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Copyright of Zeitschrift für Rheumatologie is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Recently an association between the use of calcitonin and cancer has been postulated. We reviewed the biological rationale and performed an additional analysis of historical data with respect to the possibility. An association cannot be excluded, but the relationship is weak and causality is unlikely. The purpose of the present study is to review the strength of association and likelihood of a causal relationship between use of calcitonin and cancer. We reviewed the evidence for this association, including the molecular signaling mechanisms of calcitonin, preclinical data, an 'experiment of nature,' and the results of a previous meta-analysis which showed a weak association. We performed an additional meta-analysis to incorporate the data from a novel investigational oral formulation of salmon calcitonin. Review of the literature did not identify a cellular signaling mechanism of action which might account for a causal relationship or toxicologic or postmarketing data to support the thesis. Additional clinical results incorporated into previous meta-analyses weakened but did not completely negate the possibility of association. A causal association between calcitonin use and malignancy is unlikely, as there is little biological plausibility. The preponderance of nonclinical and clinical evidence also does not favor a causal relationship. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work is focused on a new strategy for quality analysis of brewing malt using near infrared (NIR) spectra taken from malt kernels in reflection as fingerprint to classify directly to processability of malt. One part of the study deals with calibrating a partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) model with NIR spectra classifying malt into the three different classes resulting in a five-component model. Therefore, suitable pre-processing algorithms for spectra were tested. The target for calibration is given by an expert opinion on lautering runs (filtration step in brewing). The accuracy achieved using pilot plant data in relation to the expert classification 'good', 'normal' and 'bad' was 90.6 and 92.7 % in validation and calibration, respectively. The second part of the study is presenting the transfer of these analytical tools to industrial scale. This was established via adjustment to corresponding system conditions. The accuracy achieved using similar algorithms as mentioned before was 93.6 and 76.6 % in calibration and validation, respectively. Independent from this, two numerical possibilities were established for automatic process evaluation classifying the different processes in three categories (good, normal, bad): the first is calculating the residual standard deviation of a process based on multivariate statistical process control and the second is discretizing each process individually based on its single online trends. Both methods were compared to the expert opinion coinciding with 84 and 85 %, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: The effect of an investigational oral calcitonin tablet upon bone mineral density (BMD) of the spine was investigated in postmenopausal women with low bone mass and at increased risk of fracture. Compared to placebo, calcitonin tablets increased lumbar spine BMD. This agent may provide an additional choice for patients. Introduction: An investigational oral salmon calcitonin preparation was previously shown to increase lumbar spine BMD in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis. Our objective was to evaluate the use of this agent in postmenopausal women with low bone mass and at increased fracture risk but not meeting BMD criteria for osteoporosis. Methods: Treatment-naïve women were randomized to receive oral recombinant salmon calcitonin tablets or placebo once daily for 1 year. Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry was performed at baseline and at study weeks 28 and 54. CTx-1, a bone resorption marker, was obtained at the same time points. Subjects returned periodically for tolerability assessment and adverse event (AE) recording. Results: One hundred twenty-nine women in the USA were randomized, 86 to calcitonin and 43 to placebo. Calcitonin recipients experienced a significant increase from baseline in lumbar spine BMD; the difference compared with placebo was significant. Dosing at bedtime or with dinner was equally effective. CTx-1 was suppressed in calcitonin recipients but not in placebo subjects. Gastrointestinal AEs were common, but the overall safety profile was comparable between groups. Conclusions: Oral calcitonin may provide a useful therapeutic alternative for some women with low bone mass. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The gelatinization of starch is crucial for the production of bakery products. Therefore, the examination of the characteristics and the extent of this process are of fundamental importance for research and product development. Typical analysis methods for studying structural starch changes during heating are performed in excess of water. Considering that wheat dough is a complex system with reduced water content, an option to analyze starch gelatinization under actual product conditions is missing. Therefore, an in situ method in a confocal laser scanning microscope (CLSM) equipped with a heating system was developed to monitor the starch gelatinization in samples with different flour to water ratios [(m:v) 1:0.39, 0.49, 0.51, 0.53, 0.55, 0.57, 0.59, 0.98, 4.91, 5.63 and 7.14]. The new method was used to investigate the start of starch gelatinization temperature ( T) by using thresholds based on first derivatives with highest correlation between T of CLSM and the onset temperature ( T) of differential scanning calorimetry. A highly significant linear correlation between T of A-type granules and T was observed ( R = 0.903). The size and shape of granules with a ratio of 1:0.98 show a clear impairment against samples with higher water content. The newly modified in situ method enables the measurement of starch gelatinization in different flour to water ratios independent of secondary factors. Consequently, it can be used for complex starch-based systems with reduced water content to investigate the actual starch granule structure disintegration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A letter to the editor is presented which discusses a study which found that whole-exome sequencing in diagnostic and remission samples of pediatric-acute megakaryoblastic leukemia (AMKL) identifies a novel somatic mutation of in MMP8 linked with a t(1;22)-AMKL.

