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The development of eco-friendly materials from nature has grown much consideration from scientists due to the reduction of environmental impacts and petroleum products. The naturally derived laminated fibers reinforced bio-epoxy biocomposites have emerged as a greater alternative to synthetic fiber composites for load-bearing structural applications. The current study aimed to investigate the physical, surface interfacial, wettability, thermal degradation, and tribological characteristics of kenaf-pineapple laminates bio-epoxy biocomposites under accelerated weathering and variable humidity conditions. The results scrutinized that insertion of kenaf laminates with pineapple fibers and bio-epoxy polymer enhanced the interfacial interaction and revealed lower porosity and higher thermo-mechanical properties with greater heat dissipation and thermal stability. The accelerated weathering adversely affected the surface properties of biocomposites like hardness, thickness swelling, roughness, and hydrophilicity. The tribology behavior of laminated biocomposites has been analyzed employing a pin-on-disc tribometer at varied loading (20 N, 40 N, and 60 N) with variable sliding distances (1000 m, 2000 m, and 3000 m) under the influence of different humidity (RH30%, RH50%, and RH70%) conditions. The results observed that volume loss, friction force, coefficient of friction, and specific wear rate of biocomposites increased under accelerated weathering and higher humidity. The morphology at the worn surfaces showed interfacial debonding, cavitation, and scattering due to weathering and higher humidity. Finally, the outcomes suggested that the developed biocomposites sustained greater load with higher specific interfacial strength and had greater potential to replace synthetic materials for indoor/outdoor load-bearing applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, there has been a growing interest in smart textiles, and photochromic compounds are well-established colorants in the manufacturing of UV-sensing smart textiles. This study investigated the optimal dyeing conditions for photochromic spiroindolinonaphthoxazines dyes, specifically trimethylspiroindoline-2,3′-3H-naphth[2,1-b][1,4]oxazine (SNO) and 9′-hydroxy-1,3,3-trimethylspiro{indoline-2,3′[3H]naphtho[2,1-b][1,4]oxazine} (SNO–OH), on polyester fabric using an aqueous exhaust dyeing method. The results revealed that the optimal conditions for dyeing polyester fabric with spiroindolinonaphthoxazines dyes are pH 8, 100 °C, and 20 min. Liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry analysis demonstrated the susceptibility of these dyes to degradation at higher dyeing temperatures and acidic pH. Notably, the singlet oxygen quencher 1,4-diazabicyclo[2,2,2] octane enhanced photochromic performance by protecting the dyes from degradation during the dyeing process. Polyester fabrics dyed with SNO exhibited superior photochromic behavior compared to those dyed with SNO–OH, including higher color build-up, exhaustion, fatigue resistance, and color fastness properties. Overall, the optimization of the dyeing conditions and the use of a singlet oxygen quencher are crucial for achieving optimal photochromic performance and dye stability on polyester fabrics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we present an existence result for ω-periodic solutions for an infinite system of third-order differential equations in a classical Banach sequence space c. This result is obtained using techniques related to measures of noncompactness together with the concept of Meir–Keeler condensing operators, considering the respective Green's function corresponding to the system. To illustrate the significance of our results, we provide some concrete examples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aerospace sector has become one of the major contributors of CO2. The tremendous release of CO2 has posed major sustainability challenges for the stakeholders. The focus has been primarily on using alternative aircraft fuels or reducing the consumption of fossil fuels through the employability of low-density polymeric composite materials. Therefore, the present work has investigated different composite samples based on carbon fiber, coir fiber, pineapple fiber, and Punica granatum fiber for an aerospace interior cabin. A total of forty-eight composite laminates have been fabricated at different stacking sequences of carbon fiber, coir fiber, pineapple fiber, and Punica granatum fiber laminates using vacuum resin transfer molding techniques. The fabricated composite specimens have been investigated for physio-mechanical properties and the associated costs. The best composite laminate configuration among the considered forty-eight configurations has been analyzed using linear Diophantine uncertain linguistic fuzzy power Einstein-weighted arithmetic fuzzy TODIM decision-making framework. This has been accomplished with due consideration to the investigated physio-mechanical properties and costs. It has been revealed that [P-G-O] (pineapple fiber–Punica granatum fiber–coir fiber stacking sequence) composite laminate can be employed as a substitute for carbon fiber laminate