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The in vivo-generator radionuclides 140Nd (t1/2 = 3.4 d) and 134Ce (t1/2 = 3.2 d) were used to trace a urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA)-targeting mouse monoclonal antibody, ATN-291, in U87 MG xenograft tumor-bearing mice. ATN-291 is known to internalize on the uPA/uPA-receptor pair, making it an appropriate targeting vector for investigating the fate of in vivo generator daughters on internalizing probes. Ante-mortem and post-mortem PET imaging at 120 h post-injection gave no indication of redistribution of the positron emitting daughter nuclides 134La and 140Pr from tumor tissue (p > 0.5). The lack of redistribution indicates that the parent radionuclides 134Ce and 140Nd could be considered as long-lived PET-diagnostic matches to therapeutic radionuclides like 177Lu, 161Tb and 225Ac when internalizing bioconjugates are employed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examines the recent soil Lead Abatement Strategy (LAS) in Boolaroo, New South Wales, Australia, that was designed to ' achieve a reduction in human exposure to lead dust contamination in surface soils'. The abatement programme addressed legacy contamination of residential areas following closure of lead smelting operations in 2003 at the Pasminco Cockle Creek Smelter (PCCS). The principal objective of the LAS was to 'cap and cover' lead-contaminated soils within the urban environment surrounding the PCCS. Soil lead concentrations of 2500-5000 mg/kg were scheduled for removal and replacement, while concentrations between 1500 and 2500 mg/kg were replaced only under limited circumstances. To date, there has been no industry, government or independent assessment of the clean-up programme that involved >2000 homes in the township of Boolaroo. Thus, by measuring post-abatement soil lead concentrations in Boolaroo, this study addresses this knowledge gap and evaluates the effectiveness of the LAS for reducing the potential for lead exposure. Soil lead concentrations above the Australian residential soil health investigation level value for residential soils (300 mg/kg) were identified at all but one of the residential properties examined ( n = 19). Vacuum dust samples ( n = 17) from the same homes had a mean lead concentration of 495 mg/kg (median 380 mg/kg). Bio-accessibility testing revealed that lead in household vacuum dust was readily accessible (% bio-accessible) (mean = 92 %, median = 90 %), demonstrating that the risk of exposure via this pathway remains. Assessment of a limited number of properties ( n = 8) where pre-abatement soil lead levels were available for comparison showed they were not statistically different to post-abatement. Although the LAS did not include treatment of non-residential properties, sampling of community areas including public sports fields, playgrounds and schools ( n = 32) was undertaken to determine the contamination legacy in these areas. Elevated mean soil lead concentrations were found across public lands: sports fields = 5130 mg/kg (median = 1275 mg/kg), playgrounds and schools = 812 mg/kg (median = 920 mg/kg) and open space = 778 mg/kg (median = 620 mg/kg). Overall, the study results show that the LAS programme that was dominated by a 'cap and cover' approach to address widespread lead contamination was inadequate for mitigating current and future risk of lead exposures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We aimed to study the occurrence of acute-onset symptoms at initial presentation in a national Danish cohort of patients with childhood- or adult-onset craniopharyngioma, and to investigate potential risk factors for acute presentation. Medical records of 189 consecutive patients (39 children, 150 adults) presenting with craniopharyngioma during the period 1985–2004 were reviewed, and data regarding initial symptoms, neuroimaging results, vision and pituitary function were systematically collected. Acute symptoms preceding hospital admission were noted. Subgroup analyses were based on age, gender and calendar year period. Potential risk factors for acute presentation were analysed through uni- and multivariate analyses. Acute symptoms were reported in 24 (13 %) patients. Acute visual symptoms, headache, nausea or vomiting were most frequently reported, and acute symptoms were more frequent among children (28 %) than among adults (9 %) ( P < 0.01). There were no differences according to sex or calendar year period. Hydrocephalus was present in half of childhood cases and one-fifth of adult patients ( P < 0.001). Intra-tumour haemorrhage was seen in two cases. Acute symptoms were more frequent among patients with tumours occupying the third ventricle ( P < 0.01), radiologic signs of calcification ( P < 0.05) or hydrocephalus ( P < 0.01). In multivariate analysis, however, only childhood onset ( P < 0.05) and calcification ( P < 0.05) were independent risk factors for acute presentation. Craniopharyngioma presented with acute symptoms in 13 % of patients. Childhood onset and radiologic signs of calcification were independent risk factors for acute presentation. Intra-tumour haemorrhage was rare. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Candida albicans is the most common fungal pathogen in humans, but other Candida species cause candidosis. Candida species display significant differences in their susceptibility to antimycotic drugs. Patients with symptomatic or erythematous oral lichen planus (OLP) commonly have Candida infection requiring correct identification of Candida species in order to initiate adequate antimycotic therapy. Therefore, conventional cytosmear and culture tests were compared with genetic diagnostics on oral rinse followed by agar culture and material collected by cytobrush from OLP patient mucosal lesion. Methods: The genetic approach was validated on a reference panel of 60 well-defined unrelated fungal species. The study included 37 OLP patients. Oral candidosis (OC) was established based on clinical signs of OC and/or oral mucosal symptoms and at least one hypha in lesional cytosmear. Antimycotic treatment was initiated after OC diagnosis, and symptomatic treatment was initiated in no-candidosis situations. Results: The composition of Candida species in oral rinse/culture test was different from that of lesional cytobrush sampling as more non-albicans species were detected by the latter. Unexpectedly, Candida dubliniensis was found to be overrepresented among patients with a history of antimycotic treatment indicating unintentional iatrogen selection. Of the 22 OLP patients receiving treatment, 27 % of these should have been offered alternative therapy based on the improved diagnostic approach. Conclusion: This study highlights the importance of lesional sampling in OLP patients with suspected OC. Clinical relevance: Correct fungal identification is critical in order to initiate adequate antimycotic therapy, thus minimizing iatrogen selection of non-albicans species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main purpose of this paper was to estimate the cost per quality-adjusted life year (QALY) saved by identifying Fusobacterium necrophorum in throat swabs followed by proper antibiotic treatment, to reduce the incidence of Lemierre's syndrome and peritonsillar abscesses (PTA) originating from a pharyngitis. The second purpose was to estimate the population size required to indicate that antibiotic treatment has an effect. Data from publications and our laboratory were collected. Monte Carlo simulation and one-way sensitivity analysis were used to analyse cost-effectiveness. The cost-effectiveness analysis shows that examining throat swabs from 15- to 24-year-olds for F. necrophorum followed by antibiotic treatment will probably be less costly than most other life-saving medical interventions, with a median cost of US$8,795 per QALY saved. To indicate a reduced incidence of Lemierre's syndrome and PTA in Denmark, the intervention probably has to be followed for up to 5 years. Identifying F. necrophorum in throat swabs from 15- to 24-year-olds followed by proper antibiotic treatment only requires a reduction of 20-25 % in the incidence of Lemierre's syndrome and PTA to be cost-effective. This study warrants further examination of the effect of antibiotic treatment on the outcome of F. necrophorum acute and recurrent pharyngitis, as well as the effect on Lemierre's syndrome and PTA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We studied the incidence of craniopharyngioma in Denmark during the period 1985-2004 and estimated worldwide incidence rates (IR) of craniopharyngioma based on a literature review. Craniopharyngioma patients diagnosed during the period 1985-2004 were identified from the Danish National Patient Registry, the Danish Cancer Registry and regional registries. Medical records were reviewed. Danish population data were obtained from Statistics Denmark. European and World population data were obtained from EU and WHO homepages. Prior studies providing data on craniopharyngioma IRs were identified via PubMed and, if appropriate, were included in a weighted analysis estimating overall and children's IRs of craniopharyngioma. IRs are given as new cases per million per year. We identified 189 patients with new verified (162) or probable craniopharyngioma. The overall WHO World-standardised incidence rate was 1.86 (1.60-2.14) for all ages and 2.14 (1.53-2.92) for children (age <15 years). Peak incidence rates were observed in age groups 5-9 and 40-44 years. Fifteen prior studies (including 1,232 craniopharyngioma cases) were identified. Seven and 11 studies, respectively, were eligible for weighted all-ages and childhood population IR analyses, yielding summary IRs of 1.34 (1.24-1.46) (all ages) and 1.44 (1.33-1.56) (children). We have provided a detailed survey of the incidence of craniopharyngioma in Denmark during a recent 20-year period. Overall IR of craniopharyngioma in Denmark was 1.86 (1.60-2.14) as compared to 2.14 (1.53-2.92) among children. Weighted estimates of craniopharyngioma world IRs were 1.34 (1.24-1.46) in all ages and 1.44 (1.33-1.56) among children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Prolongation