Our aim in this paper is to show an example of the formalism we have developed to avoid the label-tensor-product-vector-space-formalism of quantum mechanics when dealing with indistinguishable quanta. States in this new vector space, that we call the Q-space, refer only to occupation numbers and permutation operators act as the identity operator on them, reflecting in the formalism the unobservability of permutations, a goal of quasi-set theory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We discuss the constraints on the parameters of a Yukawa interaction obtained from the indirect measurements of the Casimir pressure between parallel plates using the sphere–plate configuration. Recently, it was claimed in the literature that the application of the proximity force approximation (PFA) to the calculation of a Yukawa interaction in the sphere–plate configuration could lead to a large error of order 100% in the constraints obtained. Here we re-calculate the constraints both exactly and using the PFA, and arrive at identical results. We elucidate the reasons why an incorrect conclusion was obtained suggesting that the PFA is inapplicable to calculate the Yukawa force. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study was to validate a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) technique for mapping liver fat, using (1)H magnetic resonance spectroscopy ((1)H-MRS) as the reference standard. In 91 patients with type 2 diabetes, 3.0-T single-voxel point-resolved (1)H-MRS was used to calculate the liver fat fraction (LFF) from the water (4.76 ppm) and methylene (1.33 ppm) peaks, corrected for T1 and T2 decays. LFF (corrected for T1 and T2* decays) was also obtained from the mean signal intensity on a map built from a triple-echo (consecutive in-phase, opposed-phase, and in-phase echo times) breath-hold gradient echo sequence, using basic image calculation functions (arithmetic mean, subtraction, division, multiplication by a numerical factor). Mean LFF was 8.9% (range, 0.9-33.5) by MRI and 8.8% (range, 0-34.1) by (1)H-MRS. Pearson's coefficient was 0.976 (P < 0.0001) and Lin's coefficient was 0.975 (P < 0.0001). Liver segment had no significant influence. With Bland-Altman analysis, 95.6% (87/91) of data points were within the limits of agreement. Given its excellent agreement with (1)H-MRS, our mapping technique can be used for visual and quantitative evaluation of liver fat in everyday practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents an overview of recent research dealing with the question of whether nuclear decay rates (or half-lives) are time-independent constants of nature, as opposed to being parameters which can be altered by an external perturbation. If the latter is the case, this may imply the existence of some new interaction(s) which would be responsible for any observed time variation. Interest in this question has been renewed recently by evidence for a correlation between nuclear decay rates and Earth–Sun distance, and by the observation of a dip in the decay rate for 54Mn coincident in time with the solar flare of 2006 December 13. We discuss these observations in detail, along with other hints in the literature for time-varying decay parameters, in the framework of a general phenomenology that we develop. One consequence of this phenomenology is that it is possible for different experimental groups to infer discrepant (yet technically correct) results for a half-life depending on where and how their data were taken and analyzed. A considerable amount of attention is devoted to possible mechanisms which might give rise to the reported effects, including fluctuations in the flux of solar neutrinos, and possible variations in the magnitudes of fundamental parameters, such as the fine structure constant and the electron-to-proton mass ratio. We also discuss ongoing and future experiments, along with some implications of our work for cancer treatments, 14C dating, and for the possibility of detecting the relic neutrino background. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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We present supplementary information on the recent indirect measurement of the Casimir pressure between two parallel plates using a micromachined oscillator. The equivalent pressure between the plates is obtained by means of the proximity force approximation after measuring the force gradient between a gold coated sphere and a gold coated plate. The data are compared with a new theoretical approach to the thermal Casimir force based on the use of the Lifshitz formula, combined with a generalized plasma-like dielectric permittivity that takes into account interband transitions of core electrons. The theoretical Casimir pressures calculated using the new approach are compared with those computed in the framework of the previously used impedance approach and also with the Drude model approach. The latter is shown to be excluded by the data at a 99.9% confidence level within the wide separation range from 210 to 620 nm. The level of agreement between the data and theoretical approaches based on the generalized plasma model, or the Leontovich surface impedance, is used to set stronger constraints on the Yukawa forces predicted from the exchange of light elementary particles and/or extra-dimensional physics. The resulting constraints are the strongest in