composites for aerospace interior cabins. Because the aircraft industry contributes significantly to CO2 emissions, the development and usage of low-density bio-composites help to reduce carbon footprint. This will assist any developing or developed country increase their carbon credits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is focused on modern optical switching, which is a subject of great interest due to the high speed, secure data processing, and compact size of modern communication systems. In the optical architecture, phase-shifted fiber Bragg grating (PSFBG) contributes additional features towards all-optical switching. This work proposes a modern communication system with an all-optical 4-bit parity checker circuit as an essential device within the framework of the FBG structure and cross-phase modulation (XPM)-based nonlinear switching performance. In the new era of modern communication systems and high-speed switching technology, PSFBG based on XPM also opens the path towards integrated optics and switch-in fiber as integrated optical communication. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cardiovascular disease encompasses conditions affecting the heart and blood vessels, leading to ailments such as coronary artery disease, heart failure, and myocardial infarction (MI), which occurs when blood flow to the heart is obstructed. Early prediction of MI is vital to prevent severe damage and enhance survival rates. Traditionally, an electrocardiogram (ECG) is employed to detect cardiovascular anomalies, but its requirement for multiple electrodes placed on various body locations makes continuous monitoring difficult. Current research gaps involve the necessity for medical assistance during ECG monitoring, data variability, accuracy, early symptom prediction, and limited data availability due to the sensitive nature of medical records. To address these issues, introduce EMIP-CardioPPG, a novel mathematical framework for early MI prediction using CardioPPG, a non-invasive method that utilizes photoplethysmography (PPG) signals to monitor heart rate (HR) and detect cardiovascular abnormalities. Our approach comprises four steps: first, acquiring data from the same individual using two different sources, a self-created IoMT device and a 4-channel BIOPAC-Mp-36 device; second, preprocessing the data by denoising, filtering, normalizing, and removing motion artifacts; and third, employing mathematical calculations to determine heart rate variability (HRV) and HR, enhancing PPG signal features for early MI prediction. Fourth, evaluate our model performance using machine learning algorithms such as ridge regression, support vector classifier, independent component analysis, singular value decomposition, random forest, and XGBoost, PAN-TOMPKINS algorithm achieving overall accuracy of 97.91% for HRV from our IomT device and 98.83% for HR from our BIOPAC-MP-36. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

All-optical half subtractor (AHS) is the very essential circuit to perform very-high speed operations in the present electronic world. The paper focuses on implementation of AHS by using photonic crystal (PhC) T-shaped waveguides. This structure works on beam interference pattern, and the output results are simulated using finite-difference time-domain method (FDTD). The suggested structure is of compact size of 27.72 μm2 and good contrast ratio (CR) of 15.79 for difference (Diff) and 11.22 for borrow (Borr) with the bit rate of 90.9 Tbps that can bring out in optical signal processing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The widespread availability of banana peels makes them an excellent resource for bio-fillers in developing environmentally conscious and biodegradable composites, serving as substitutes for plastic and synthetic waste. This study focuses on using banana peel waste as a bio-filler to produce lighter and cheaper materials. The extracted banana peels were subjected to alkali treatment to improve interfacial interaction, and their crystalline performance, functional categories, and morphological studies were examined using XRD, FTIR, and SEM techniques. Composite samples were fabricated with varying bio-filler ratios (0.0, 2.5, 5.0, 7.5, and 10%) to examine their thermo-mechanical and tribological attributes. The inclusion of banana peel in the epoxy matrix at up to 5% significantly enhanced mechanical performance, while 7.5% composites demonstrated higher thermal endurance with a degradation temperature of 395 °C and reduced water retention. Frictional wear of the specimens was assessed by varying sliding speeds under different loads, with the highest coefficient of friction and temperature observed under a 30 N force for BPC-10.0 specimens. This research innovatively uses banana peel powder (approx. 