of the heart rate corrected QT interval (QTc) is seen during episodes of hypoglycaemia in type 1 diabetes. We studied the relationship between spontaneous hypoglycaemia and the QT interval and hypothesised that the choice of heart rate correction affects the observed change in QTc. Twenty-one participants with type 1 diabetes (aged 58 ± 10 years with duration of diabetes 34 ± 12 years) had continuous glucose and ECG monitoring for 72 h. QT and RR intervals were measured during hypoglycaemia (blood glucose or continuous glucose measurements ≤3.5 mmol/l) and compared with euglycaemia (5–12 mmol/l). QT intervals were measured using the semi-automated tangent method from signal-averaged ECG and corrected using Bazett’s formula, Fridericia’s formula, the nomogram method and a linear subject-specific method. Hypoglycaemia was present in 14 participants. With Bazett’s formula, QTc changed significantly from euglycaemia to hypoglycaemia (422 ± 30 vs 432 ± 33 ms; p = 0.02). Heart rate, QT intervals and QTc corrected with formulas other than Bazett’s were not associated with a significant change ( p = 0.07–0.29). During hypoglycaemia, significantly lower values of QTc compared with the subject-specific method were seen for Fridericia’s formula ( p = 0.02) and the nomogram method ( p = 0.04). Spontaneous hypoglycaemia was associated with a modest increase in QTc. Bazett’s formula resulted in overcorrection of QTc while both Fridericia’s formula and the nomogram method undercorrected the QTc compared with the subject-specific method during hypoglycaemia. The results may indicate that the use of a fixed heart rate correction formula can lead to misleading results in investigations of spontaneous hypoglycaemia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In a 3-year prospective study, all cases of disseminated Fusobacterium necrophorum infections found in Denmark from 1998 to 2001 were analysed, with the aim of describing the epidemiology and clinical features of the variants of Lemierre’s syndrome and disseminated non-head-and-neck-associated F. necrophorum infections. Fifty-eight cases of Lemierre’s syndrome were reported in previously healthy persons, with an incidence of 14.4 cases per million per year in youngsters aged 15–24 years old. There was no increase during the study period. Lemierre’s syndrome originating from an oropharyngeal infection was seen in 37 youngsters. An otogenic variant of Lemierre’s syndrome was seen in 5 children with dissemination to nearby regions, and other variants of Lemierre’s syndrome, e.g. from the sinuses and teeth, were seen in 16 adults. Patients often had metastatic infections already on admission and needed prolonged hospitalisation. The overall mortality of Lemierre’s syndrome was 9%. Forty-two elderly patients had disseminated F. necrophorum infections originating from foci in lower parts of the body. They frequently had predisposing diseases, e.g. abdominal or urogenital cancers, which contributed to the high mortality of 26%. This study shows that the incidence of Lemierre’s syndrome is higher than that previously found and has a characteristic age distribution. Early suspicion of the diagnosis, several weeks of antibiotic therapy, often combined with surgical drainage, is mandatory to lower the mortality. In disseminated non-head-and-neck-associated F. necrophorum infections, underlying cancers must be considered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During a 3-year prospective laboratory-based study in Denmark from 1998 to 2001, all patients who were diagnosed with localised Fusobacterium necrophorum infections were registered with the purpose of describing the variety of localised infections caused by F. necrophorum, especially in the head. We found 267 patients, most of them previously healthy, with localised F. necrophorum infections in the head and neck. In children, F. necrophorum caused otitis media and solitary abscess formation in cervical lymphadenitis. In adolescents, F. necrophorum was found in 21% of peritonsillar abscesses. We also found F. necrophorum in young adults with tonsillitis and in middle-aged adults with sinusitis. F. necrophorum was found in substantial amounts and as the only bacterial pathogen in the majority of patients. All 267 patients recovered without sequelae. We found another 21 localised non-head-and-neck-associated F. necrophorum infections, mainly subcutaneous wound infections in adults. This study shows that F. necrophorum causes a variety of localised infections, especially in the head and neck region, with a characteristic age distribution. We recommend that anaerobic culture is performed on swabs from children with recurrent otitis media and adolescents with non-streptococcal group A tonsillitis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Three hundred fifty-seven isolates of Fusobacterium necrophorum from human infections in Denmark were consecutively collected over a 3 year period for the purpose of establishing the minimum requirements for rapid and reliable routine identification of Fusobacterium