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Both social exclusion and loneliness are aversive experiences that can lead to hostile behavioral reactions, including aggressive behavior. This study aimed to assess whether a social exclusion scenario in the subject's imagination elicits aggressive reactions towards an excluding person as measured with the hot sauce paradigm. Furthermore, we studied the effect of loneliness on such reactions. In total, 251 subjects (67.7% female; mean age 27.3 ± 9.3 years) participated in this study which was based on an online survey. After trait loneliness was assessed with the UCLA Loneliness scale at baseline, two imaginary scenarios were presented in randomized order, i.e., an exclusion condition (with one of two working colleagues excluding the participant from a social activity) and an inclusion condition (without exclusion). Following each scenario, participants had the task to allocate the amount of hot sauce to each colleague that they find appropriate. Participants distributed significantly more hot sauce to the excluder than to the includers. The amount of hot sauce was significantly correlated with loneliness for all includer interactions (i.e., after the inclusion as well as the exclusion scenario), but not for the interaction with the excluder. Our results support the hypothesis that social exclusion elicits aggressive behavior. Interestingly, the experience of loneliness seems to be associated with an increase in aggressive behavioral tendencies or a lack of their inhibition. The cognitive and/or emotional processes underlying the interplay between social exclusion, loneliness and aggression should be a focus of future research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Modifying established motor skills is a challenging endeavor due to proactive interference from undesired old to desired new actions, calling for high levels of cognitive control. Motor restrictions may facilitate the modification of motor skills by rendering undesired responses physically impossible, thus reducing demands to response inhibition. Here we studied behavioral and EEG effects of rule changes to typing in skilled touch-typists. The respective rule change—typing without using the left index finger—was either implemented per instruction only or with an additional motor restriction. In both groups, the rule change elicited delays and more errors in typing, indicating the occurrence of proactive interference. While stimulus-locked ERPs did not exhibit prominent effects of rule change or group, response-locked ERPs revealed that the time courses of preparatory brain activity preceding typing responses depended on the presence of motor restriction. Although further research is necessary to corroborate our findings, they indicate a novel brain correlate that represents changes in inhibitory response preparation induced by short-term motor restrictions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Social rejection and exclusion (ostracism) represent main stressors in daily life and even threaten mental and physical health. Abundant data from subjective measures in social exclusion paradigms are available, but the dynamic behavioral response is largely unexplored. Here, we applied modified variants of the Cyberball paradigm in two consecutive experiments to investigate the adaptive behavioral and emotional reactions to partial social exclusion. In experiment 1, 68 healthy participants (females, mean age 24.76 ± 4.05 years) played 2 min inclusion, 5 min partial exclusion and 2 min total exclusion. In experiment 2, 94 healthy participants (48 females, mean age 34.50 ± 12.08 years) underwent an experimental condition (2 min inclusion, 10 min partial exclusion) and a control condition (12 min inclusion only) in randomized order. In experiment 1, behavioral responses to partial exclusion showed two characteristics: (1) an immediate increase in ball passes to the excluding player followed (2) by a later return of participants' behavior to baseline. This finding was replicated for both genders and in comparison to a control condition in experiment 2. The dynamic behavioral response observed here may point to overlapping principles of cooperation in this ball tossing paradigm and serves as a novel experimental proxy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The pedunculopontine nucleus (PPN) is engaged in posture and gait control, and neuronal degeneration in the PPN has been associated with Parkinsonian disorders. Clinical outcomes of deep brain stimulation of the PPN in idiopathic Parkinson's disease (IPD) and progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP) differ, and we investigated whether the PPN is differentially affected in these conditions. We had the rare opportunity to record continuous electrophysiological data intraoperatively in 30 s blocks from single microelectrode contacts implanted in the PPN in six PSP patients and three IPD patients during rest, passive movement, and active movement. Neuronal spikes were sorted according to shape using a wavelet-based clustering approach to enable comparisons between individual neuronal firing rates in the two disease states. The action potential widths showed a bimodal distribution consistent with