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In this study, xylitol, a common sweetener and sucrose substitute in low-calorie foods, was quantified by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). During the establishment of the analytical method, three representative detection approaches, ultraviolet detector (UVD), evaporative light scattering detector, and refractive index detector, were compared and applied to determine the xylitol content in various foods distributed in Korea. The results were compared for method validation, measurement uncertainty, and applicability. As a result, HPLC-UVD showed the lowest limit of detection (0.01 mg/L) and limit of quantification (0.04 mg/L) among the three methods. It showed a low range of relative expanded uncertainty (1.12–3.98%) and could quantify xylitol in the wide range of the samples, even trace amounts of xylitol. Therefore, a total of 160 food items, including chewing gum, candy, beverage, tea, other processed products, and beverage base, were applied with three replicates by the proposed HPLC-UVD method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study reports the improvement and validation of a colorimetric method to quantify polysorbates (20, 60, 65, and 80) in food by measuring absorbance at 620 nm using ultraviolet–visible spectrophotometry. The method was validated for linearity, limit of detection (LOD), limit of quantitation (LOQ), precision, accuracy, and measurement uncertainty. The coefficient of determination was linear (r2 ≥ 0.9991) over the measured concentration range of 50–1000 mg/L. The LOD and LOQ were 2.3–4.9 and 7.0–15.0 mg/kg, respectively. Intra-day and inter-day accuracy and precision were 91.9–104.1% and 0.1–1.1% RSD, and 91.6–103.8% and 0.4–5.0% RSD, respectively. The result of inter-laboratory recovery was 90.9–99.8% and the measurement uncertainty was < 16% with the compliance of the CODEX recommendation. Sauce, bread, whipped cream, rice cake, ice cream, and various other polysorbate-labeled food products (n = 229, detection range; N.D.–16,442.3 mg/kg) distributed in Korea were analyzed to confirm the applicability of the analytical method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Plastic pollution, particularly polystyrene, significantly threatens aquatic ecosystems worldwide. Furthermore, plastic leachates have been documented to be detrimental to some aquatic organisms; however, understanding the toxicity mechanism remains limited. This study aimed to investigate the ecotoxicological effects of polystyrene leachate on neonate and adult Daphnia magna, a keystone species in freshwater ecosystems. Methods: The effects of the leachate were studied by employing the novel technique of separating daphnids from the polystyrene microplastic fragments via dialysis tubing, which was prepared 24 and 72 h before organism exposure. Acute toxicity was assessed as effects on organism mobility, oxidative stress (reactive oxygen species), antioxidative enzyme responses (superoxide dismutase and catalase), as well as the effects on the biotransformation enzyme glutathione S-transferase's activity. Results: Under the experimental conditions, the mobility and oxidative status of the daphnids were unaffected, irrespective of the organisms' age or leaching time. In adults exposed for 24 h, the antioxidant defense enzyme activities were elevated, contributing to cellular homeostasis maintenance. However, the catalase activity was reduced for neonates and adults exposed to the prolonged pre-leached treatment, thus making them less capable of retaining homeostasis when exposed to toxicant mixtures. Conclusion: This study highlights the vulnerability of D. magna to polystyrene leachate and underscores the need for continued research on the ecotoxicological effects of plastic pollution in aquatic ecosystems. Findings from this investigation contribute to understanding the ecological consequences of plastic pollution, which can inform mitigation strategies and policy decisions to preserve the health and integrity of freshwater ecosystems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Liquid biopsy, which promises noninvasive detection of tumor-derived material, has recently been highlighted because of its potential to lead us to an era of precision medicine. However, its development has encountered challenges owing to the extremely low frequency and low purity of circulating tumor markers, such as circulating tumor cells (CTCs), circulating exosomes, and circulating tumor nucleic acids (ctNAs). Much effort has been made to overcome this limitation over the last decade, and an increasing number of studies have shown interest in the special characteristics of hydrogels. This hydrophilic and biocompatible polymeric network, which absorbs a large amount of water, can aid in the isolation, protection, and analysis of these low-abundance and short-lived circulating biomarkers. The role of hydrogels in liquid biopsy is extensive and ranges from enrichment to encapsulation. This review provides an overview of hydrogel-based technologies to pave the way in liquid biopsy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to evaluate the properties of amylose–lipid complexes in rice and wheat flours utilizing pullulanase as a debranching enzyme. Rice and flour were both treated with pullulanase before being combined with free fatty acids to form compounds denoted as RPF (rice-pullulanase-fatty acid) and FPF (flour-pullulanase-fatty acid), respectively. Our results showed that RPF and FPF had higher complex index and lower hydrolysis values than enzyme-untreated amylose–lipid complexes. Furthermore, RPF and FPF demonstrated lower swelling power and higher water solubility values, indicating changes in the physical properties of the starches. In vivo studies showed that RPF and FPF caused a smaller increase in blood glucose levels than untreated rice and flour, highlighting their potential use as functional food ingredients. These findings provide valuable information for the development of novel rice-and wheat-based foods with improved nutritional and physiological properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The unprecedented threat of the highly contagious virus, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), which causes exponentially increased infections of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), highlights the weak spots of the current diagnostic toolbox. In the midst of catastrophe, nanobiosensors offer a new opportunity as an alternative tool to fill a gap among molecular tests, rapid antigen tests, and serological tests. Nanobiosensors surpass the potential of antigen tests because of their enhanced sensitivity, thus enabling us to see antigens as stable and easy-to-access targets. During the first three years of the COVID-19 pandemic, a substantial number of studies have reported nanobiosensors for the detection of SARS-CoV-2 antigens. The number of articles on nanobiosensors and SARS-CoV-2 exceeds the amount of nanobiosensor research on detecting previous infectious