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A series of single-phase double perovskite Ca2YTaO6: Tb3+, Eu3+ phosphors were successfully synthesized by means of a high-temperature solid-state method. The crystal structure, luminescence spectrum, decay lifetime, thermal stability and energy transfer properties were investigated in detail. Under the excitation of 250 nm, Ca2YTaO6: Tb3+, Eu3+ had notable green and red light emissions at 551 nm and 618 nm, respectively. The optimal doping concentration of Tb3+ was 16 mol%. Owing to the energy transfer effect between Tb3+ and Eu3+, a tuneable luminescence from green to yellow was realized with the increase in Eu3+ doping concentration. When the temperature of the phosphor was increased from 300 to 500 K, the emission intensity remained 75% of that at room temperature. The Ca2Y0.82TaO6: 0.16Tb3+, 0.02Eu3+ phosphor was encapsulated with a 365 nm chip, and a warm white LED with CIE colour coordinates (0.365, 0.371) and low colour temperature (CCT < 5000 K) was successfully prepared. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, mesoporous carbons (MCs) were synthesized by a template method, and the schwertmannites (Schs) were prepared by a calcination method. They were mixed uniformly by ultrasound and obtained the Schs/MCs nanocomposites. The Schs/MCs/GCE can be used to detect paracetamol (PA) and dopamine (DA) simultaneously. Under the best terms, it exhibits wide linear range of 1.0 to 300 µM for PA and 1.0 to 400 µM for DA. The determination limits are 0.33 µM for PA and 0.24 µM for DA (S/N = 3), respectively. Besides, the sensor is expected to be used for detect PA and DA in pharmaceutical samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Traceability recovery captures trace links among different software artifacts (e.g., requirements and code) when two artifacts cover the same part of system functionalities. These trace links provide important support for developers in software maintenance and evolution tasks. Information Retrieval (IR) is now the mainstream technique for semi-automatic approaches to recover candidate trace links based on textual similarities among artifacts. The performance of IR-based traceability recovery is evaluated by the ranking of relevant traces in the generated lists of candidate links. Unfortunately, this performance is greatly hindered by the vocabulary mismatch problem between different software artifacts. To address this issue, a growing body of enhancing strategies based on user feedback is proposed to adjust the calculated IR values of candidate links after the user verifies part of these links. However, the improvement brought by this kind of strategies requires a large amount of user feedback, which could be infeasible in practice. In this paper, we propose to improve IR-based traceability recovery by propagating a small amount of user feedback through the closeness analysis on call and data dependencies in the code. Specifically, our approach first iteratively asks users to verify a small set of candidate links. The collected frugal feedback is then composed with the quantified functional similarity for each code dependency (called closeness) and the generated IR values to improve the ranking of unverified links. An empirical evaluation based on nine real-world systems with three mainstream IR models shows that our approach can outperform five baseline approaches by using only a small amount of user feedback. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Regulations currently in force enable to claim that the lead content in perovskite solar cells is low enough to be safe, or no more dangerous, than other electronics also containing lead. However, the actual environmental impact of lead from perovskite is unknown. Here we show that the lead from perovskite leaking into the ground can enter plants, and consequently the food cycle, ten times more effectively than other lead contaminants already present as the result of the human activities. We further demonstrate that replacing lead with tin represents an environmentally-safer option. Our data suggest that we need to treat the lead from perovskite with exceptional care. In particular, we point out that the safety level for lead content in perovskite-based needs to be lower than other lead-containing electronics. We encourage replacing lead completely with more inert metals to deliver safe perovskite technologies. Halide perovskites are promising for next generation photovoltaic technology but their environmental impact has not been fully evaluated. Here Li et al. show that the lead from perovskites is ten times more dangerous than lead-containing electronics while tin perovskites are much less bioavailable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An efficient approach for lead extraction from waste funnel glass through the lead smelting process has been proposed. To clarify the effect of funnel glass addition on the degradation of magnesia-chromite refractories by ZnO-containing fayalite slag, the corrosion behavior of magnesia-chromite refractories in lead smelting slags with different funnel glass additions from 