previous findings, suggesting spikes from noncholinergic (likely glutamatergic) and cholinergic neurons. A higher PPN spiking rate of narrow action potentials was observed in the PSP than in the IPD patients when pooled across all three conditions (Wilcoxon rank sum test: p = 0.0141). No correlation was found between firing rate and disease severity or duration. The firing rates were higher during passive movement than rest and active movement in both groups, but the differences between conditions were not significant. PSP and IPD are believed to represent distinct disease processes, and our findings that the neuronal firing rates differ according to disease state support the proposal that pathological processes directly involving the PPN may be more pronounced in PSP than IPD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Notfall & Rettungsmedizin is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Anaesthesist is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Monatsschrift Kinderheilkunde is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Herz is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

RNA interference (RNAi) entails the potential for novel therapeutic strategies through the silencing of disease-causing genes in vivo. However, recent studies have raised an issue regarding applicable routes of administration for small interfering RNA (siRNA) molecules as therapeutics. In this study, we demonstrate that liposomally formulated siRNA molecules, the so-called siRNA-lipoplexes, but not naked siRNAs, are delivered to the tumor endothelial cells in vivo by microscopy. In addition, functional intracellular delivery of formulated siRNA targeting the tumor suppressor PTEN is shown in endothelial cells of the liver and tumor. Finally, the therapeutic potential of systemically administered siRNACD31-lipoplexes is established by inhibition of tumor growth in two different xenograft mouse models. Our findings corroborate the applicability of this liposomal siRNA delivery technology for inducing RNAi to modulate gene expression levels in angiogenesis-dependent processes. In addition, our results advocate CD31 as a promising therapeutic target for antiangiogenic intervention. Therefore, our study provides a basis for the development of antiangiogenic cancer therapies based on RNAi.Gene Therapy (2006) 13, 1360–1370. doi:10.1038/sj.gt.3302778; published online 20 April 2006 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For the application of RNA interference (RNAi) in vivo the functional delivery of short interfering RNAs (siRNAs) is still the major obstacle. Therefore, delivery technologies need to be established for the systemic application of RNAi in vivo. Here we report uptake, biodistribution and in vivo efficacy of siRNA molecules formulated into siRNA-lipoplexes. The applied formulation is based on complex formation of positively charged liposomes, a mixture of cationic and fusogenic lipids complexed with the negatively charged siRNA. We determined by fluorescence microscopy the temporal and spatial distribution of fluorescently labeled siRNA-lipoplexes, the body clearance and endothelial cell type specific uptake after single intravenous injection. Furthermore, by using siRNA molecules for targeting endothelia-specifically expressed genes, such as CD31 and Tie2, we were able to demonstrate downregulation of the corresponding mRNA and protein in vivo. Taken together, we show the applicability of this non-viral delivery technology for inducing RNAi in the vasculature of mice after systemic application.Gene Therapy (2006) 13, 1222–1234. doi:10.1038/sj.gt.3302777; published online 20 April 2006 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Materials & Structures is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

To define reproducible criteria for subgroups of diffuse large B-cell lymphomas (DLBCL), including lymphomas with plasmablastic/plasmacytoid features (PB/PC-Fs), we investigated 66 DLBCL; the samples were categorized as either centroblastic (CB), immunoblastic (IB) or PB/PC-F applying standardized morphologic criteria. Blinded specimens were reviewed by three independent pathologists. The final consensus classification included 44 CB (67%), seven IB (10%) and 15 PB/PC-F (23%). The interobserver agreement between two centers (Vienna, Würzburg) was 93.5%. Most PB/PC-F were CD20+, cIgM+, MUM-1+, CD138±, bcl-6-, corresponding to an activated B-cell phenotype. Immunoglobulin-VH gene mutation analysis was consistent with a germinal or postgerminal center-cell origin. By fluorescence in situ hybridization analysis, 11/13 (85%) PB/PC-F had a monoallelic TP53 deletion. The pretreatment characteristics of patients with PB/PC-F included a tendency for more B symptoms, extranodal disease and a higher IPI. Importantly, PB/PC-F were resistant to standard chemotherapy (complete remission rate 47%, relapse rate 71%) and even autologous stem-cell transplantation. The median overall survival (OS) (14 months, P<0.002) and disease-free survival (6 months, P=0.02) were significantly shorter compared to patients with CB and IB. The OS difference was pronounced within the low and low-intermediate IPI risk group (P<0.001). Our data indicate a strong association of plasmablastic/plasmacytoid