diseases, from influenza to SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV. This unprecedented publishing pace also implies the significance of SARS-CoV-2 and the present pandemic. In this review, 158 studies reporting nanobiosensors for detecting SARS-CoV-2 antigens are collected to discuss the current challenges of nanobiosensors using the criteria of point-of-care (POC) diagnostics along with COVID-specific issues. These advances and lessons during the pandemic pave the way for preparing for the post-COVID era and potential upcoming infectious diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The purpose of this study is to compare the clinical and radiological outcomes of patients undergoing open reduction and internal fixation (OR/IF) using a plate or patients undergoing an arthroscopic suture anchor fixation for the greater tuberosity (GT) fracture of the proximal humerus. The purpose of this study is to compare the clinical and radiological outcomes of patients undergoing OR/IF or an arthroscopic suture anchor fixation for the GT fracture. Materials and methods: Between January, 2010 and December, 2020, 122 patients with GT fracture underwent operative fixation. Either OR/IF using proximal humeral locking plate (50 patients) or arthroscopic suture anchor (72 patients) fixation was performed. Fourteen patients were lost to follow-up and finally, 108 patients were enrolled in this study. We divided these patients into two groups: (1) OR/IF group (Group I: 44 patients) and arthroscopic anchor fixation group (Group II: 64 patients). The primary outcome was subjective shoulder function (shoulder functional scale). Secondary outcomes were range of motion, and complications including GT fixation failure, fracture migration, or neurologic complication. Also, age, sex, BMI, operation time, shoulder dislocation, fracture comminution, AP (anteroposterior), SI (superoinferior) size and displacement were evaluated and compared between two groups. Results: Both groups showed satisfactory clinical and radiological outcomes at mid-term follow-up. Between 2 groups, there were no significant differences in age, sex, BMI, presence of shoulder dislocation or comminution. Group II showed higher clinical scores except VAS score (p < 0.05) and longer surgical times (95.3 vs. 61.5 min). Largest fracture displacement (Group I vs. II: SI displacement: 40 vs. 13 mm, and AP displacement: 49 vs. 11 mm) and higher complication rate (p = 0.049) was found in Group I. Conclusions: Both arthroscopic anchor fixation and open plate fixation methods showed satisfactory outcomes at mid-term follow-up. Among them, OR/IF is preferred for larger fracture displacement (> 5 mm) and shorter operation time However, arthroscopic anchor fixation group showed better clinical outcomes and less complications than the OR/IF group. Level of evidence: Level 4, Case series with subgroup analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polystyrene is an inert polymer; however, sublethal effects have been observed in aquatic organisms exposed to microparticles of this plastic. Information on microplastic-related oxidative stress and related antioxidative responses as adverse effects and the underlying mechanisms of toxicity are limited. Daphnids are key contributors in aquatic ecosystems, linking primary producers to consumers and predators, facilitating energy transfer and thus being considered an ideal bioindicator organism to study the adverse effects of polystyrene fragments on the oxidative stress status and subsequent enzymatic antioxidant response. In the present study, neonates (≤ 24 h) and adult daphnids were acutely exposed to polystyrene fragments sieved to three size factions (< 25 µm, 45—63 µm, and 100—500 µm), and adverse effects were evaluated after 24 and 48 h. In adults, larger particles elicited reactive oxygen species by 61%, which was met with elevated superoxide dismutase (17%) and catalase activities (98%), restoring redox homeostasis within 48 h. However, in neonates, the reactive oxygen species increased with exposure to all polystyrene sizes within 24 h, and homeostasis was regained within 48 h without eliciting the enzymatic antioxidant defense. The adverse effects were associated with size fractions that were too large to be consumed, suggesting that leached additives may be involved. Further studies are needed to determine whether nonenzymatic antioxidants were responsible for neutralizing excess reactive oxygen species in neonates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development of self-powered water purification technologies for decentralized applications is crucial for ensuring the provision of drinking water in resource-limited regions. The elimination of the dependence on external energy inputs and the attainment of self-powered status significantly expands the applicability of the treatment system in real-world scenarios. Hybrid energy harvesters, which convert multiple ambient energies simultaneously, show the potential to drive self-powered water purification facilities under fluctuating actual conditions. Here, we propose recent advancements in hybrid energy systems that simultaneously harvest various ambient energies (e.g., photo irradiation, flow kinetic, thermal, and vibration) to drive water purification processes. The mechanisms of various energy harvesters and point-of-use water purification treatments are first outlined. Then we summarize the hybrid energy harvesters that can drive water purification treatment. These hybrid energy harvesters are based on the mechanisms of mechanical and photovoltaic, mechanical and thermal, and thermal and photovoltaic effects. This review provides a comprehensive understanding of the potential for advancing beyond the current state-of-the-art of hybrid energy harvester-driven water treatment processes. Future endeavors should focus on improving catalyst efficiency and developing sustainable hybrid energy harvesters to drive self-powered treatments under unstable conditions (e.g., fluctuating temperatures and humidity). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Perilla frutescens is an annual herbaceous plant widely cultivated for oil production in China, Japan, and Korea. In this study, we investigated the effect of perilla oil (PO) on thrombosis induced by collagen and epinephrine (CE) in rats. The oral administration of PO significantly increased prothrombin time (PT) and activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) in the blood plasma and inhibited the expression of cells adhesion markers (CAMs) such as intercellular CAM-1 (ICAM-1), vascular CAM (VCAM-1), E-selectin and P-selectin in the aorta tissue. Furthermore, pulmonary occlusion induced by CE in rats was suppressed by PO. α-Linolenic acid (ALA) was quantified at 60.14 ± 2.50 g/100 g of PO, and its oral administration at the same concentration with that in PO exerted the similar effect on PT, aPTT, ICAM-1, VCAM-1, E-selectin and P-selectin in CE-induced thrombosis rats. Taken together, PO and ALA significantly ameliorated thrombosis by regulating CAMs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Titanium dioxide, frequently used in commonplace products, is now regularly detected in aquatic environments. Understanding its toxic effects on native biota is essential. However, combined toxicity with commonly occurring pollutants, such as the pharmaceutical diclofenac, may provide more insight into environmental situations. Therefore, the present study aimed to evaluate the effects of titanium dioxide and diclofenac, individually and combined, on the macrophyte Egeria densa. Diclofenac uptake and removal by the macrophyte were assessed. Diclofenac and titanium dioxide were mixed prior to exposure to allow binding, which was assessed. Toxicity of the individual compounds and the combination was evaluated by assaying enzymes as bioindicators of biotransformation and the antioxidative system. Cytosolic glutathione S-transferase and glutathione reductase activities were increased by diclofenac, titanium dioxide, and the combination. Both enzymes' activities were more significantly elevated by diclofenac and the combination than nanoparticles alone. Microsomal glutathione S-transferase was unaffected by diclofenac exposure but inhibited with titanium dioxide and the mixture. Diclofenac elicited the most significant response. Based on the data, the cytosolic enzymes effectively prevented damage. Highlights: mGST was inhibited by TiO2, but DCF exposure was insignificant. cGST and GR activities increased with DCF exposure. No synergistic effect on cGST and GR with combined exposure. DCF, rather than TiO2, was responsible for oxidative stress-related toxicity. Macrophytes remained healthy despite exposures at high concentrations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although many efforts have been made to investigate a promising biomarker for the diagnosis of papillary thyroid cancer (PTC), the currently available biomarkers lack the sensitivity to accurately characterize PTC. Here, we established a high-sensitivityt cell-free DNA (cfDNA) detection system using polydopamine-silica (PDA/SiO2) hybrids to enable clinically reliable analysis of PTC. The PDA/SiO2-coated beads improved the detection of DNA by 1.76-fold (p=0.031) compared to the conventional silica-based cfDNA capture system. The PDA-SiO2-coated beads were then applied for the detection of cfDNA from serum samples obtained from 37 PTC patients, and the BRAFV600E mutation status in captured DNA was analyzed using both quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) and digital droplet PCR (ddPCR). The BRAFV600E mutation status analyzed using both assays demonstrated a strong correlation with the multifocality of PTC, exhibiting area under receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC-ROC) of >0.964 (p<0.001). In contrast, none of the serum antigens or antibodies related to PTC or thyroid functions exhibited clinically significant prediction for detecting PTC patients with multifocal tumors. These findings suggest that cfDNA capture using PDA/SiO2-coated beads is a promising approach for analyzing the BRAF mutation, which can serve as an excellent diagnostic biomarker for PTC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dual-ion Li metal batteries based on non-flammable SO2-in-salt inorganic electrolytes (Li–SO2 batteries) offer high safety and energy density. The use of cupric oxide (CuO) as a self-activating cathode material achieves a high specific capacity with cost-effective manufacturing in Li–SO2 batteries, but its cycle retention performance deteriorates owing to the significant morphological changes of the cathode active materials. Herein, we report the catalytic effect of carbonaceous materials used in the cathode material of Li–SO2 batteries, which act as templates to help recrystallize the active materials in the activation and conversion reactions. We found that the combination of oxidative-cyclized polyacrylonitrile (PAN) with N-doped carbonaceous materials and multi-yolk-shell CuO (MYS-CuO) nanoclusters as cathode active materials can significantly increase the specific capacity to 315.9 mAh g− 1 (93.8% of the theoretical value) at 0.2 C, which corresponds to an energy density of 1295 Wh kgCuO−1, with a capacity retention of 84.46% at the 200th cycle, and the cathode exhibited an atypical blossom-like morphological change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Particulate matter (PM) in the environment can adversely affect the health of living things. However, high removal efficiency and low-pressure loss are crucial design challenges for any air filtration system. To circumvent the challenge, here, we demonstrate a novel triboelectric (TE) air filtration system that is based on a rotation-type triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) and a filter comprising two sets of plates: primary and secondary, that are placed in the airflow channel. When the TENG charges the two plate sets with opposite charges, the flowing air particles are charged at the primary plates and are collected, due to an electric field, at the secondary plates. The TE filter has demonstrated a PM2.5 removal efficiency of ~ 99.97% for the fine dust particles, and it remains stable even after several washing cycles. The pressure loss is almost two orders less than the high-efficiency particulate air filter. Since the airflow itself can drive the TENG, the TE filter can potentially be integrated with any air conditioning system for fine dust filtration in offices, automobiles, etc. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Systemic diseases, such as IgG4-related disease, sarcoidosis, and amyloidosis, usually involve multiple systems or organs simultaneously or sequentially. The gastrointestinal tract, hepatobiliary system, and genitourinary tract are commonly involved in many multisystem diseases and can also be the first sites with disease involvement. Cross-sectional imaging, such as CT and MR, plays an important role in the diagnosis and management of multisystem diseases by aiding in the evaluation of multiorgan involvement. Here, common imaging features of frequently affected organs are reviewed in multisystem diseases that we often encounter in the abdomen and pelvis, and the diagnostic roles of cross-sectional imaging for these diseases are also discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mono(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (MEHP) is a primary metabolite of di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), which is widely used in industry as a plasticizer. Both DEHP and MEHP have been identified as endocrine disruptors affecting reproduction systems in natural aquatic environments. However, the effects of MEHP exposure on aquatic invertebrates such as Daphnia magna are still poorly understood. In the present study, lipid alterations caused by MEHP in D. magna were identified by analyzing lipid accumulation and nontarget metabolomics. In addition, reproductive endpoints were investigated. MEHP exposure under any conditions upto 2 mg/L was not associated with mortality of D. magna; yet, the number of lipid droplets and the adult female daphnids reproduction rates increased after 96 h of exposure and 21 days of exposure, respectively. MEHP also enhanced lipid metabolism, as evident from 283 potential lipid metabolites, including glycerolipids, glycerophospholipids, and sphingolipids, identified following 48 h of exposure. The MEHP-treated group exhibited significantly higher ecdysone receptor (EcR) and vitellogenin 2 (Vtg2) expression levels at 6 and 24 h. At 48 h, EcR and Vtg2 expression levels were downregulated in the 1 and 2 mg/L MEHP exposure groups. Our data reveal that the EcR pathway changes over MEHP exposure could be associated with lipid accumulation, owing to increased lipid levels and the subsequent increase in the reproduction of MEHP-exposed D. magna. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Piperine, one of the main constituents of black pepper, is an important marker of black pepper quality because of its bio-activity and characteristic flavour. Ultraviolet spectroscopy and high-performance liquid chromatography–ultraviolet detection were used for rapid determination of piperine in black pepper. The performance parameters and measurement uncertainties of the methods were estimated to identify the most efficient method. Ultraviolet spectroscopy had good specificity and linearity. Its limit of detection was 0.65. Accuracy and precision ranged from 96.7 to 101.5% and from 0.59 to 2.12%, respectively. Measurement uncertainty was estimated as 4.29% for 49.481 g/kg (k = 2). High-performance liquid chromatography also provided good specificity and linearity. The limit of detection was 0.23. Accuracy and precision were 98.2–100.6% and 0.83–1.58%, separately. Measurement uncertainty was calculated as 2.47% for 34.819 g/kg (k = 2). High-performance liquid chromatography is more sensitive and accurate than ultraviolet spectroscopy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Oat contains a variety of phenolic compounds, including avenanthramides, which are found only in oats. This study was conducted to establish the quantitative analysis of seven phenolic compounds in oat powders and sprouted oat powders and validate an efficient high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method. All calibration curves represented good linearity (R2 ≥ 0.9997) in the concentration range (0.5−50 mg/kg) with LOD and LOQ of 0.01−0.21 and 0.02−0.64 mg/kg, respectively. Intra-day accuracy (%) and precision (%RSD) were 90.7−103.8% and 1.5−4.9%, respectively. Inter-day accuracy (%) and precision (%RSD) were 90.4−107.9% and 2.2−4.8%, respectively. Moreover, relative expanded measurement uncertainty results complied with CODEX guideline. In addition, selected oat and sprouted oat powder extracts showed anti-microbial activities against Escherichia coli O157:H7. These results demonstrated that this HPLC method is suitable for the qualification and quantification of seven phenolic compounds in oat and sprouted oat. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, it was evaluated the effect of freeze-dried powder of Capsicum annuum L. cv. DANGJO (DJ) on ameliorating hyperglycemia in type 2 diabetes rat model induced by high-fat diet (HFD) and streptozotocin (STZ). Oral administration of DJ significantly reduced non-fasting blood glucose (NFBG) and insulin levels, as well as glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) level, a representative marker for diabetes, in HFD/STZ treated rats whereas the administration of green hot pepper (GHP) and green sweet pepper (GSP) did not show the significant effect. Quercitrin was quantified (40.97 mg/100 g of DJ) by HPLC, and administration of the same amount of quercitrin with DJ exerted the significant reduction of blood glucose level, strongly supporting that quercitrin is the key component in ameliorating the hyperglycemia of DJ in HFD/STZ treated rats. These results suggest that DJ can be considered as a potent functional food in preventing hyperglycemia in type 2 diabetes mellitus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to evaluate the differences in clinical characteristics and impact of carbapenem resistance (CR) on outcomes between Acinetobacter baumannii (Ab) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (Pa) bacteraemia. We prospectively identified all patients with Ab and Pa bacteraemia in 10 hospitals over 1 year. Treatment failure was defined as all-cause 30-day mortality, persistent bacteraemia, or recurrent bacteraemia within 30 days. We included 304 Ab and 241 Pa bacteraemia cases. CR was detected in 216 patients (71%) with Ab bacteraemia and 55 patients (23%) with Pa bacteraemia. Treatment failure was significantly higher in CR-Ab than in CR-Pa (60.6% vs. 34.5%, P = 0.001). In Ab, severe sepsis or septic shock and high Pitt bacteraemia score were independent risk factors for treatment failure in the inappropriate empirical antibiotics group. In Pa, hospital-acquired infection and high Pitt bacteraemia score were independent risk factors for treatment failure in both groups. CR was an independent risk factor in Ab for treatment failure in both groups, but not in Pa bacteraemia. We demonstrated significant differences in clinical characteristics and impact of CR on clinical outcomes between Ab and Pa bacteraemia, suggesting that different treatment approaches may be needed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plastic waste is recognised as hazardous, with the risk increasing as the polymers break down in nature to secondary microplastics or even nanoplastics. The number of studies reporting on the prevalence of microplastic in every perceivable niche and bioavailable to biota is dramatically increasing. Knowledge of the ecotoxicology of microplastic is advancing as well; however, information regarding plants, specifically aquatic macrophytes, is still lacking. The present study aimed to gain more information on the ecotoxicological effects of six different polymer types as 4 mm microplastic on the morphology (germination and growth) and the physiology (catalase and glutathione S-transferase activity) of the rooted aquatic macrophyte, Nelumbo nucifera. The role of sediment was also considered by conducting all exposure both in a sediment-containing and sediment-free exposure system. Polyvinyl chloride and polyurethane exposures caused the highest inhibition of germination and growth compared to the control. However, the presence of sediment significantly decreased the adverse effects. Catalase activity was increased with exposure to polyvinyl chloride, polyurethane, and polystyrene, both in the presence and absence of sediment but more so in the sediment-free system. Glutathione S-transferase activity was significantly increased with exposure to polypropylene, polyvinyl chloride, and polyethylene terephthalate in the sediment-free system and exposure to polyethylene terephthalate and polyurethane in the absence of sediment. There was no clear correlation between the morphological and physiological effects observed. Further studies are required to understand the underlying toxicity mechanism of microplastics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Modern molecular docking comprises the prediction of pose and affinity. Prediction of docking poses is required for affinity prediction when three-dimensional coordinates of the ligand have not been provided. However, a large number of feature engineering is required for existing methods. In addition, there is a need for a robust model for the sequential combination of pose and affinity prediction due to the probabilistic deviation of the ligand position issue. We propose a pipeline using a bipartite graph neural network and transfer learning trained on a re-docking dataset. We evaluated our model on the released data from drug design data resource grand challenge 4 (D3R GC4). The two target protein data provided by the challenge have different patterns. The model outperformed the best participant by 9% on the BACE target protein from stage 2. Further, our model showed competitive performance on the CatS target protein. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Non-nutritive sweeteners (NNS) are food additives that impart a sweet taste to food product with lower calories. Acesulfame potassium, aspartame, sodium saccharin, sucralose, steviol glycosides and enzymatically modified stevia are permitted in Korea. The study established the method of each NNS and applied it to each food items consumed in Korea. For risk assessments, the estimated daily intake (EDI) value for each NNS was calculated. EDI values of NNS were compared directly with each ADI (acceptable daily intake). The total estimated daily intake ranges by age compared with the % ADI were 0.12–0.53, 0.93–1.68, 0.05–0.20, 0.06–0.42 and 0.17–0.98% for acesulfame potassium, sodium saccharin, aspartame, sucralose and sum of stevioside and rebaudioside A, which were based on the overall averages. It can be concluded that the daily dietary intake of each of the five NNS is at a safe level when considered as a proportion of the ADI. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We aimed to compare refractive outcomes between total keratometry using a swept-source optical biometer and conventional keratometry in cataract surgery with refractive multifocal intraocular lens (IOL) implantation. We included patients who underwent cataract surgery with refractive multifocal IOL implantation. The IOL power was calculated using conventional formulas (Haigis, SRK/T, Holladay 2, and Barrett Universal II) as well as a new formula (Barrett TK Universal II). The refractive mean error, mean absolute error, and median absolute error were compared, as were the proportions of eyes within ± 0.25 diopters (D), ± 0.50 D, and ± 1.00 D of prediction error. In total 543 eyes of 543 patients, the absolute prediction error of total keratometry was significantly higher than that of conventional keratometry using the SRK/T (P = 0.034) and Barrett Universal II (P = 0.003). The proportion of eyes within ± 0.50 D of the prediction error using the SRK/T and Barrett Universal II was also significantly higher when using conventional keratometry than total keratometry (P = 0.010 for SRK/T and P = 0.005 for Barrett Universal II). Prediction accuracy of conventional keratometry was higher than that of total keratometry in cataract surgery with refractive multifocal IOL implantation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, the polyacrylonitrile (PAN) nanofibers and PAN nanofibers bonded with different transition metal (Fe, Co, Ni, and Cu) acetates were successfully prepared and their thermal oxidative stabilization process were analysed by Fourier-transform infrared spectra (FT-IR) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The structural evolution of process was characterized by examining the FTIR spectral peaks generated at four different thermal oxidative stabilization temperatures. Based on the thermal oxidative stabilization rates obtained from each transition metal, Co-PAN and Cu-PAN are the only effective precursors for the thermal oxidative stabilization process and, according to differential scanning calorimetry, Co-PAN is the most effective and suitable precursor for the PAN with different transition metals. Although Co-PAN increased the exothermic reaction (ΔH) by approximately 140%, it alleviates the heat release rate (ΔH/ΔT) by approximately 44%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Air-transmitted pathogens may cause severe epidemics showing huge threats to public health. Microbial inactivation in the air is essential, whereas the feasibility of existing air disinfection technologies meets challenges including only achieving physical separation but no inactivation, obvious pressure drops, and energy intensiveness. Here we report a rapid disinfection method toward air-transmitted bacteria and viruses using the nanowire-enhanced localized electric field to damage the outer structures of microbes. This air disinfection system is driven by a triboelectric nanogenerator that converts mechanical vibration to electricity effectively and achieves self-powered. Assisted by a rational design for the accelerated charging and trapping of microbes, this air disinfection system promotes microbial transport and achieves high performance: >99.99% microbial inactivation within 0.025 s in a fast airflow (2 m/s) while only causing low pressure drops (<24 Pa). This rapid, self-powered air disinfection method may fill the urgent need for air-transmitted microbial inactivation to protect public health. Air-transmitted pathogens are a recognized threat to public health. Here, the authors develop a self-powered, rapid disinfection method toward air-transmitted microbes using the localized electric field to damage the outer structures of microbes driven by a triboelectric nanogenerator. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The energy storage performance of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) depends on the electrode capacity and electrode/cell design parameters, which have previously been addressed separately, leading to a failure in practical implementation. Here, we show how conformal graphene (Gr) coating on Ni-rich oxides enables the fabrication of highly packed cathodes containing a high content of active material (~99 wt%) without conventional conducting agents. With 99 wt% LiNi0.8Co0.15Al0.05O2 (NCA) and electrode density of ~4.3 g cm-3, the Gr-coated NCA cathode delivers a high areal capacity, ~5.4 mAh cm−2 (~38% increase) and high volumetric capacity, ~863 mAh cm-3 (~34% increase) at a current rate of 0.2 C (~1.1 mA cm-2); this surpasses the bare electrode approaching a commercial level of electrode setting (96 wt% NCA; ~3.3 g cm-3). Our findings offer a combinatorial avenue for materials engineering and electrode design toward advanced LIB cathodes. Li-ion battery electrodes contain inactive materials, such as conducting agents and polymeric binders, which limit the energy density. Here, the authors demonstrate highly dense Ni-rich cathodes with improved volumetric capacities by coating graphene and minimizing the inactive components. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