0wt% to 40wt% was tested. Scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDS) was used to acquire the microstructural information of the worn refractory samples. Experimental results showed that the corrosion of magnesia-chromite refractory consisted predominantly of the dissolution of MgO into slag. ZnO and FeO reacted with periclase and chromite to form (Zn,Fe,Mg)O solid solution and (Zn,Fe,Mg)(Fe,Al,Cr)2O4 spinel, respectively. With the addition of funnel glass, the solubility of MgO increased whereas ZnO levels remained stable, thereby resulting in a reduced Mg content and an elevated Zn and Fe content in the (Zn,Fe,Mg)O solid solution and the (Zn,Fe,Mg)(Fe,Al,Cr)2O4 spinel. Considering the stability of the (Zn,Fe,Mg)O solid solution layer and the penetration depth of the slag, the optimal funnel glass addition for lead smelting was found to be 20wt%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Semiconductors are promising photocatalysts for the use of sunlight in energy conversion and environmental remediation. To this end, various synthetic pathways have been proposed to increase their photocatalytic efficiency, catalytic stability, recycle, and reuse. In this work, mixed phase CdS nanoparticles were loaded on the surface of activated biomass carbons to prepare composite photocatalysts via hydrothermal syntheses, which were further applied to photocatalytic degradation of rhodamine B (RhB) under visible irradiation. The composite photocatalysts displayed considerable specific surface area (up to 672 m2 g−1) and suitable band gap energy of ca. 2.1 eV. Due to the excellent light adsorption ability and chemical stability, these composite photocatalysts exhibited excellent photocatalytic capacity toward RhB degradation under visible irradiation. Moreover, the photocatalytic stability was also demonstrated by cyclic experiments, by which the composite photocatalysts retained over 80% of the initial catalytic activity after 4 consecutive runs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rule mechanism has been widely used in many areas, such as databases, artificial intelligent and pervasive computing. In a rule mechanism, rule activation decides which rules are activated, when the rules are activated, and which tuples can be generated through the activation. Rule activation determines the efficiency of rule mechanism. In this article, we define the semantic constraints, constant constraint and variable constraint, of the rule according to the semantics of Datalog rules. Based on the constraints, we propose an index structure, named Yield index, to support the rule activation effectively. Yield index consists of the data index and semantic index, and records the complete information of a rule, including the matching relationship among the tuples of different relations in rule body. The index integrates tuple insertion and rule activation to directly determine whether the matching tuples of new inserted tuple exist. Due to this character, we perform effective rule activation only, avoiding ineffective rule activation that cannot generate new tuples, so that the efficiency of rule activation is improved. The article describes the structure of Yield index, the construction and maintenance algorithms, and the rule activation algorithm based on Yield index. The experimental results show that Yield index has better performance and improves activation efficiency of one order of magnitude, comparing with other index structures. In addition, we also discuss the possible extensions of Yield index in other applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ultrafine WC-Co composite powders are synthesized via spray conversion method. The effect of carbon source (organic carbon and carbon black) and atmosphere (H2 and N2) on the composite powders is investigated in terms of phase composition, particle size distribution, morphology, and carbon content, including the total carbon and free carbon using X-ray diffraction, particle size analyzer, scanning electron microscope, and infrared carbon and sulfur analyzer. The results show that using organic carbon or carbon black and H2 or N2 has its own advantages and disadvantages. Therefore, carbon source and the atmosphere can be chosen according to the application of the composite powders, i.e. cemented carbides and thermal spraying. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Graphene oxide (GO) nano-sheets were synthesized using a modified Hummers’ method from graphite powder. The Raman spectrum of GO displayed a D-band at 1359 cm−1 and a G-band at 1594 cm−1. The ID/IG value of GO was calculated to be 0.97, suggesting the formation of new sp2 clusters upon reduction. A method was designed to investigate the assembly of the GO/montmorillonite (MMT) composite. After the addition of GO, the typical peaks of montmorillonite in FT-IR spectra shifted, indicating the assembly between GO and MMT. The D-band and G-band reduced sharply in the GO/MMT composite. More importantly, the D-band (1344 cm−1) and G-band (1574 cm−1) shifted significantly and the ID/IG value of the GO/MMT composite was calculated to be 1.13, showing a