65 µm) to create polymeric composites, addressing the need for sustainable materials with higher specific modulus and strength compared to conventional substances. The study uniquely evaluates the physical, mechanical, structural, and tribological efficiency of raw and processed banana peel particles, with chemical modifications improving crystallinity and interfacial bonding. This comprehensive approach provides vital insights for developing sustainable alternatives to reduce plastic usage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A series of metalated porous organic polymers (POPs) derived from tetraphenylporphyrin (TPP) was synthesized, and the specific surface areas, selectivities for CO2 over N2, and conversion properties of the POPs were investigated. The metallo-tetraphenylporphyrin-based porous organic polymers were characterized using FT-IR, 13C-NMR, TGA, XRD, XPS, HR-FESEM, and EDX. Among the five catalysts studied, non-metalated TPP-based POP exhibited the highest BET surface area of 524.04 m2g−1, whereas the Ni(II)TPP-based POP had the greatest CO2/N2 selectivity at both 298 and 323 K. In terms of the catalytic efficiency for the conversion of styrene oxide to styrene carbonate using CO2, 2HPOP exhibited the highest yield of 91.67%, while the yield obtained with the metalated POPs was approximately 20%. This result suggests that the catalytic efficiency for CO2 conversion is determined by both the selectivity and surface area of the metalated POPs. Moreover, the improvement in the CO2/N2 selectivity resulting from metalation did not play a dominant role in counterbalancing and surpassing the decrease in porosity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The pursuit of sustainable agriculture has become imperative in addressing global food security challenges while minimizing environmental impacts. Recent innovations in nanotechnology have given rise to a promising solution: nanofertilizers. Research reveals that these nanofertilizers can significantly enhance nutrient use efficiency, reducing environmental consequences, and advancing the cause of cleaner production. With potential increases of up to 30% in nutrient use efficiency and 20% in crop yields compared to traditional fertilizers, nanofertilizers demonstrate the capability to substitute up to 50% of conventional fertilizers, thereby diminishing their ecological footprint. This review paper explores the emerging trends and advancements in the field of nanofertilizers and their potential to revolutionize modern agriculture. We delve into the fundamental concepts of nanofertilizers, including their unique characteristics and controlled-release mechanisms. We analysed the impact of nanofertilizers on crop productivity, quality, and growth through the lens of research findings and case studies. While acknowledging the substantial potential of nanofertilizers, we also address environmental and safety considerations, emphasizing the importance of responsible deployment. In an era prioritizing environmental concerns, nanofertilizers offer a promising solution to meet growing food demands while protecting ecosystems.Highlights: Nanofertilizers enhance nutrient use efficiency, reducing environmental pollution from conventional fertilizers. Controlled release properties of nanofertilizers align nutrient availability with plant growth, boosting productivity. Nanofertilizers support sustainable agriculture, addressing global challenges like food security and soil health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The characterization of the various rock types through petrophysical data analysis is essential for comprehending geological processes and enhancing the efficacy of geophysical approaches aimed at mineralization zones. In the present study, a Fuzzy C-Means (FCM) clustering algorithm was employed to automatically classify lithounits within the western sector of the North Singhbhum Mobile Belt based on the petrophysical properties. Laboratory measurements of 326 rock samples from the study area show a wide range of density (~2350–3150 kg/m3) and magnetic susceptibility (10−5 SI to 10−1 SI) values. Further FCM analysis reveals three distinct clusters: (i) cluster 1 displays high density and low magnetic susceptibility responses and comprises majorly metabasic, phyllite, and mica schist rocks, (ii) cluster 2 shows low density and low magnetic susceptibility characteristics and contains mainly metasedimentary rocks (phyllite, quartzite, and mica schist) and (iii) cluster 3 also primarily encompasses metasedimentary rocks, but it displays the low density and high magnetic susceptibility characteristics. Overlap of rock types in different clusters probably indicates the influence of secondary geological processes on the petrophysical measurements such as metamorphism, alteration, and weathering, which is also supported by the petrographical studies. Overall, the present study demonstrates the potential utility of the FCM algorithm for automatic lithology classification and inferring the associated geological processes from the petrophysical measurements. Furthermore, the correlation between the geophysical and petrophysical clusters highlights the role of petrophysical information in the automatic geological/mineral mapping. However, the complexity in cluster attributes on a detailed scale suggests that future studies in the NSMB should focus on comprehensive multi-parameter petrophysical and geochemical measurements. This approach will help in developing better strategies for 3D geophysical data inversion and resolve the complexities in petrophysical data interpretation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The