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This study clarifies unlocking insights of oil derivatives with terahertz spectrum analysis: the hybrid refractive index rectangular core PCF perspective sensing with near-field scanning. This model constructs and mathematically explores a rectangular core PCF for deployment in petrochemical sensing. The use of circular air holes reduces fabrication difficulty. The objective is to detect diverse substances using terahertz range electromagnetic radiation. The COMSOL Multiphysics toolset employs FEM methods to examine the two different sensing and regulating aspects of the aforementioned sensor. The numerical analysis is performed in the core hole utilizing petrol, diesel, and kerosene. With a high relative sensitivity, the sensor beat prior experiments. The study shows the sensitivity of 97.71%, 98.23%, and 97.01% for kerosene, diesel, and petrol, respectively. Similarly, confinement loss for kerosene is 1.209 × 10–11 in x-axis, 2.65 × 10–11 in y-axis for diesel 2.46 × 10–12 in x-axis, 2.53 × 10–12 in y-axis, for petrol 9.25 × 10–11 in x-axis, 2.90 × 10–10 in y-axis, which is lower than in earlier studies. Our recommended sensor also exhibits substantial effective area of 9.44 × 10–08 m2 as well as a modest effective material loss (EML) of effective material loss for kerosene is 0.004065 cm−1 in x-axis, 0.012673 cm−1 in y-axis, for diesel 0.0036226 cm−1 for x-axis, 0.11388 cm−1 for y-axis, and for petrol 0.00471 cm−1 for x-axis, 0.01433 cm−1 for y-axis. This petrochemical sensor guarantee the highest level of sensitivity in the gas, oil, construction, automotive, health care, and cosmetics industries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Quantum-dot Cellular Automata (QCA) is an emerging nanotechnology that explores the potential of using quantum effects to build compact and energy-efficient computational devices. The hardware attacks on QCA primarily target understanding the physical structure and operation of these nanotechnological circuits. The circuits like cryptographic processors hold sensitive data that needs protection from third-party attacks. Logic locking is a hardware protection technique that adds additional gates to the original circuits to prevent circuits from these attacks. In this work, a new logic locking approach is proposed for QCA based circuits. The new configurable logic gate or key gate is introduced for logic locking. This gate can be configured to either wire or inverter based on key gate inputs. Further, the metaheuristic optimization based optimal key gate placement algorithm proposed to achieve higher security with minimum key gate placement. The proposed approach is verified in QCA benchmark circuits using QCA-Designer. Results shows that the proposed achieves maximum security with minimal gate replacements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For the past four decades, the microelectronics industry has relied on silicon complementary MOS (metal oxide semiconductors). Because of their excellent characteristics, MOSFETs have become key components in VLSI. A new method for fabricating nano bridge arrays of various materials makes use of a sacrificial template structure: a suspended silicon nanowire array. This method produces nano bridge arrays of diverse materials. Energy harvesters such as thermoelectric micro/nano generators could be used to power Internet of Things sensors. According to the findings of this work, a planar micro/nano generator was constructed using silicon micromachining technologies and a thermoelectric material composed of silicon-germanium (SiGe) nanowire arrays. A top-down nanofabrication approach and electro-chemical lithography are utilised to produce silicon nanowires from SOI wafers using direct-write electron beam lithography (EBL). VLS (Vapor Liquid Solid Growth) was utilised to demonstrate monolithic integration of bottom-up nano wire arrays on pre-made micro platforms (CVD-VLS). It is demonstrated in this study that MacEtch may be used to manufacture Si NW arrays on vertically aligned Si wafers. Template-assisted manufacturing techniques have also been used to construct vertically aligned Si NW arrays with regulated diameter and number density. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The physical modelling of the tunnel field effect transistor (TFET) is done in this study. The Silvaco TCAD tool is used to design and simulate the TFET structure. The FET device has attracted a lot of attention as the ideal tool in creating biosensors because of its appealing properties such as ultra-sensitivity, selectivity, low cost, and real-time detection capabilities in sensing point of view. These devices have a lot of potential as a platform for detecting biomolecules. Short channel effects, specificity, and nano-cavity filling have all been improved in FET-based biosensors. FET-based biosensors are appropriate for label-free applications. Random dopant variations and a thermal budget are seen during the construction of a JLFET. To overcome this problem, the charge-plasma-based concept was established in FETs in this study. Different metallurgical functions for electrodes were employed in this biosensor to behave as a p-type source and n-type drain. To alleviate the short channel effects, a dual material gate work function for the gate electrode was devised, as well as a double gate architecture. Biomolecules can be neutral or charge-based, and both types of biomolecules can be identified using a proof-of-concept FET-based biosensor. Changes in the drain current (Id) of the device were achieved by varying dielectric values and charges in the cavity region with variable cavity lengths. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Histological staining facilitates the microscopic study of diseased tissues in clinical investigations. Staining by fluorescent dyes enhances the tissue contrast, highlighting the important features. Haematoxylin and Eosin staining protocol is the most common in the histopathological analysis of cells and tissues in cancer diagnosis. HE staining provides a visual representation of tissue abnormalities, distinguishing cell nuclei and acidophilic structures. Stain unmixing is an equally vital procedure which decomposes the multi-stained image into individual stain components. These components are essential for visual examination of the interaction between the dye and the specific tissues. This manuscript put forwards an original cell destaining approach based on a three factor Nonnegative Matrix Factorization which separates the H and E components from the HE stained image. The experimental results with standard datasets and performance metrics demonstrate the robustness of the method yielding better PSNR and SSIM values for stain separation compared to similar works in this context. The PSNR values around 30 dB are achieved by the proposed unmixing approach which is more than 10 dB compared to the benchmark approaches. Similarly, the SSIM values are obtained in the range 0.42–0.73, signifying strong structural elements. The proposed method can be further extended to study the interaction of other activators in the wound repair process under cancer progression. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this report, CuCo2S4/graphene (abbreviated as CCS–G) hybrid electrodes were fabricated via facile and one step hydrothermal route. The fabricated electrodes were characterized by XRD, Raman, TEM, BET and XPS to investigate the structural, morphological and elemental composition properties. N2 adsorption–desorption studies showed that CCS–G indicates the maximum specific area of 112 m2 g−1 related to CCS (77 m2 g−1). The CuCo2S4/graphene electrode deliver a high specific capacitance 1625 F g−1 at relative current density of 2 A g−1 and high cyclic retention of 97% after 5000 cycles experiment. Interestingly, asymmetric device CCS–G//AC was fabricated and it shows high energy density of 27 Wh Kg−1 with relative power density of 5100 W Kg−1. The sandwich type dye sensitized solar cell (DSSC) was fabricated and tested the J–V and IPCE analysis. The finding reveals that CuCo2S4/graphene electrode shows high PCE (11.85%) and long term stability. The superior PCE of the composite is due to the heterostructure, mesoporous nature and high surface area with enhanced light harvesting capacity. Due to the high photovoltaic and electrocatalytic activity of CuCo2S4/graphene heterostructure can be useful for energy conversion and storage device applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Despite intensive therapy, ~60–80% of children who are diagnosed with metastatic neuroblastoma (NB) succumb to the disease. NB preferentially metastasizes to the bone marrow (BM). In the present study we used SY5Y and CHP212 (NB cell lines) to study the roles of the preprotachykinin-I (PPT-I) gene and the natural receptors for PPT-I peptides, neurokinin-1 (NK-1) and NK-2, in the biology of NB. PPT-I, NK-1 and NK-2 were constitutively expressed in the NB cells. Functional studies, with specific NK receptor antagonists, showed that PPT-I peptides mediate autocrine proliferation of the NB cells through both NK-1 and NK-2 receptors. Full-length and truncated NK-1 receptors were detected in NB cells. Since there is one copy of the NK-1 gene, we used NK-1-specific siRNA to suppress the expression of NK-1. The NK-1-deficient NB cells showed phenotypes consistent with cell differentiation. Suppression of NK-1 did not appear to cause cell death, as demonstrated by trypan blue exclusion and by undetectable active caspase. NK-1 suppression reduced the proliferation of the NB cells beginning by 10-fold at day 1 and reached a 10 5 -fold reduction by day 10. The NK-1 deficient cells did not proliferate when they were placed as cocultures with BM stroma, which suggests that NK-1 signaling is important for the survival of NB cells in the BM. The results show potential roles for NK receptors in the proliferation of NB. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]