change in the GO structure. In the addition of 0.04 wt% GO to MMT, the value of interlayer space (d) was up to 13.0 Å measured by XRD due to the insertion of GO into MMT. The evident increases in contents of carbon atoms (26.59%) and nitrogen atoms (3.44%) indicate that GO was successfully combined with MMT. The nano-pores and clay sheets were not observed in the SEM image of GO/clay, but obvious wrinkles, while flexible sheets were observed in the typical scanning electron microscopy images of GO. This further proves that GO was combining with clay. The TEM image shows that the GO nano-sheets were tiled on the surface of MMT sheets. This observation suggests that a stable assembly structure was formed between GO sheets and MMT sheets. The change in particle size of MMT with the addition of GO shows that interaction occurred between GO sheets and MMT sheets, which was further confirmed by the results of zeta potential. Adsorption and insertion were the main mechanisms to assemble GO and MMT. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Anisotropic Pd nanoparticles with highly branched morphologies are urgently needed as building blocks for nanoscale devices, catalysts, and sensing materials owing to their novel structures and unique physicochemical properties. However, realizing size control and branch manipulation for these materials is very challenging. In this study, we develop a facile ultrafine Cu seed-mediated approach in the aqueous phase to produce novel Pd-Cu trigonal hierarchical nanoframes (THNFs). The main branch of most of the obtained nanocrystals is tripod-like, with advanced branches along the arms as frame units having self-similarity. In this method, the size of the Pd-Cu THNFs can be flexibly controlled by manipulating the nucleation involving the sub-3 nm Cu seeds. These Pd-Cu THNFs outperform Pd black with regard to their ethanol-oxidation performance, having a specific activity and mass activity 9.7 and 6.6 times higher, respectively. This research provides a versatile ultrafine seed-mediated approach for producing size-controlled anisotropic bimetallic nanoframes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An effective process for recycling lead from hazardous waste cathode ray tubes (CRTs) funnel glass through traditional lead smelting has been presented previously. The viscous behavior of the molten high lead slag, which is affected by the addition of funnel glass, plays a critical role in determining the production efficiency. Therefore, the viscosities of the CaO-SiO-'FeO'-12wt%ZnO-3wt%AlO slags were measured in the current study using the rotating spindle method. The slag viscosity decreases as the CaO/SiO mass ratio is increased from 0.8 to 1.2 and also as the FeO content is increased from 8wt% to 20wt%. The breaking temperature of the slag is lowered substantially by the addition of FeO, whereas the influence of the CaO/SiO mass ratio on the breaking temperature is complex. The structural analysis of quenched slags using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and Raman spectroscopy reveals that the silicate network structure is depolymerized with increasing CaO/SiO mass ratio or increasing FeO content. The [FeO]-octahedra in the slag melt increase as the CaO/SiO mass ratio or the FeO content increases. This increase can further decrease the degree of polymerization (DOP) of the slag. Furthermore, the activation energy for viscous flow decreases both with increasing CaO/SiO mass ratio and increasing FeO content. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Zinc oxide (ZnO) thin films were deposited onto different substrates - tin-doped indium oxide (ITO)/glass, ITO/polyethylene naphthalate (PEN), ITO/polyethylene terephthalate (PET) - by the radio-frequency (RF) magnetron sputtering method. The effect of various O/(Ar+O) gas flow ratios (0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, and 0.6) was studied in detail. ZnO layers deposited onto ITO/PEN and ITO/PET substrates exhibited a stronger c-axis preferred orientation along the (0002) direction compared to ZnO deposited onto ITO/glass. The transmittance spectra of ZnO films showed that the maximum transmittances of ZnO films deposited onto ITO/glass, ITO/PEN, and ITO/PET substrates were 89.2%, 65.0%, and 77.8%, respectively. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images of the film surfaces indicated that the grain was uniform. The cross-sectional SEM images showed that the ZnO films were columnar structures whose c-axis was perpendicular to the film surface. The test results for a fabricated ZnO thin film based energy harvester showed that its output voltage increased with increasing acceleration of external vibration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using records of continuous seismic waveforms from 609 broadband seismic stations in the South China Block and its adjacent areas in 2010-2012, empirical Green's functions of surface waves were obtained from cross-correlation functions of ambient noise data between these stations. High quality phase velocity dispersion curves of Rayleigh waves were obtained using time-frequency