High-resolution marine seismic data degraded by sea swell can be enhanced by swell correction. To correct for swell, two-way travel times are detected for sea bottom locations in seismic traces; linear predicted values are calculated from the previously detected travel times, and correct static shifts between the detected and calculated values before stacking. To pick sea bottom locations for very large numbers of seismic traces, automatic sea bottom detection (SBD) is normally required. However, sea bottom signal degradation by wave noise causes SBD failure. Our first SBD trial using trace-by-trace (TBT) picking from raw and energy ratio data was unsatisfactory, with many of the detected sea bottom values deviating from the correct values due to noise in the field data. However, we achieved reasonable results by considering source–receiver geometry and previously detected sea bottom values. We picked reliable sea bottom values within an expected hyperbolic range (EHR) calculated from the source–receiver offset and group interval. To prevent excessive correction for swell, we excluded unreliable picks that deviated greatly from the linear trend of previously detected sea bottom values, or from the immediately preceding value. Swell correction within the EHR significantly improved the quality of noisy data. We applied this method to noisy field seismic data acquired offshore Yeosu, Korea, and successfully detected the sea bottom, corrected for swell, and improved seismic section. Thus, high-resolution marine seismic data degraded by sea swell can be enhanced by pre-stack swell correction in shot gathers using a hyperbola calculated based on source–receiver geometry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, we evaluated the biosafety of a novel polyetheretherketone (PEEK) copolymer [P(E2-E4)K] composite using an animal model to test an implanted orthopedic spine cage. The PEEK copolymer was synthesized by solution polymerization with diphenyl sulfone solvent and blended with carbon fibers and graphene oxide to produce the composite. The P(E2-E4)K composite exhibited improved mechanical properties, similar to natural bone. The animal study results for short-term inflammation evaluation by hematoxylin & eosin and immunostaining methods showed significant histochemical stability for 3 weeks after implantation, demonstrating the required biosafety for medical application as an implantable spine cage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We aimed to compare the refractive outcomes of cataract surgery with diffractive multifocal intraocular lenses (IOLs) using standard keratometry (K) and total keratometry (TK). In this retrospective observational case series study, a total of 302 patients who underwent cataract surgery with multifocal IOL implantation were included. Predicted refractive outcomes were calculated based on the current standard formulas and a new formula developed for TK using K and TK, which were obtained from a swept-source optical biometer. At 2-month postoperatively, median absolute prediction errors (MedAEs) and proportion of eyes within ± 0.50 diopters (D) of predicted postoperative spherical equivalent (SE) refraction were analyzed. There was no significant difference between MedAEs or proportion of eyes within ± 0.50D of predicted refraction from K and TK in each formula. In TFNT00 and 839MP IOL cases, there was no difference between MedAEs from K and TK using any formula. In 829MP IOL cases, MedAE from TK was significantly larger than that from K in Barrett Universal II/Barrett TK Universal II (P = 0.033). In 677MY IOL cases, MedAE from TK was significantly larger than that from K in Haigis (P = 0.020) and Holladay 2 (P = 0.006) formulas. In the subgroup analysis for IOL, there was no difference between the proportion of eyes within ± 0.50 D of predicted refraction from K and TK using any formula. TFNT00 and 839MP IOLs were favorable with TK, with 677MY IOL with K and 829MP IOL being in a neutral position, which necessitates the study that investigates the accuracy of the new TK technology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Piperine is a bio-active compound found in pepper, including Piper nigrum L. and P. longum L. It has a strong, pungent flavour and several pharmacologic benefits. However, the risks of piperine have not yet been characterized. In this study, piperine in black pepper and some selected foods was determined to characterise the risk of exposure to piperine. Piperine in black pepper, curry and noodle was analysed by high-performance liquid chromatography–ultraviolet detection, which was validated through the measurement of performance parameters. The mean concentrations of piperine in black pepper, powdered curry, retorted curry, instant noodle and cup noodle were 4,418, 28, 3.4, 4.3 and 4.2 mg/100 g, respectively. The estimated dietary exposure to piperine was 123.66 μg/kg body weight/day, and the margin of exposure calculated by the no-observed-adverse-effect level of piperine, was 162. The piperine from food does not cause an adverse health effect to the public in Korea. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Presented in this work is an investigation of co-deposits of Pt and Bi on Au disk (Pt-Bi/Au) toward formic acid oxidation (FAO) using voltammetry and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The co-deposits of Pt and Bi on Au were prepared using an irreversible method in a mixed solution of Pt ion (1 mM) and Bi ion (5 mM), and the amount of co-deposits was controllable by the number of deposition cycles. The voltammetric studies revealed that the Pt-Bi/Au surfaces presented the characteristics of Pt, Bi, and Au depending on the number of deposition cycles. A detailed analysis of semi-quantitative results of XPS combined with hydrogen coverage on Pt and covered fraction of Au surface suggested two aspects of Pt-Bi co-deposits. One is that during co-adsorption, Bi adsorbing with a low efficiency enhanced irreversible adsorption of Pt. The other is that the Pt-Bi co-deposits would be an alloy of Pt-Bi when the Pt amount was low or Pt deposits enriched with Bi in surface regions when the Pt amount was high. The best FAO catalytic efficiency among the investigated Pt-Bi/Au surfaces was ~ 14 mA/cm2, which was higher than that of plain Pt deposits on Au (~ 6 mA/cm2) and comparable to that of sequentially prepared Bi-modified Pt deposits on Au (Bi/Pt/Au, ~ 20 mA/cm2). Because of a similarity in compositions and catalytic performances of the best Pt-Bi/Au and Bi/Pt/Au, the preparation procedure was concluded not to be critical so that the co-deposition method was more beneficial in terms of the number of deposition cycles in manufacturing electrocatalysts toward FAO. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Since volar locking plates (VLPs) have the benefits of more stable fixation and fewer complications, VLP osteosynthesis is now the preferred osteosynthesis method in the operative management of distal radius fractures (DRF). Along with the increases in operative management of VLP, the character and frequency of complications have changed. Thus, this multicentre study aimed to identify the characteristics of patients with DRFs who were treated with VLP fixation, describe the complication types and rates related to the procedure, and compare the results with those found in the literature. Material and methods: This retrospective multicentre study was conducted between January 2008 and December 2017. In total, data from 2225 patients over 17 years old who underwent VLP fixation for DRF were screened. Patients with closed reduction and pinning, external fixation, dorsal plate fixation, and screw-only fixation were excluded. Finally, 1955 wrists from 1921 patients (86.3%) were included. The following types of complications were investigated: (1) tendon injury, (2) nerve-related, (3) fixation- and instrument-related, (4) osteosynthesis-related, (5) infection, and (6) others. Results: The mean age of the patients was 60.3 ± 14.6 years with 587 males (30.6%). Distal ulnar fractures were found in 940 wrists (48.1%). The mean interval between fracture and surgery was 6.2 days, while the mean operative time was 68.3 ± 30.3 minutes. The following complications were found: (1) nine (0.46%) and 12 (0.61%) cases of flexor pollicis longus and complete extensor pollicis longus tears, respectively; (2) nine cases (0.46%) of palmar sensory median nerve branch damage, 15 cases (0.77%) of complex regional pain syndrome, and 36 cases (1.84%) of carpal tunnel syndrome; (3) five cases (0.26%) of fracture displacement even after plate fixation, six cases (0.31%) of screw breakage, 26 cases (1.33%) of radiocarpal joint screw penetration, and 511 cases (26.14%) of implant removal; (4) five cases (0.26%) of delayed union and three cases (0.15%) of non-union; (5) 83 (4.25%) and two (0.1%) cases of superficial and deep infection, respectively; and (6) two cases (0.1%) of compartment syndrome and three cases (0.15%) of radial artery damage. Conclusions: After 10 years of experience performing VLP fixation for DRFs in a multicentre setting, the results regarding complication types and rates support its use as a reasonable treatment option with low rates of complication. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Block copolymerization is already a proven technique to manipulate the properties of polymeric materials. Herein, our work presents a facile synthesis of high molecular weight polyglycolide-b-poly(L-)lactide-b-polyglycolide (b-PLLGA) triblock copolymers by ring-opening polymerization (ROP) in bulk at considerably low temperature. A series of ABA-type triblock copolymers was successfully prepared and microstructural properties were thoroughly investigated against random copolymers of poly(L-lactide-co-glycolide) (r-PLLGA). This synthesis method led to the preparation of high molecular weight b-PLLGAs with highly defined chain microstructure and an intrinsic viscosity [η] was obtained as high as 1.62 dl/g when [M]:[I] was [1]:[1000]. The investigations revealed that the prepared copolymers are in block type chain microstructure, having exclusive thermal transitions and sequence/segment properties. DSC analysis revealed that two glass (Tg) transitions and two melt transitions (Tm) exclusively associated to PGA block and PLLA block. Results were further confirmed by homosequenses of –LLLL- and -GGGG- from 13C-NMR spectroscopy. Tensile results revealed that b-PLLGA have higher tensile strength and Young's modulus as compared to r-PLLGA. Moreover, b-PLLGAs are more thermally stable and have a wider thermal processing window. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current study compared the physicochemical properties, antioxidant compounds and activities, of unripe and ripe fruits of three cultivars (Seolhyang, Janghee, and Maehyang) of strawberries grown in Korea. As fruits matured, their soluble solids content increased and their organic acid content decreased. Total phenolic content (TPC) and total flavonoid content (TFC) did not differ between Seolhyang and Maehyang fruits, regardless of maturity, whereas unripe Janghee fruits showed higher TPC and TFC than ripe fruits. Total anthocyanin content was higher in ripe fruits than in unripe fruits. For total antioxidant activity, ripe and unripe Seolhyang fruits showed no differences, whereas unripe Janghee fruits showed significantly higher activity than ripe fruits. TPC and TFC were highly correlated, as were DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging activities. Thus, antioxidant contents and total antioxidant activities differed with variety and fruit ripeness at harvest. Unripe fruits show strong potential for use in functional food manufacturing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Backgrounds: The concern in the toxicological impact of nanomaterials on aquatic organisms has grown, due to the high adsorption capacity for (in) organic compounds in the aquatic environment. In order to evaluate the toxicity of mixtures composed with metal ion and metal oxide nanoparticles and the interaction between components in binary mixtures, we tested the mixture toxicity of iron oxide nanoparticles (i.e., PVP-Fe3O4 NPs) and zinc sulfate (ZnSCU) on Daphnia magna. Methods: The toxicity of binary mixtures with different concentration-combinations were identified by the effective concentration values (ECxmix) based on the concentration-response curves. Concentration addition index (CAI) and effect addition index (EAI) were applied for examining the interaction between components in binary mixtures. Results: The findings from this study implied the ZnSO4 had a high toxic effect on D. magna more than PVP-Fe3O4 NPs and the synergistic toxicity in binary mixtures were depended on the toxic effects of ZnSO4 and their exposure concentration rather than those of PVP-Fe3O4 NPs. Interestingly, the antagonistic effects between ZnSO4 and PVP-Fe3O4 NPs in binary mixtures showed in the high concentration-combinations suggesting that antagonism in toxicity may be due to the high adsorption capacity of PVP-Fe3O4 NPs for organic compounds. Conclusion: In this study, synergistic- and antagonistic effects in binary mixtures with various concentrationcombinations will provide important information for elucidating the toxicity mechanism of mixtures composed inorganic compounds and metal oxide nanoparticles (MONPs). However, in order to conduct the risk assessment of environmental nanoparticle, further studies regarding the mixture toxicity of nanomaterials with environmentally relevant concentrations and the interaction between components will be required. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The heat-based spray drying process generating the highest level of advanced glycation end-products (AGEs) in the infant formula processing was set as a control point from which the levels of AGE markers, N-carboxymethyllysine, 5-hydroxymethylfurfural, and fluorescence intensity, can be mitigated. We optimized the parameters, including inlet temperature, feeding rate, and aspirator rate during spray drying, and alternatively optimized food additives, including pyridoxine hydrochloride, dl-α-tocopheryl acetate, and l-carnitine. Using response surface methodology, the optimal condition based on our experimental condition for the inlet temperature, pump rate, and aspirator rate were 148.7 °C, 342.4 mL/h and 28.6 m3/h, respectively, and the optimal conditions of pyridoxine hydrochloride, dl-α-tocopheryl acetate and l-carnitine were 0.99 mg/100 g dry mass (DM), 8 mg/100 g DM and 20.4 mg/100 g DM, respectively. These results suggest that AGEs can be mitigated by controlling the parameters and optimizing the addition of food additives during the spray-drying process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: An ideal, drug-induced sleep endoscopy (DISE) classification system should cover all the upper airways, be simple and practical, and quantify the severity of any obstruction. Excellent validity and reliability are essential. We explored the inter-rater reliability of Koo's DISE classification system in the hands of experienced and inexperienced otolaryngologists. Methods: We retrospectively analyzed video images of 100 patients who underwent DISE examination in our hospital between 2015 and 2018. Three experienced and three inexperienced otolaryngologists reviewed and scored all images. We calculated the inter-rater reliabilities of the two groups of otolaryngologists. Results: Independent of the extent of experience with DISE, detection of retropalatal obstructions (overall agreement: 0.87; kappa value: 0.60), and the degree of such obstructions (overall agreement: 0.67; kappa value: 0.52) were more consistent than were the detection of retrolingual obstructions (overall agreement: 0.61, kappa value: 0.37) and the degree of retrolingual obstructions (overall agreement: 0.20, kappa value: 0.35). Inexperienced observers were in good agreement for palatal obstructions and experienced observers were in good agreement for tongue-base obstructions. All of the otolaryngologists found it difficult to detect a lateral pharyngeal wall obstruction at the retrolingual level. Conclusion: Koo's DISE classification system focuses on surgical treatment, especially by otolaryngologists, and the degree of agreement between the experienced and inexperienced observers was relatively high. The participants' level of experience had a strong impact on scoring. The less-experienced otolaryngologists tended to overlook tongue-base obstructions, focusing instead on relatively simple retropalatal obstructions. In the future, development of a DISE classification system that can be accepted globally will be necessary. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

High molecular weight bioresorbable polyglactin was successfully synthesized by direct esterification of glycolic acid and lactic acid in diphenylether under vacuum. The reaction mixture was initially dehydrated at 120 °C, diphenylether and catalysts were added when the temperature was raised to 180 °C, meanwhile the reaction mixture was kept dehydrated azeotropically for several hours. Diphenylether was removed from reaction mixture using vacuum and white solid polyglactin was obtained after purification. The intrinsic viscosity of polyglactin was in a range of 0.6 to 1.10 dl/g. This synthesis process can be an economical alternative to the conventional synthesis of polyglactin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study compared the antioxidant activity of extracts from Dendropanax morbifera (D. morbifera) Levillis leaves. The concentrations of flavonoids and polyphenols were measured in extracts of D. morbifera leaves. The antioxidant activities were examined by ABTS and DPPH radical scavenging activity and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP). Total flavonoid and polyphenol contents, and FRAP were highest in the 30% ethanol extract collected in May. The ABTS and DPPH radical scavenging activities were the highest in the 60% ethanol extract harvested in May. For investigating the relationship between antioxidant activity and specific polyphenols, rutin and chlorogenic acid of the polyphenol component were quantified by LC-MS/MS analysis. The concentrations of them were highest in the 60% ethanol extract collected in May, and showed positive correlations with antioxidant activities. The optimal extraction conditions to yield the most effective antioxidant activity were obtained using a 60% ethanol extraction solvent with samples collected in May. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Transparent conductive electrodes (TCEs), which offer advantages of high electrical conductivity and optical transparency, are essential components of practical high-tech optoelectronics such as touch panels, e-papers, organic light-emitting diodes, and solar cells. Solution-processed Ag nanowires (AgNWs) have been considered as a practical alternative TCE material suitable for industrial-scale mass production. However, the contact resistance at AgNW junctions strongly affects the total sheet resistance of AgNW electrodes. In recent years, various welding techniques for AgNW network electrodes have been developed with the aim of decreasing their sheet resistance while maintaining their optical transmittance. In this paper, we present a review of various welding methods such as thermal-mechanical welding, light welding, chemical welding, and metal-plating welding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The aim of this study was to assess correlation between pain and degenerative bony changes on cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) images of temporomandibular joints (TMJs). Methods: Two hundred eighty-three temporomandibular joints with degenerative bony changes were evaluated. Pain intensity (numeric rating scale, NRS) and pain duration in patients with degenerative joint disease (DJD) were also analyzed. We classified condylar bony changes on CBCT into five types: osteophyte (Osp), erosion (Ero), flattening (Fla), subchondral sclerosis (Scl), and pseudocyst (Pse). Results: Degenerative bony changes were the most frequent in the age groups of 10~19, 20-29, and 50~59 years. The most frequent pain intensity was 'none' (NRS 0, 34.6%) followed by 'annoying' (NRS 3-5, 29.7%). The most frequent condylar bony change was Fla (219 joints, 77.4%) followed by Ero (169 joints, 59.7%). 'Ero + Fla' was the most common combination of the bony changes (12.7%). The frequency of erosion was directly proportional to NRS, but the frequency of osteophyte was inversely proportional. The prevalence of Ero increased from onset until 2 years and gradually decreased thereafter. The prevalence of Osp, Ero, and Pse increased with age. Conclusions: Osp and Ero can be pain-related variables in degenerative joint disease (DJD) patients. 'Six months to 2 years' may be a meaningful time point from the active, unstable phase to the stabilized late phase of DJD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]