of quantum mechanics, gauge invariant Proca and Lehnert equations are derived and the Lorenz condition is eliminated in U( 1) invariant electrodynamics. It is shown that the structure of the gauge invariant Lehnert equation is the same in an O( 3) invariant theory of electrodynamics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effect of vacuum energy on the spectrum of atomic H is investigated using a Schrödinger equation and Higgs mechanism. It is shown that the effect of the latter is to decrease the energy level of the ground state of the H atom emitting energy in the process. This mechanism has been observed empirically in recently reported reproducible and repeatable experiments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is shown that the Lehnert field equations in vacuum, with concomitant space charge and current, can be derived straightforwardly from standard gauge theory applied in vacuum, using the concept of covariant derivative and Feynman's universal influence. The Lehnert and Proca field equations are shown to be inter-related through the well-known de Broglie theorem, in which the photon mass can be interpreted as finite. These ideas go some way towards addressing the inconsistency inherent in Maxwell's famous displacement current, which has no concomitant vacuum space charge. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent data obtained by LEP1 are discussed and their potential implication for the existence of a Z′ particle. This letter advocates that this fits within the basic tenet of an SU(2)× SU(2) extended theory of the standard model of electroweak interactions. This extended electroweak model is motivated by nonabelian electrodynamics that provides an effective calculus for nonlinear optics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Michelson interferogram from perfectly reflecting mirrors does not exist in the U(1) gauge theory of electrodynamics, which is therefore seriously flawed. The adoption of an O(3) internal gauge field symmetry allows these flaws to be remedied self-consistently and leads to several developments in electrodynamics, enriching the subject considerably. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The general theory of gauge fields is used to develop a theory of electrodynamics in which the fundamental structure is non-Abelian and in which the internal gauge field symmetry is O(3), based on the existence of circular polarization and the third Stokes parameter. The theory is used to provide an explanation for the Sagnac effect with platform at rest and in motion. The Sagnac formula is obtained by considering the platform in motion to be a gauge transformation. The topological phases can be described straightforwardly with non Abelian electrodynamics, which produces a novel magnetic field component for all types of radiation, a component which is proportional to the third Stokes parameter. The theory provides a natural explanation for the inverse Faraday effect without phenomenology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The internal gauge space of electrodynamics considered as a U(1) gauge field theory is a scalar. This leads to the result that in free space, and for plane waves, the Poynting vector and energy vanish. This result is consistent with the fact that U(1) gauge field theory results in a null third Stokes parameter, meaning again that the field energy vanishes in free space. A self consistent definition of the stress energy momentum tensor is obtained with a Yang Mills theory applied with an O(3) symmetry internal gauge space. This theory produces the third Stokes parameter self consistently in terms of the self-dual Evans-Vigier fields B(3). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Multiparameter flow cytometry was used to identify and sort subpopulations of cells from pleural cell populations harvested from the rat without employing special stains or fluorochrome-labeled monoclonal antibodies. Cell parameters measured included electronic volume, axial light loss, 90° light scatter, and blue autofluorescence. Various bivariate combinations of these parameters were used to distinctly resolve pleural macrophages, eosinophils, mast cells, and lymphocytes. These subpopulations were separately sorted viably according to their unique electrooptical phenotypic characteristics in>90% purity. Our multiparameter flow cytometric approach, accordingly, provides a means by which pleural cell subpopulations may be easily obtained for subsequent in vitro study. Moreover, the general strategy for identifying and isolating these subpopulations may be usefully extended to the identification and isolation of subpopulations of cells occurring in other complex cell mixtures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]