analysis. These interstation dispersion curves were then inverted to build Rayleigh wave phase velocity maps at periods of 6-50 s. The results of phase velocity maps indicate that phase velocities at 6-10 s periods are correlated with the geological features in the upper crust. Major basins and small-scale grabens and basins display slow velocity anomalies; while most of the orogenic belts and the fold belts display high velocity anomalies. With the gravity gradient zone along Taihang Mountain to Wuling Mountain as the boundary for the phase velocity maps at period of 20-30 s, the western area mainly displays low velocity anomalies, while the eastern side shows high velocity anomalies. Phase velocities in the eastern South China Block south to the Qinling-Dabie orogenic belt is higher than that in the eastern North China Block to the north, which is possibly due to the differences of tectonic mechanisms between the North China Craton and the South China Block. The phase velocities at periods of 40-50 s are possibly related to the lateral variations of the velocity structure in the lower crust and upper mantle: The low-velocity anomalies in the eastern part of the Tibetan Plateau are caused by the thick crust; while the Sichuan Basin and the southern part of the Ordos Basin display distinct high-velocity anomalies, reflecting the stable features of the lithosphere in these blocks. The lateral variation pattern of phase velocities in the southern part of the South China Block is not consistent with the surface trace of the block boundary in the eastern Yunnan Province and its vicinities. The phase velocities in the Sichuan Basin are overall slow at short periods and gradually increase with period from the central part to the edge of the basin, indicating the features of shallower basement in the center and overall stable lithospheric mantle of the basin. The middle and upper crust of the southern Ordos Basin in the North China Block is heterogeneous, while in lower crust and the uppermost mantle the phase velocities mainly exhibit high anomalies. High-velocity anomalies are widespread at the middle of the Qinling-Dabie orogenic belt, as well as the areas in southeastern Guangxi with Caledonian granite explosion, but its detailed mechanism is still unclear. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A comprehensive theoretical study on the role of water clusters ((H2O)n, n = 3–5) in the reaction of CH2OO with water vapour is done at the CCSD(T)//M06-2X/6-311 + G(2df,2p) level of theory. Our simulation results show that the contribution of entropic effect is significantly increased with the increase in the number of water molecules involved. The main products of CH2OO reaction with water vapour are α-hydroxymethyl hydroperoxide and its isomers. Contrary to the reaction of CH2OO with unimolecular water (10.91 kcal mol−1), the barriers of reactions with bi- and trimolecular water are further reduced to 5.25 and 4.75 kcal mol−1, respectively. Among these three reactions, the predominant pathway is the reaction of CH2OO with bimolecular water owing to its lower barrier and the high concentration of (H2O)2 ([(H2O)2] ≈ 2.47 × 1014 molecules cm−3). The presence of water clusters exhibits a dramatic catalytic effect in the CH2OO reaction with bimolecular water as it lowers the energy barrier by 4.0 kcal mol−1. The relative reaction rates, which are determined at temperatures from 273 to 323 K and 85 % relative humidity, reveal that the most favourable pathway for the atmospheric removal of CH2OO is indeed via its reaction with bimolecular water. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Crustal earthquake focal mechanisms are investigated in the southeastern margin of the Tibetan Plateau, where the Tibetan Plateau and stable South China Block merge. An updated database of focal mechanisms has been compiled by selecting 132 Global Centroid Moment Tensor solutions and by adding the 173 new solutions (3.5 ≤ Ms ≤ 7.4) estimated by waveform inversion in this study. A total of 305 mechanisms are included in this database. These solutions show regionally specific distributions with dominant strike-slip faulting and some normal and reverse faulting. Focal mechanism solutions have also been inverted for the stress tensor orientation to obtain the principal stress axes over the study region. Results show that the horizontal maximum principal σ axes rotate clockwise with a wider range than the geodetically measured surface motion in the east, which is not limited to the Xianshuihe-Xiaojiang fault, but has some overlap with the Zhaotong-Lianfeng fault. Localized normal faulting stress regimes are observed in the Jinshajiang-Litang fault areas and the Baoshan sub-block. The minimum principal axes are oriented with a gradually changing trend from north-south to northwest-southeast, from north to south, indicating diverse compression stress patterns. Significant changes in the crustal stress field after the Wenchuan earthquake are preliminarily observed in the Baoshan sub-block where orientations of two principal axes have changed, and in the Jinggu-Ximeng sub-block areas where the strike-slip