concept of optical switching utilizing directional couplers and the electro-optic effect has been leveraged to design various sequential circuits. By applying an appropriate voltage to the core of the couplers, switching of optical pulse signals is achieved through optical tunneling phenomena. This paper presents a comprehensive mathematical analysis of electro-optic effect-based switching, demonstrating its efficacy through 3-D MATLAB simulations of the optical switch layout. A clocked D flip-flop, incorporating an optical delay unit, is examined using 3-D numerical simulations, illustrating the spatial propagation of optical pulses and providing time domain plots for verification. Employing the proposed clocked D flip-flop as a basic module, optically clocked ripple up/down-counters are implemented. Additionally, the design and analysis of an optical 4-bit shift register are discussed, showcasing its ability to effectively shift pulses via 3-D simulations of optical field propagation and time domain plots. This study presents a comprehensive analysis of the extinction ratio, contrast ratio, and amplitude modulation characteristics of the proposed optical code converter circuit. These findings offer an effective methodology for implementing both basic sequential models and complex optical circuits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The presence of refractory micropollutants in natural waters poses significant environmental and health risks. Preferably, advanced oxidation techniques like electro-Fenton (EF) and bio-electro-Fenton (BEF) are used to mitigate micropollutants; nevertheless, their field-scale implementation is limited by prohibitive catalyst cost. As an alternative, waste-iron electrocoagulated algal biomass (A-BC/Fe) was explored as a heterogeneous Fenton catalyst to eliminate dimethyl phthalate (DMP) from wastewater. The Fenton-conducive morphological, chemical, and electrochemical properties of the A-BC/Fe catalyst were revealed by detailed characterisation. In EF treatment, 10 mg/L of DMP was completely degraded within 15 min at pH of 7.0, 50 mM Na2SO4, and cathode potential of − 1.4 V vs. Ag/AgCl. Moreover, the EF system achieved 87.80 ± 2.10% and 96.14 ± 1.10% of DMP removal from secondary and tertiary treated municipal sewage, respectively. The A-BC/Fe catalyst-driven EF process disintegrated DMP into benign non-toxic by-products and showed stable performance over eight batch cycles with only a 1.71% decline in DMP removal efficiency. Further, the A-BC/Fe-catalysed BEF system eliminated 94.81 ± 1.90% of DMP in 4 h while achieving a maximum power density of 124.03 ± 5.64 mW/m2. This investigation underscores the potential of repurposing electrocoagulated algal biomass as a sustainable heterogenous catalyst for micropollutant remediation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The application of low carbon micro-alloyed steel sheets in chassis and frame parts of automobiles demands high formability during hot or cold forming operations to produce various intricate shapes. In view of the forming applications, stretch flangeability is considered as one of the most important critical parameters for these steel grades. The stretch-flangeability of micro-alloyed steels, with three different types of microstructure consisting of mainly single-phase ferrite, ferrite-pearlite and ferrite-bainite micro-constituents, is evaluated in this investigation based on hole expansion ratio (HER). The desired microstructures of the low carbon steels micro-alloyed with Nb, Nb-V and Nb-V-Ti steels were obtained at three different coiling temperatures by systematically varying the plant operating process parameters. While Micro-alloying elements largely affect the mechanical strength and ductility of the steel, its direct impact on HER value and fracture behavior are not correlated. The correlation of microstructure with tensile strength and ductility have been attempted for the studied low carbon micro-alloyed steels and described in this paper. It is observed that single-phase steel consisting of soft ferritic matrix as well as steel with 5 to 15 pct pearlite uniformly distributed in ferrite matrix has better stretch flangeability and strength to hole expansion ratio correlation in comparison to ferrite-bainite steel. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: To find out the diagnostic accuracy of stool Cartridge-based nucleic acid amplification test (CBNAAT) as an alternate method as compared to CBNAAT in gastric aspirate (GA) samples in pediatric tuberculosis (TB). Methods: This cross-sectional study was performed at Department of Pediatrics of a tertiary care hospital. Children aged 0–18 y diagnosed as presumptive tuberculosis were consecutively enrolled. Gastric aspirate and corresponding stool sample was subjected to CBNAAT and its performance was compared in both samples using appropriate statistical tests. Results: Total 100 patients were enrolled in the study. Diagnostic accuracy of CBNAAT was 81% and 80% in gastric aspirate and stool sample respectively. On comparing gastric aspirate with corresponding stool sample there was 97% agreement, with Cohen's kappa value of 0.94. There was a statistically significant association observed