necrophorum using phenotypic characters. The first 40 isolates were fully characterized by the most common phenotypic tests mentioned in the literature, while the last 317 where identified solely by the established minimum requirements for rapid and reliable routine identification of Fusobacterium necrophorum. All but one isolate were identical in all phenotypic tests. The outlying strain differed in morphology and the ability to agglutinate erythrocytes. On the basis of our findings it should be possible within 3–4 days to identify and differentiate F. necrophorum from other species including other Fusobacterium spp. by the unique but subspecies specific colony morphology, susceptibility to kanamycin and metronidazole, the smell of butyric acid, chartreuse colour fluorescence, and β-haemolysis on horse blood agar. Three-hundred fifty-six isolates were identified as F. necrophorum subsp. funduliforme while one strain was F. necrophorum subsp. necrophorum. The species and subspecies level was confirmed for the first 40 isolates by real-time PCR. MIC in mg/l was determined for the 40 isolates. MIC90 was 0.047 for penicillin, 0.047 for clindamycin, 0.25 for metronidazole, 0.38 for cefuroxime, >32 for imipenem, 0.012 for meropenem, and 2 for erythromycin. All 357 isolates were susceptible to penicillin and metronidazole indicating that these antibiotics are still the drugs of choice in antibiotic therapy of F. necrophorum infections, but therapy with clindamycin may be an alternative. Erythromycin should be avoided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents two stubborn set methods for alleviating the state explosion problem when reasoning about state properties. The first method makes it possible to determine whether a state of the system is reachable in which a given state predicate holds. The second method makes it possible to determine if from all reachable states it is possible to reach a state where a given state predicate holds. The novelty of the two methods is that they rely on so-called up sets and down sets rather than the notion of visible transitions which causes earlier methods to give only limited reduction of the state space, especially when considering state predicates referring to many of the state variables of the system. The suggested stubborn set methods have been implemented in the LoLA tool, and we report on some experimental results obtained with this computer tool together with some general guidance for applying the two question-guided stubborn set methods and their different implementations in verification. The two methods are presented in the context of Petri Nets, but are applicable also to other state and action oriented modelling formalisms for which the basic stubborn set theory is applicable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Protein kinase CK2 is a highly conserved enzyme composed of two catalytic subunits α and/or α′ and two regulatory subunits β whose activity is elevated in diverse tumour types as well as in highly proliferating tissues. Several results suggest that the overexpression of either CK2 catalytic subunits or the CK2 holoenzyme contributes to cellular transformation. In a similar vein, experiments performed compromising the intracellular expression of CK2 has led to somehow contradictory results with respect to the ability of this enzyme to control survival and apoptosis. To better elucidate the role of CK2 in programmed cell death, we have depleted cells of CK2 catalytic subunits by the application of antisense oligodeoxynucleotides and siRNAs techniques, respectively. Our results indicate that protein kinase CK2 is characterized by an extremely high stability that might be due to its association with other intracellular proteins, enhanced half-life or lower vulnerability towards proteolytic degradation. In addition, we show that despite the effectiveness of the methods applied in lowering CK2 kinase activity in all cells investigated, CK2 might not by itself be sufficient to trigger enhanced drug-induced apoptosis in cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

OBJECTIVE:: To assess the relative importance of the extent and regional distribution of fat for metabolic risk factors in young adults. DESIGN:: Cross-sectional study of findings from a hospital-based case-control study. SUBJECTS:: A total of 46 adult Danish Caucasian patients (40 men and six women, aged 34-54?y). Of these, 22 had had non fatal acute myocardial infarction before 41?y of age and 24 were age- and gender-matched controls without coronary heart disease. MEASUREMENTS:: Four measurements of fat: body mass index (BMI, kg/m2), body fat percentage measured using a dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) scanner, waist/hip circumference ratio (WHR), and intra-abdominal adipose tissue area measured using computed tomography (CT) scanning, and eight metabolic risk factors: systolic and diastolic blood pressure, HbA1c percentage, fasting concentrations of capillary whole blood glucose, high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, serum triglyceride, plasma plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 (PAI-1), and urinary albumin:creatinine excretion ratio. RESULTS:: Of 46 participants, 10 were obese (BMI >30?kg/m2), 12 were abdominally obese (WHR >0.90 for men and >0.85 for women), and 20 were intra-abdominally obese (intra-abdominal adipose tissue area >135?cm2). Men had a higher intra-abdominal adipose tissue area than women (P=0.0053, Mann-Whitney U-test). In multiple regression analyses of the four fat variables, only intra-abdominal adipose tissue area significantly predicted the levels of six metabolic risk factors: systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, fasting concentrations of capillary whole blood glucose, serum HDL cholesterol, serum triglyceride, and PAI-1. The intra-abdominal adipose tissue area had a linear relation with the six metabolic risk factors. CONCLUSIONS:: For young individuals, intra-abdominal fat is the important component of the body fat for six of the eight metabolic risk factors.... [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Some 40 years of planetary boundary-layer research is briefly reviewed with Risø National Laboratory as the vantage point. The evolution of descriptions of atmospheric boundary layers – including boundary-layer turbulence, its parameterization, interactions with larger scale phenomena, and engineering implications – are discussed; So are the effects of technological innovations that were utilized quickly in some areas and disappointingly slowly in others. A view of the future is attempted with caution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An analysis of cup-anemometer dynamics has been carried out in order to determine whether the mean-wind velocity can have a negative bias. This would be contrary to the general belief that cup anemometers always overspeed. Compared to prior analyses, the effect of a possible nonlinearity of the calibration function is included. The conclusion is that neither longitudinal nor lateral velocity fluctuations can contribute significantly to a negative bias. However, if a cup anemometer has an angular response that falls below the ideal cosine response, there will, as demonstrated in the concluding discussion, be a negative contribution from the vertical velocity fluctuations to the total bias, and this contribution may even outbalance the positive contributions from the longitudinal velocity fluctuations. Concrete evidence of such exotic cup anemometer behaviour has not been reported in the literature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The contents of V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Ga, Rb, Cd, Ba, and Pb in the soft tissue of blue mussel ( Mytilus edulis) were determined by a high resolution inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (HR-ICPMS) method. Sample digestions were performed in closed microwave vessels using nitric acid and hydrogen peroxide. Using HR-ICPMS it is possible to resolve the analytical peaks from otherwise interfering polyatomic ions with a mass resolution setting of 4000 (Cr, Ni, Cu). The proposed method was validated using a mussel tissue reference material (NIST SRM 2974). The proposed method was applied to real samples of blue mussel from seven sites in the inlet “Limfjorden”, Denmark, and the levels of trace elements found were compared with the levels found in an earlier study. For the mussel samples large inter-regional differences in trace element concentrations in the tissues were recorded. The mussels from the different sites could be separated using principal component analysis (PCA). Comparison with the levels of trace elements in mussels found in 1982 showed that the trace elemental contamination has increased during the last 15 years. From the data obtained, mussel tissue appears to be good bio-indicator for identification of coastal areas exposed to metallic contaminants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The disappearance of methotrexate (MTX) from serum was studied using H-MTX. The overall elimination half-life (MTX T 1/2) was well defined from one to about six hours after i.v. administration; in 25 patients it ranged from 102 min to 750 min and was inversely related to endogenous creatinine clearance, which ranged from 6 to 140 ml/min. The corresponding apparent volume of distribution, V, obtained by extrapolation tended to decrease at lower levels of renal function. The total clearance of MTX calculated in this period varied linearly with creatinine clearance. In patients with normal serum creatinine concentration, the half-life increased with advancing age, which reflects the concurrent age-dependent decrease in creatinine production and renal function. This illustrates the need for knowledge of renal function, not based solely on serum creatinine concentration, in patients treated with methotrexate or other drugs eliminated by the kidneys. In 9 patients the results were not affected by treatment with diuretics (furosemide, hydroflumethiazide). In four patients serum MTX concentration was measured for up to 24-72 hours. An increasing half-life of