faulting stress pattern has transformed to normal faulting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Most neurosurgical procedures could be performed noninvasively by working through the natural corridors provided by the subarachnoid cisterns. In consequence, the subarachnoid cisterns have been considered as the roadmaps for the microneurosurgeons. The concept and the contents of the cisterns have been well known and described, but the knowledge of the detailed anatomy of the arachnoid membranes, which are the real septa of the cisterns and provide the practical and important landmarks and planes for the dissections during the brain surgeries, is still lacking. The present article reviews the previous reports of the intracranial arachnoid membranes with a special emphasis on the microsurgical anatomy and the clinical significance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A detailed theoretical study on the thermal decomposition and isomerization of 1-heptyl radical at the CBS-QB3, BH&HLYP, B3PW91, BLYP, MPW1PW91, and M06-2X levels of theory is done. The result shows that the pyrolysis mechanism of 1-heptyl radical mainly includes the isomerization, the C-C, and C-H bond scission reactions. The standard reaction enthalpies for each elementary reaction involved in this system are estimated at several density functional theory methods together with cc-pVDZ basis set and the high-level ab initio CBS-QB3 approach. The theoretical rate coefficients of conventional transition state theory with Eckart tunneling correction (TST/Eckart) for individual elementary reaction involved in the above reaction system are evaluated over the temperature range of 500-2,500 K. The calculated values are in good agreement with available experimental measurements and previous theoretical reports. Furthermore, the isomerization and decomposition reactions are selected to compare their relative importance at different temperatures. It is found that the isomerization process is more pronounced when the temperature is below 1,200 K. Product distribution of 1-heptyl radical pyrolysis is predicted based on the steady-state approximation, and the eventual products are ethylene (CH), propylene (CH), 1-butylene (CH), 1-pentene (CH), and 1-butylethylene (CH). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Internetware is envisioned as a new software paradigm for software development in platforms such as the Internet. The reliability of the developed software becomes a key challenge due to the open, dynamic and uncertain nature of such environment. To make the development more reliable, it is necessary to evaluate the trustworthiness of the resource providers or potential working partners. To this end, we propose a novel trust inference approach to evaluating the trustworthiness of potential partners to guide the software development in Internetware. The main insight of our approach is to employ the self-assessment information in order to improve the trust inference accuracy. Especially, we first extend the balance theory and the status theory from social science to incorporate self-assessment, and then propose a machine learning framework to extract several features from the extended theories and infer trustworthiness scores based on these features. Experimental results on a real software developer network show that the self-assessment information truly helps to improve the accuracy of trust inference, and the proposed SelfTrust model is more accurate than other state-of-the-art methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new type of pit supporting structure, which was tested and verified using the sensor monitoring technology, was presented. The new supporting structure is assembled by prefabricated steel structural units. The adjacent steel structural units are jointed with fasteners, and each steel structural unit has a certain radian and is welded by two steel tubes and one piece of steel disc. In order to test and verify the reliability of the new supporting structure, the field tests are designed. The main monitoring programs include the hoop stress of supporting structure, lateral earth pressure, and soil deformation. The monitoring data of the field tests show that the new supporting structure is convenient, reliable and safe. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on the research on rock burst phenomenon induced by the breakage of thick and hard roof around roadways and working faces in coal mines, a criterion of rock burst induced by roof breakage (RBRB) was proposed and the model was built. Through the model. a method calculating the varied stresses induced by roof breakage in support objects and coal body was proposed and a unified formula was derived for the calculation of stress increment on support objects and coal body under different breaking forms of roof. Whilst the formula for calculating dynamic load was derived by introducing dynamic index K. The formula was verified in Huating Mine by stress measurement. According to the formula for stress increment calculating, the sensitivities of dynamic load parameters were further studied. The results show that the thickness and breaking depth of roof, width of support object are the sensitive factors. Based on the discussion of the model, six associated effective methods for rock burst prevention are obtained. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Undoped and Na-doped ZnO films were deposited by sol-gel method. The effects of sodium incorporation on structure, surface morphology and optical constants of the films were investigated. X-ray diffraction patterns show the hexagonal wurtzite polycrystalline structure and that the sodium incorporation leads to the change in the structural characteristics of ZnO films. The SEM observations show that the surface morphology of the films is affected by the sodium incorporation. The transmission spectra show that the average transmittance of the films is above 85% in the visible range. The absorption edge initially blue-shifts and then red-shifts with the increase of Na doping content. The optical constants of these films were calculated using transmission spectra. Refractive indices of the films in the visible range decrease at first and then increase with increasing Na doping content. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dozens of > M5, hundreds of > M4, and much more > M3 aftershocks occurred after the 2008/05/12 Wenchuan earthquake, which were well recorded by permanent and portable seismic stations. After relocated with P arrival, the > M3 aftershocks show two trends of distribution, with most of the aftershocks located along the north-east strike consistent with Longmenshan fault system, yet there is a north-west trend around the epicenter. It seems that substantially more aftershocks occur in regions with crystalline bedrocks. Then we collected waveform data from National Digital Seismograph Network and regional seismograph network of China, and employed “Cut and Paste” method to obtain focal mechanisms and depths of the big aftershocks ( M⩾5.6). While most of those aftershocks show thrust mechanism, there are some strike slip earthquakes in the northern-most end of the rupture. Focal mechanisms show that the events located on the southern part of central Beichuan-Yingxiu Fault (BY) are mainly thrust earthquakes, which is consistent with initial mechanism of the main shock rupture. In the north part the aftershocks along the BY are also dominated by thrust slip, which is quite different from the right slip rupture of the main shock. Around Qingchuan-Pingwu Fault, the focal mechanisms are dominated by right-slip rupture with large depths (∼18 km). So we suspected that in the north part the main shock might rupture on two faults: Beichuan Fault and Qingchuan-Pingwu Fault. The complex pattern of aftershock mechanisms argues for presence of a complicated fault system in the Longmenshan area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Internetware is envisioned as a general software paradigm for the application style of resources integration and sharing in the open, dynamic and uncertain platforms such as the Internet. Continuing the agent-based Internetware model presented in a previous paper, in this paper, after an analysis of the behavioral patterns and the technical challenges of environment-driven applications, a software-structuring model is proposed for environment-driven Internetware applications. A series of explorations on the enabling techniques for the model, especially the modeling, management and utilization of context information are presented. Several prototypical systems have also been built to prove the concepts and evaluate the techniques. These research efforts make a further step toward the Internetware paradigm by providing an initial framework for the construction of context-aware and self-adaptive software application systems in the open network environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Being a new software paradigm evolved by the Internet, Internetware brings many challenges to the traditional software methods and techniques. Sponsored by the national basic research program (973), researchers in China have developed an architecture centric technical framework for the definition, incarnation and engineering of Internetware. First of all, a software model for Internetware is defined for what to be, including that Internetware entities should be packaged as components, behaving as agents, interoperating as services, collaborating in a structured and on demand manner, etc. Secondly, a middleware for Internetware is designed and implemented for how to be, including that Internetware entities are incarnated by runtime containers, structured collaborations are enabled by runtime software architecture, Internetware can be managed in a reflective and autonomic manner, etc. Thirdly, an engineering methodology for Internetware is proposed for how to do, including the way to develop Internetware entities and their collaborations by transforming and refining a set of software architectures which cover all the phases of software lifecycle, the way to identify and organize the disordered software assets by domain modeling, etc. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]