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We present three new design solutions—centimeter-band radiometric units and the design of each radio unit. We demonstrate the development of an uncooled tuned receiver based on this unit which is meant for operating in the total-power radiometer mode. In practice the parameters of the new radiometric units are currently close to the limit values for uncooled microwave amplifiers. The new radiometers are designed to be used for continuum observations at the RATAN-600 Radio Telescope. This approach is universal and promising to be applied at any radio telescope. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We describe the development of the tools and methods of 4.7-GHz band observations on RATAN-600 radio telescope and present a new design solution—a radiometric unit, and the development of an uncooled tuned receiver based on this unit and meant for operating in the “total power” radiometer mode.We discuss the design of the radio unit and the specificities of the radiometer design.We demonstrate the possibility of conducting observations in the total power radiometer mode at the theoretical sensitivity on time scales up to 10 seconds. The sensitivity of such a radiometer remains higher than that of a Dicke radiometer on time scales up to 100 seconds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During thirteen-year monitoring of the source J0010+1058, four bursts have been observed with an amplitude greater than 1 Jy on a frequency of 21.7 GHz. Using autocorrelation functions, we determined the average characteristic burst time τ ≈ 1.55 ± 0.1 yr (max-min), identical at five frequencies: 2.3, 4.8, 7.7, 11.2, and 21.7 GHz, which provides the linear sizes of the emission region R ≈ cτ ≈ 0.48 pc, and the angular ones-0.28 mas; the brightness temperature is 0.6-6.5 × 10 K at the frequencies 21.7-2.3 GHz. Moreover, at frequencies higher than 2.3 GHz, there is one more characteristic time τ ≈ 0.6 yr. We estimated the average lag time of the bursts in relation to a frequency of 21.7 GHz as 150, 210, 270, and 390 days at 11.2, 7.7, 4.8, and 2.3 GHz respectively, and some other source characteristics. Spectra obtained in different periods of source activity confirm the model of the burst development as a result of the evolution of a shock wave propagating along the radio source jet. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We report the experimental results of a study of the sources of 1/ f type noise (hereafter referred to as 1/ f-type noise for the sake of brevity) in a total power radiometer. We find this noise to have two main sources in the radiometer: microwave amplifiers and the square-law diode detector with a Schottky barrier. We present methods for a substantial reduction of 1/ f-type noise, which allow total power radiometer measurements to be performed with nominal sensitivity on time scales of up to 10 seconds. The sensitivity of the total power radiometer on time scales up to 100 seconds remains higher than that of a Dicke switched radiometer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The MARS-3 third-generation matrix radiometric system has been developed, manufactured, and is currently being used in observations within the framework of the 'Cosmological Gene' program. The system is based on new hardware components and consists of 16 independent radiometers (32 horns with a step of 20 mm). Each pair of horns is connected to the input of an amplifier unit via a square-loop modulator. The parameters of each radiometer are: central frequency, 30.0 GHz; bandwidth, 5GHz; average noise temperature of the system, 250 K; and a sensitivity of about 5 mK for τ = RC = 1 s. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The results of the first stage of the 'Cosmological Gene' project of the Russian Academy of Sciences are reported. These results consist in the accumulation of multi-frequency data in 31 frequency channels in the wavelength interval 1-55 cm with maximum achievable statistical sensitivity limited by the noise of background radio sources at all wavelengths exceeding 1.38 cm. The survey region is determined by constraints 00 < RA < 24 and 40°30′ < DEC < 42°30′. The scientific goals of the project are refined in view of recent proposals to use cosmological background radiation data for the development of a unified physical theory. Experimental data obtained with the RATAN-600 radio telescope are used to refine the contribution of the main 'screens' located between the observer and the formation epoch of cosmic background radiation ( z = 1100). Experimental data for synchrotron radiation and free-free noise on scales that are of interest for the anisotropy of cosmic microwave background are reported as well as the contribution of these noise components in millimeter-wave experiments to be performed in the nearest years. The role of dipole radio emission of fullerene-type dust nanostructures is shown to be small. The most precise estimates of the role of background radio sources with inverted spectra are given and these sources are shown to create no serious interference in experiments. The average spectral indices of the weakest sources of the NVSS and FIRST catalogs are estimated. The 'saturation' data for all wavelengths allowed a constraint to be imposed on the Sunyaev-Zeldovich noise (the SZ noise) at all wavelengths, and made it possible to obtain independent estimates of the average sky temperature from sources, substantially weaker than those listed in the NVSS catalog. These estimates are inconsistent with the existence of powerful extragalactic synchrotron background associated with radio sources. Appreciable 'quadrupole' anisotropy in is detected in the distribution of the spectral index of the synchrotron radiation of the Galaxy, and this anisotropy should be taken into account when estimating the polarization of the cosmic microwave background on small l. All the results are compared to the results obtained by foreign researchers in recent years. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We report an analysis of the electromagnetic situation at RATAN-600 radio telescope over the 30-year period of operation of the complex of continuum radiometers. We analyze practical methods for mitigating radio interference ranging from the use of anti-interference adapters to incorporating fast digital signal processors into the standard data acquisition system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]