between gastric aspirate CBNAAT and stool CBNAAT p <0.001 using chi square test. Sensitivity of gastric aspirate CBNAAT and stool CBNAAT was 75% and 73% respectively and specificity was 100% for both the samples compared against Composite Reference Standard (CRS). Conclusions: The diagnostic accuracy of stool CBNAAT is comparable to GA CBNAAT in children and can be used as a good alternative to gastric aspirate for diagnosis of pulmonary and disseminated tuberculosis in children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Novel nickel(II) ethylenediamine compound, [Ni(en)3](2-chlorophenylacetate)2, has been synthesized and characterized by spectroscopic techniques (UV-vis, FT-IR), thermogravimetric analysis, magnetic moment, molar conductivity measurement, and single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. The complex crystallizes in a triclinic crystal system with P 1 ¯ space group with cell dimensions of a = 8.9050(2), b = 12.5620(4), c = 14.0590(4) Å, α = 102.259(2)°, β = 107.172(2)°, and γ = 106.914(2)°. The complex consists of [Ni(en)3]2+ as the cationic part and two discrete 2-chlorophenylacetate ions as anionic counterparts divulging the existence of a second sphere complex with distorted octahedral geometry. Besides electrostatic forces of attraction, non-covalent interactions (hydrogen bonding and C-H...π) sew the second sphere in extended three-dimensional supramolecular architecture and provide robustness to the crystal lattice. Field electron scanning microscope (FESEM) and energy dispersive X-ray spectra (EDX) were employed to study the surface morphology of the structure. To explore the structural insights and bonding in the complex theoretical studies, i.e., density functional theory (DFT) and Hirshfeld surface analysis have also been employed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bone Anchored Hearing Aids (BAHAs) are currently well-utilized for treatment of hearing-impaired patients with unilateral or bilateral mixed and conductive hearing loss as well as patients with single sided deafness. The objective of this study is to evaluate outcome of BAHA Attract system in terms of surgical, functional,audiological and cosmetic results This is a prospective observational study of 15 consecutive patients of single sided deafness (SSD) who qualified for and underwent BAHA Attract surgery at a tertiary care hospital over a duration of two years. Parameters analysed were: (1) Surgery and wound healing, (2) Post-operative functional results (Bern Benefit for Single sided deafness questionnaire (BBSSQ)), (3) audiological results (free field speech in noise audiometry in two situations: with signal from implanted side and from contralateral side), (4) Cosmetic results (introduction of novel Three Points Scoring System (TPSS). Clinico-radiological planning of surgical site for implant is also described.Mean surgical time was 39 minutes and healing was uneventful in 73 % of patients. All patients reported improvement in all ten hearing situations with maximum improvement for sound localization. Significant improvement of speech in noise was seen especially when signal was presented from implanted side. All patient had full score in TPSS for cosmesis except one patient. This was the same patient in whom clinico-radiologically planned site was discarded intraoperatively due to overpneumatised temporal bone.BAHA Attract system is safeand effective solution for single sided deafness with acceptable cosmesis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this research study, the synthesis of poly lactic acid (PLA) based bio composite material factors contributions were investigated through the Taguchi-based grey relational analysis (GRA) technique. Effects of micro crystalline cellulose (MCC) and montmorillonite (MTT) nano clay filler, sorbitol (S) plasticizer, and temperature (T) operating factor on the PLA matrix through melt-mixing preparation method. The tensile strength (TS), Young modulus (YM), flexural strength (FS), flexural modulus (FM), hardness, impact strength (IS), water absorption (WA), and density properties of bio composite material were investigated for each experimental setup (orthogonal array, L16). Additionally, neat PLA and optimal sample structural, thermal, and morphological properties were examined through Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-Ray diffraction (X-RD), thermal gravimetry analysis/differential thermal gravimetry (TGA/DTG), and DSC and SEM analyses. The obtained result for optimal mechanical and physical properties of MCC/MTT/S/PLA bio composite was MCC at level 3 (6%), MTT at level 4 (9%), S at level 2 (10%), and T at level 4 (175 °C). Analysis of variance (ANOVA) shows that MTT has the greatest significant effect on mechanical and physical properties of MCC/MTT/S/PLA bio composite followed by MCC, T, and S. The confirmation test indicates that the improvement of weighted grey relational grade (GRG) from 0.7896 to 0.846 and the FTIR, XRD, thermal gravimetry/differential scanning calorimetry (TG/DSC), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) results indicates that the good interaction between PLA and fillers, improvement of thermal and morphological properties of optimal (6MCC/9MTT/10S/175 °C) bio composite samples. Therefore, the multi-response characteristics of MCC/MTT/S/PLA bio composite can be highly improved by this technique. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Titanium and its alloys are widely used as implant materials due to their exceptional biocompatibility, light weight, good mechanical properties and high corrosion resistance. Despite remarkable corrosion resistance of titanium alloys, loosening of implants occurs after long-term use due to metallic ions produced during corrosion. This work focuses on corrosion behavior of Ti-6Al-4 V samples fabricated by the laser-powder bed fusion (L-PBF) process and also after heat treatment at 800 °C for 1.5 h and subsequent cooling in furnace. While there was martensitic (α′) phase in the as-built condition, there was dual phase microstructure of α + β phase after heat treatment. Corrosion testing was carried out in Ringer's solution. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) revealed that after heat treatment, the charge-transfer resistance increased from 98096 to 310130 Ω.cm2, due to increase in the oxide layer thickness. The Tafel plot showed a noticeable reduction in corrosion of the heat-treated samples. It was observed by x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy that there was an increase in atomic percentage of Ti, Al, and Oxygen, and decrease in their full width at half maximum, following heat treatment. The ductility of the heat-treated samples under compression was more than double than that of the as-built sample. While the yield strength in compression of heat-treated samples was lower, the compressive strength was higher than that of the as-built sample. Thus, L-PBF process combined with heat treatment can be utilized to fabricate high corrosion resistant Ti-6Al-4 V bioimplants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Saurashtra region, located south of the Kachchh M7.7 (2001) epicentre, has seen a few M5.0 earthquakes with dispersed seismicity over the past two decades. In the Amreli area, a sudden triggering of earthquake activity was noticed in the month of October 2021 - March 2022, and 172 earthquakes of M ≤ 3.0 were recorded within a radius of 10 km. Persistent Scatterer Interferometry (PSI) time-series results of Sentinel 1 A dataset (2017–2022) show the seasonal variation in the displacement and indicate anomalous behaviour with a displacement amplitude, up-to 8 mm, before the earthquake activity. The coefficient correlation (R2) of 0.78 between precipitation and Land Water Storage (LWS) accomplish that the risen displacement amplitude is directly linked with the high LWS which change the pore pressure as well as the stress level of the existing faults in the subsurface and ultimately triggers the earthquake swarm activity in this part of the Indian plate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores the convergence of Human-Centered AI (HCAI) and Cyber-Physical Social Systems (CPSS) in pursuing advanced Cognitive Situation Awareness (CSA). Integrating HCAI principles within CPSS fosters systems prioritizing human needs, values, and experiences, improving perception, understanding, and responsiveness to complex environments. By incorporating transparency, interpretability, and usability into Artificial Intelligence (AI) systems, the human-centered approach enhances user interaction and cooperation with intelligent systems, leading to more adaptive and efficient CPSS. The study employs a comprehensive approach to explore the intersection of HCAI and CPSS. Moreover, the paper presents case studies to illustrate real-world applications of HCAI and CPSS, such as self-driving cars and smart homes, transportation, healthcare, energy management, social media, and emergency response systems. Nevertheless, technical complexities, privacy concerns, and regulatory considerations must be addressed. The paper demonstrates the practical implications of integrating HCAI into CPSS through case studies in various domains. Furthermore, It highlights the positive impact of CSA systems such as self-driving cars, showcasing improvements in transportation. This paper contributes to advancing CSA and designing intelligent systems, promoting human–machine collaboration and societal well-being. By examining the intersection of HCAI and CPSS, this study advances research in CSA and designing intelligent systems prioritizing human needs, values, and experiences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Modern boilers operating at high temperatures and pressures face a constant battle against wear, corrosion, and oxidation. These harsh conditions can rapidly degrade boiler steel components, leading to costly downtime and safety concerns. Carbide- and nitride-based thermal-sprayed coatings emerge as a powerful solution, extending the lifespan of boiler components and enhancing overall boiler efficiency. This review paper aims to provide an overview on various surface modification techniques. Thereafter, various erosion, corrosion and oxidation problems in boiler steels are discussed. Then, the role of carbide- and nitride-based thermal-sprayed coating to prevent failure of boiler steels is discussed. Subsequently, the distinct ways to improve