the interaction region from 20 to 86 nm with a largest improvement by a factor of 4.4 at 26 nm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Context:Obesity is associated with hypersecretion of cortisol and aldosterone and a high prevalence of arterial hypertension. At the cellular level, a direct effect of adipocytes on the expression of the steroidogenic acute regulatory (StAR) protein, a regulator of cortisol and aldosterone synthesis, and on aldosterone and cortisol secretion has been shown. However, the molecular mechanisms mediating this effect are not known.Objective:Wnt-signaling molecules are secreted by adipocytes and regulate the activity of SF-1, a key transcription factor in adrenal steroidogenesis. Therefore, we investigated whether adipocytes stimulate adrenal steroidogenesis through the activation of Wnt-signaling.Results:Using immunohistochemistry, we detected the expression of frizzled and β-catenin in the adult human adrenal cortex. Transient transfection of a Wnt-dependent reporter-gene into adrenal NCI-H295R cells showed an induction of Wnt-mediated transcription to 308% after treatment with human fat cell-conditioned medium (FCCM). This finding was paralleled by an induction of StAR promoter activity (420%) by FCCM. The induction of StAR promoter activity by FCCM was inhibited by 49% when Wnt-signaling was blocked by the soluble Wnt-antagonist secreted Frizzled-Related-Protein-1 (sFRP-1). Overexpression of a constitutively active mutant of β-catenin induced the transcription of the StAR promoter (440%). β-Catenin and FCCM induced SF-1-mediated transcription at a SF-1-driven reporter gene (420 and 402%, respectively). Furthermore, the secretion of aldosterone and cortisol by NCI-H295R cells induced by FCCM was significantly inhibited by the Wnt-antagonist sFRP-1.Conclusion:These data indicate that the Wnt-signaling pathway is one of the mechanisms mediating the effects of fat cells on adrenal StAR transcription and aldosterone and cortisol secretion.International Journal of Obesity (2007) 31, 864–870. doi:10.1038/sj.ijo.0803508; published online 9 January 2007 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Rechtsmedizin is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Rechtsmedizin is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Summary:High-dose chemotherapy and autologous stem cell rescue is considered a standard part of initial therapy for patients with multiple myeloma. Therefore, potential transplant candidates are generally treated with dexamethasone-based programs rather than alkylating agents to avoid stem cell toxicity. The optimal mobilizing regimen for patients with multiple myeloma has not been defined. However, aggressive chemotherapy may result in excessive morbidity and cost in this older, immunocompromised population. We retrospectively examined our experience with a well-tolerated regimen of 1.5?g/m2 cyclophosphamide on day -10 followed by 10?µg/kg G-CSF beginning on day -7 in 50 consecutive patients with multiple myeloma and no prior alkylating agent therapy. Median stem cell collection was 4.88 × 106 CD34+ cells/kg per apheresis and 44 patients collected >5 × 106 CD34+ cells/kg within 2 days. In 36 patients, more than 10 × 106 CD34+ cells/kg were collected including 33 patients who required 1-2 days of collection. One patient required hospitalization for fever/neutropenia and two required weekend apheresis. We conclude that 1.5?g/m2 cyclophosphamide plus 10?µg/kg G-CSF is a safe, effective, highly predictable mobilizing program that uniformly provided enough stem cells for one transplant and enough stem cells for two transplants.Bone Marrow Transplantation (2003) 32, 1113-1117, doi:10.1038/sj.bmt.1704286 Published online 24 November 2003 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Rechtsmedizin is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Rechtsmedizin is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The aim of this study was to evaluate renal function changes after percutaneous transluminal renal artery angioplasty (PTRA) done to treat atheromatous renal artery stenosis with renal failure. Between 1990 and 1995, PTRA was performed in 99 renal failure patients (creatinine clearance less than 80 ml/min) with atheromatous stenosis of one or more native renal arteries. Indications for PTRA were chronic renal failure with poorly controlled hypertension (group A, 67 patients) or rapidly deteriorating renal function (group B, 32 patients). Renal function changes after PTRA were evaluated based on the percentages of patients with improved, stabilized, and worsened serum creatinine and creatinine clearance values, and on mean differences between final and baseline creatinine clearances. At the end of follow-up (19+/-10 months), group A had a significantly smaller creatinine clearance gain (42.9 ml/min before PTA to 44.5 ml/min after PTA, D=1.6 ml/min, in group A, vs 24.1-28.4 ml/min, D=4.3, in group B, p=0.03), and a significantly smaller percentage of improved patients (36 vs 62%) than group B. Most stenoses in group B either were bilateral or occurred on a solitary kidney ( p=0.001). Percutaneous transluminal renal artery angioplasty combined with aggressive medical treatment may be useful in maintaining or improving renal function, particularly in patients with a recent, sharp deterioration in renal function. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Rechtsmedizin is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Rechtsmedizin is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Tumor contamination of autologous peripheral blood stem/progenitor cell grafts occurs in a substantial proportion of high-risk breast cancer patients, and the possibility that such contamination may contribute to relapse has focused attention on methods for removal of the contaminating cells prior to transplantation. One such approach is positive selection of CD34+ cells. A fully automated immunomagnetic cell selection system has recently been introduced to facilitate the positive selection process. A multicenter randomized clinical trial was designed to evaluate the capacity of CD34+ cells isolated using the fully automated system to support prompt hematopoietic reconstitution following high-dose chemotherapy in high-risk breast cancer patients, as well as to assess the safety and tolerability of the CD34+ cell transplants. In recipients of isolated CD34+ cells, the median time to an absolute neutrophil count 500/μl was 10 days, a value identical to that observed in patients receiving unfractionated apheresis collections. In the isolated CD34+ cell recipients median time to a platelet count 20 000/μl was 12 days, compared with 10 days in the unfractionated cell group. There were no statistically significant differences between the groups in median time to neutrophil or platelet engraftment. Infusion of autologous cells was well tolerated by the study groups. There were no inter-group differences in the incidence of infections, need for platelet transfusions, or duration of hospitalization. Isolated CD34+ cells were high in purity and sufficient in number for use in autologous transplantation. The fully automated immunomagnetic cell selection system affords an efficient and time-saving option for isolation of CD34+cells to be used as autologous grafts in high-risk breast cancer patients, and the isolated CD34+ cells support undelayed hematopoietic... [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Der Internist is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Purpose: To compare ioxaglate and iobitridol for percutaneous transluminal renal angioplasty (PTRA) as regards thromboembolic complications, the quality of diagnosis, and renal and general safety.Methods: One hundred and eighty-nine patients were prospectively studied, 98 of whom received ioxaglate, and 91, iobitridol. Twenty-two were secondarily excluded from the evaluation of thromboembolic complications as they did not undergo PTRA.Results: Two hundred and two PTRAs were performed. The total volumes of contrast medium administered and the procedure durations were the same for each patient. In the ioxaglate group, four dissections (3 stents), one occlusive dissection, and two spasms occurred; in the iobitridol group, there were three dissections (all stented), one occlusive dissection (stented), and two spasms. The final angiograms showed four renal infarctions with ioxaglate (2 of which were in patients who were not anticoagulated), two with iobitridol. No significant difference was seen in the incidence of thromboembolic complications when the PTRA was performed after anticoagulation (n = 150; 3.9% vs 4%, p = 0.78); in the whole population, thromboembolic complications were more frequent in the ioxaglate group but the difference was not significant (5.7% vs 3.7%, p = 0.74). The quality of the diagnosis and the general and renal safety were the same in the two groups.Conclusion: Regarding the clotting phenomenon, we recorded as many thromboembolic complications with ioxaglate as with iobitridol. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Monatsschrift Kinderheilkunde is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

We conducted a phase I trial to determine the dose and schedule of paclitaxel, when given together with filgrastim, which would optimally promote mobilization of stem cells with tolerable toxicity. Dose escalation began at 275 mg/m2 3 h infusion. Dose-limiting neuropathy was observed at the 300 mg/m2 dose level. A second dose escalation was conducted utilizing 24 h infusion schedules, beginning at 225 mg/m2. Dose escalation was continued by 25 mg/m2 increments to 300 mg/m2, at which dose neuropathy was again dose-limiting. The recommended dose and schedule of paclitaxel for the purpose of mobilization of stem cells, when given together with filgrastim, are 275 mg/m2 as a 24 h infusion. The median stem cell yield after this dose of paclitaxel was 6.6 × 106 CD34+ cells/kg/apheresis (range 3.6 × 106 – 7.7 × 106). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Quasi-set theory provides a mathematical background for dealing with coll ections of indistinguishable elementary particles. In this paper, we show how to obtain the quantum statistics into the scope of quasi-set theory and we also discuss the Helium atom, which represents the simplest example where indistinguishability plays an important role. One of the advantages of our approach is that one of the most basic principles of quantum theory, namely, the Indistinguishability Postulate, does not need to be assumed even implicitely in the axiomatic basis of quantum mechanics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The localization of the neural cell adhesion molecule L1 in the male urogenital tract (including seminal vesicles and prostate) of the mouse and bull was investigated using immunocytochemical and immunochemical methods in order to better understand the function of this glycoprotein in non-neural tissues. L1 antibodies labeled non-myelinated nerves in all portions of the urogenital tract investigated. However, L1 immunoreactivity was also found between epithelial cells of several regions of the urogenital system including epididymal tail, deferent duct, ejaculatory duct and seminal vesicles. Some L1 immunoreactivity was also demonstrated between epithelial cells of murine urinary bladder and urethra. The specificity of the immunoreaction was verified by western blots. There was no correlation between L1 expression and proliferating activity as revealed by double immunocytochemistry using various markers of cell proliferation. This unexpected expression of L1 in nonneural tissue is mainly restricted to non-proliferating epithelia of those portions of the urogenital tract that are derived from the Wolffian duct. It is suggested that L1 in these epithelia could enhance the mechanical resistance and reduce transepithelial permeability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to evaluate mid- and long-term results of ultrasonically guided ethanol injection into parathyroid adenomas. From 1988 to 1996, 27 patients (mean age 77 +/- 13 years) were treated for parathyroid adenomas by percutaneous ethanol injection. The survey included clinical information, plasma calcium, phosphorus and PTH (1-84) evaluation. Follow-up lasted 22.6 +/- 10 months. No major complications were observed for 63 ethanol injections. Biochemical recovery was 58%, biochemical improvement at 3 months was 33%, and failure was 7%. Four of 15 cured patients presented a recurrence of the disease 1 or 2 years after the first treatment. Ultrasonically guided ethanol injection can be useful in the treatment of parathyroid adenomas when surgery is not possible. The immediate results are interesting but not as good as those obtained with surgery. A regular biochemical survey is necessary so that recurrences can be recognized and treated at an early stage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A hydrodynamic thrombectomy catheter was prospectively evaluated for the treatment of recently thrombosed vessels. A total of 52 consecutive patients (42 males and 10 females; mean age 64 +/- 15 years) presenting with acute or subacute occlusion of dialysis shunts (n = 25), peripheral bypass (n = 14) or native arteries (n = 15) were treated with the Hydrolyser (Cordis Europa NV, Roden, The Netherlands). Mean occlusion time was 4 days (range 1-17 days) and mean thrombus length 19 +/- 11 cm. The Hydrolyser was effective and fast in removing thrombus, regardless of the thrombus length. No major complications were reported. The immediate procedure success rates were 82, 100, 87 and 79 % for Brescia Cimino, dialysis shunt, native arteries and bypass grafts, respectively. Adjunctive thrombolysis (applied for persistence of residual thrombus or thrombosed distal vessels too small for hydrolytic thrombectomy) was required in 4 % of thrombotic dialysis shunts, in 20 % of native arteries and in 50 % of bypass graft occlusions. On angiographic controls, distal embolizations were reported only in native arteries (13 %) and bypasses (14 %); all were successfully treated percutaneously, except for one case treated by Fogarty balloon. Cumulative primary patency rates were respectively at 6 months 56, 62, 78 and 65 % for each indication. We conclude from this preliminary clinical study that hydrodynamic thrombectomy with a Hydrolyser is a promising technique to treat acute occlusions. This device can reduce complications as well as the time required to remove large amounts of thrombus and the use of expensive thrombolytic drugs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Indium-tin-oxide films (ITO films) sputtered in Ar-atmosphere with and without addition of oxygen reveal an irreversible increase in conductivity during annealing in vacuum. This annealing process increases drastically the density of free electrons, while the Hall mobility changes only slightly. Below the annealing temperature the temperature dependence of the conductivity is reversible. In films with low density of free electrons, which behave like non-degenerated semiconductors, two activation energies for the mobility could be found. The irreversible changes, observed during annealing in the vacuum, are explained by diffusion of oxygen from the interior of the film to the surface, followed by desorption of the oxygen from the surface into the vacuum. The excess oxygen in the non-stoichiometric films plays the role of electron traps. The irreversible effects during annealing in the vacuum are partly reversible in the long run. If the annealed films are exposed to oxygen or air their conductivity decreases because of diffusion of oxygen from the surface into the film. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Orthopédie Traumatologie is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Albrecht von Graefes Archiv für Klinische und Experimentelle Ophthalmologie is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Klinische Wochenschrift is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Klinische Wochenschrift is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)