morphology with TP53 deletions, poor response to chemotherapy and short survival.Leukemia (2004) 18, 146-155. doi:10.1038/sj.leu.2403206 Published online 6 November 2003 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cyanoacrylates, a group of rapidly polymerizing adhesives, have found widespread uses in oral and general surgery as well as surgical subspecialties, for example as hemostatic and anastomotic agents. They have been utilized most recently as materials for embolotherapy of complex cerebral and extra-cerebral vascular anomalies. The histopathology that results from their deposition in human tissues is thus an important consideration, and the subject of this review. Particular attention is given to the fate of cyanoacrylates in cerebral lesions after iatrogenic embolization procedures. The apparent toxicity of these plastics on blood vessel walls is discussed in relation to experimental observations. It is imperative that clinicians who use this group of substances evaluate their potential functions in the light of the pathologic findings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Archives of Dermatological Research is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Twelve healthy male volunteers participated in a single-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled cross-over study of IV iopromide in doses of 15 g iodine or 80 g iodine infused over a period of 15 min. The volunteers were observed for three days during which time blood samples, urine and faeces were collected. The terminal disposition phase half-life of iopromide was 2 h and 1.9 h, and the total clearance was 110 and 103 ml·min at the lower and at the higher dose levels, respectively. The steady state volume of distribution was 16 and 17 l, indicating predominantly extracellular distribution of iopromide. Statistical analysis (one-sided t-test) showed that all the target parameters (AUC, half-life and urinary excretion) were equivalent at both dose levels, indicating dose proportionate, first order kinetics of iopromide over the large dose range tested. Iopromide was well tolerated after both doses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Tropical Animal Health & Production is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The spin-lattice relaxation times T of the NMR signals ofMo andMo in aqueous KMoO solutions were determined by the inversion recovery technique. To separate the relaxation rates due to electric quadrupole interaction and due to magnetic dipole interaction, pure HO and mixtures of HO and DO were used as solvent. No dependence of the ratio of the relaxation rates T(Mo)/ T(Mo) on the composition of the solvent was to be detected, i.e. the relaxation due to magnetic dipole interaction may be neglected. From the ratio of the relaxation rates the absolute value of the ratio of the quadrupole moments of the molybdenum isotopes was evaluated: ¦ Q(Mo)/Q(Mo)¦ = 11.4 ±0.3. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Materials & Structures is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Masses, charges and kinetic energies of light fission fragments from the reactionsU( n, f) andPu( n, f) induced by thermal neutrons have been measured on the Cosi fan tutte spectrometer of the Institut Laue-Langevin in Grenoble. Both at very high and very low kinetic energies marked fine structures in the mass yields and odd-even staggerings in the charge yields are observed. In the framework of a scission point model the results are shown to point to compact and deformed scission configurations, respectively, where at scission the fragments carry no intrinsic excitation energy. The two limiting processes may, therefore, be called cold compact fission (usually known as cold fission) and cold deformed fission. The latter process as a general phenomenon of low energy fission has come into focus only recently. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Whether and how differences in environmental predictability affect life-history traits is controversial and may depend on mean environmental conditions. Solid evidence for effects of environmental predictability are lacking and thus, the consequences of the currently observed and forecasted climate-change induced reduction of precipitation predictability are largely unknown. Here we experimentally tested whether and how changes in the predictability of precipitation affect growth, reproduction, and survival of common lizard Zootoca vivipara. Precipitation predictability affected all three age classes. While adults were able to compensate the treatment effects, yearlings and juvenile females were not able to compensate negative effects of less predictable precipitation on growth and body condition, respectively. Differences among the age-classes' response reflect differences (among age-classes) in the sensitivity to environmental predictability. Moreover, effects of environmental predictability depended on mean environmental conditions. This indicates that integrating differences in environmental sensitivity, and changes in averages and the predictability of climatic variables will be key to understand whether species are able to cope with the current climatic change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]