the performance of carbide-based coatings are explored. Finally, the effects of post-treatment on the microstructure, mechanical and tribological properties are summarized. Overall, this research provides a comprehensive understanding of how carbide-based thermal-sprayed coatings contribute to the protection of boiler steels against various failure mechanisms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Schizophrenia is a neuropsychiatric disorder characterized by various symptoms such as hallucinations, delusions, and disordered thinking. The etiology of this disease is unknown; however, it has been linked to many microdeletion syndromes that are likely to contribute to the pathology of schizophrenia. In this review we have comprehensively analyzed the role of various microdeletion syndromes, like 3q29, 15q13.3, and 22q11.2, which are known to be involved with schizophrenia. A variety of factors lead to schizophrenia phenotypes, but copy number variants that disrupt gene regulation and impair brain function and cognition are one of the causes that have been identified. Multiple case studies have shown that loss of one or more genes in the microdeletion regions lead to brain activity defects. In this article, we present a coherent paradigm that connects copy number variations (CNVs) to numerous neurological and behavioral abnormalities associated with schizophrenia. It would be helpful in understanding the different aspects of the microdeletions and how they contribute in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The climate change is accelerating with the increase in the concentration of carbon dioxide (CO2) in the atmosphere. CO2 capture and conversion are effective strategies for stabilizing such environmental conditions. In this study, a series of melamine-based porous organic polymers (POPs), each incorporating different aromatic aldehydes as linkers, were synthesized. The POPs (MPOP-6C, MPOP-6N, MPOP-5N, and MPOP-5O) were characterized by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, solid-state 13C nuclear magnetic resonance, X-ray diffraction, thermogravimetric analysis, and high-resolution field-emission scanning electron microscopy. The gas adsorption characteristics, including adsorption–desorption isotherms, pore size distribution, and adsorption at 298 and 323 K, were assessed through a Brunauer–Emmett–Teller analysis. The cycloaddition of CO2 with styrene oxide was performed using POPs as catalysts for conversion to styrene carbonate. Melamine-based POPs bearing heterocycles with high π-electron densities exhibited enhanced CO2 selectivity performances. MPOP-6N, which incorporated a pyridine motif, exhibited a notable enhancement in the conversion rate among the synthesized catalysts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Modern applications of humidity sensors include respiratory analysis, noncontact sensing, electronic skin, artificial intelligence (AI), and the Internet of Things (IoT). In this study, cobalt (Co)-doped cadmium sulphide (CdS) nanomaterials have been synthesized by the hydrothermal method. The synthesized nanomaterials have been characterized by powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), and field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET). The PXRD analysis reveals that the crystallite size and lattice parameters decrease up to 10 at% and then slightly increase with the concentration of cobalt. FESEM imaging reveals the morphology of the synthesized nanomaterials. The EDX spectra show the presence of Cd, S, and Co elements. BET analysis suggests that nanomaterials have pores of 5.77 to 5.99 nm and a large surface area of 14.60 to 28.66 m2/g. FTIR spectroscopy indicates the presence of different functional groups. The synthesized Co-doped CdS nanomaterials were explored for the first time to design a thin film humidity sensor, and different humidity sensing parameters were evaluated. The developed humidity sensor has a response time of 11.86 s and a recovery time of 16.31 s, good repeatability, and a negligible ageing effect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The increasing environmental consciousness and demands of laws have encouraged researchers to develop new environment friendly materials. A large human population requires humongous amount of agricultural produce due to which there is increase in agricultural wastes. Proper use of these wastages can be utilized using the natural fibers/fillers as reinforcements in composites. The usages of these natural solid agro/food wastes have greater potential and provided better solution to replace conventional materials and plastics for domestic and household appliances. Therefore, this review summarized the potential usages and progress of naturally derived bio-fillers and the development of sustainable composites for practical implementations. The intention of this review article is to give a quick overview of the current situation for utilization of these agro/food wastes in the field of polymer composites. The various challenges and qualities during extraction, fabrications, and manufacturing process of these bio-fillers with composites have been also discussed. The performance of developed composites using agro/food