MTX with time was found, suggesting that the elimination kinetics of the drug would be most adequately described by a multi-compartment model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Building a quantum computer is a daunting challenge since it requires good control but also good isolation from the environment to minimize decoherence. It is therefore important to realize quantum gates efficiently, using as few operations as possible, to reduce the amount of required control and operation time and thus improve the quantum state coherence. Here we propose a superconducting circuit for implementing a tunable system consisting of a qutrit coupled to two qubits. This system can efficiently accomplish various quantum information tasks, including generation of entanglement of the two qubits and conditional three-qubit quantum gates, such as the Toffoli and Fredkin gates. Furthermore, the system realizes a conditional geometric gate which may be used for holonomic (non-adiabatic) quantum computing. The efficiency, robustness and universality of the presented circuit makes it a promising candidate to serve as a building block for larger networks capable of performing involved quantum computational tasks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We have discussed the behavior of a non-conserved scalar in the stationary, horizontally homogeneous, neutral surface-flux layer and, on the basis of conventional second-order closure, derived analytic expressions for flux and for mean concentration of a gas, subjected to a first-order removal process. The analytic flux solution showed a clear deviation from the constant flux, characterizing a conserved scalarin the surface-flux layer. It decreases with height and is reduced by an order of magnitude of the surface flux at a height equal to about the typical mean distance a molecule can travel before destruction.The predicted mean concentration profile, however, shows only a small deviation from the logarithmic behavior of a conserved scalar. The solution is consistent with assuming a flux-gradient relationship with a turbulent diffusivity corrected by the Damkohler ratio, the ratioof a characteristic turbulent time scale and the scalar mean lifetime. We show that if we use only first-order closure and neglect the effect of the Damkohler ratio on the turbulent diffusivity we obtain another analytic solution for the profiles of the flux and the mean concentration which, from an experimental point of view, is indistinguishable from the first analytic solution. We have discussed two cases where the model should apply, namely NO which, by night, is irreversibly destroyed by interaction with mainly O3 and the radioactive 220Rn. Only in the last case was it possible to find data to shed light on the validity of our predictions. The agreement seemed such that a falsification of our model was impossible. It is shown how the model can be used to predict the surface flux of 220Rn from measured concentration profiles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

OBJECTIVE:: To assess the relative importance of the extent and regional distribution of fat for metabolic risk factors in young adults. DESIGN:: Cross-sectional study of findings from a hospital-based case-control study. SUBJECTS:: A total of 46 adult Danish Caucasian patients (40 men and six women, aged 34-54?y). Of these, 22 had had non fatal acute myocardial infarction before 41?y of age and 24 were age- and gender-matched controls without coronary heart disease. MEASUREMENTS:: Four measurements of fat: body mass index (BMI, kg/m2), body fat percentage measured using a dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) scanner, waist/hip circumference ratio (WHR), and intra-abdominal adipose tissue area measured using computed tomography (CT) scanning, and eight metabolic risk factors: systolic and diastolic blood pressure, HbA1c percentage, fasting concentrations of capillary whole blood glucose, high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, serum triglyceride, plasma plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 (PAI-1), and urinary albumin:creatinine excretion ratio. RESULTS:: Of 46 participants, 10 were obese (BMI >30?kg/m2), 12 were abdominally obese (WHR >0.90 for men and >0.85 for women), and 20 were intra-abdominally obese (intra-abdominal adipose tissue area >135?cm2). Men had a higher intra-abdominal adipose tissue area than women (P=0.0053, Mann-Whitney U-test). In multiple regression analyses of the four fat variables, only intra-abdominal adipose tissue area significantly predicted the levels of six metabolic risk factors: systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, fasting concentrations of capillary whole blood glucose, serum HDL cholesterol, serum triglyceride, and PAI-1. The intra-abdominal adipose tissue area had a linear relation with the six metabolic risk factors. CONCLUSIONS:: For young individuals, intra-abdominal fat is the important component of the body fat for six of the eight metabolic risk factors.... [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]