waste derived bio-fillers has been also summarized as per their utilizations for various applications. The limitation of these extracted fillers/fibers and polymer composites have been accounted like chemical composition, water absorption, incompatibility with matrix material, limited mechanical properties with their enhancing mechanisms to overcomes these limitations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Small-secreted peptides are increasingly recognized as a novel class of intracellular signal molecules, playing crucial roles in plant growth and development. However, the precise role and mechanism governed by peptides containing Tyrosine Sulfation (PSY) are still under investigation. Currently, there is a lack of accessible information concerning the PSY gene family in wheat. Results: Therefore, in this investigation, we identified 29 PSY genes in Triticum aestivum, with the aim of unraveling their significance in plant development processes and their response to a variety of stress conditions. Phylogenetic analysis showed that TaPSY genes clustered into five groups. Additionally, an analysis of the gene structure of TaPSYs displayed a conserved evolutionary path. The syntenic relationship demonstrated the 69 orthologous gene pairs in T. dicoccoides, Ae. tauschii, T. turgidum, and H. vulgare, respectively. Furthermore, the Ka/Ks analysis indicated that TaPSY genes have experienced purifying selection during their evolutionary processes. The promoters of TaPSY genes were found to contain numerous CAREs, and these elements are known to perform essential functions in various development processes, phytohormone responses, as well as defense and stress mechanisms. In addition, the identification of potential miRNAs targeting TaPSY genes was followed by an examination of their expression patterns across various tissues. Among the 29 TaPSY genes, twenty miRNAs were discovered to target eighteen of them. Moreover, TaPSY genes displayed a distinct expression across different tissues and stress conditions. Conclusions: Hence, these discoveries offer a significant reference point for forthcoming molecular investigations and hold promise for bolstering wheat yield and stress resilience through targeted genetic enhancements and strategic breeding approaches. Highlights: ➢ Signaling peptides, particularly those with Tyrosine Sulfation (PSY) gene family members, have been extensively researched in Arabidopsis. However, there is scarce information available regarding PSY genes in other crops such as wheat. ➢ In this study, we have identified 29 PSY genes in wheat for the first time, shedding light on their significance in plant development and stress response. ➢ Phylogenetic analysis categorized TaPSY genes into five clusters, exhibiting conserved gene structures and notable purifying selection. ➢ Further, the presence of multiple cis-acting regulatory elements (CAREs) in TaPSY promoters and out of the 29 TaPSY genes, 18 TaPSY genes were targeting by miRNAs highlight their roles in various developmental and stress processes. ➢ These discoveries offer invaluable insights for future molecular investigations aimed at boosting wheat yield and enhancing stress tolerance through targeted genetic improvements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gallium nitride (GaN), renowned for its inherent characteristics such as a high threshold potential and wide-band gap, stands as a promising candidate for the development of semiconductor devices intended for deployment in demanding radiation environments. This paper meticulously investigates the repercussions of electron irradiation on the intricate electrical properties of Ni/Pd/n-GaN Schottky barrier diodes (SBDs). The Ni/Pd/n-GaN SBDs underwent irradiation with 10 MeV electrons, encompassing varying doses ranging from 15 kGy to 149 kGy. A comprehensive analysis of alterations in diverse electrical properties of the SBDs was conducted, employing methodologies derived from Current-Voltage (I–V) characteristics. The electron-irradiated devices exhibited maximal deviation from their pristine state at a dose of 15 kGy, potentially attributable to annihilation or restructuring of traps within the semiconductor. Remarkably, deviations in ideality factor (n) and barrier height (ϕB) were inconsequential at doses of 75 and 149 kGy. Conversely, a notable escalation in series resistance was observed at 149 kGy, indicating a pronounced deterioration in the overall device properties. Additionally, an exploration of the charge transport mechanisms revealed a discernible influence of thermionic emission and various current transport mechanisms on the irradiated Ni/Pd/n-GaN SBDs. The outcomes of this investigation not only provide crucial insights into the nuanced changes induced by electron irradiation on the electrical characteristics of Ni/Pd/n-GaN Schottky diodes but also offer valuable information for the development of semiconductor devices resilient to the challenges posed by harsh radiation environments. This study contributes to the evolving understanding of GaN-based devices and their potential applications in radiation-rich scenarios. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The reliance on natural resources has gained extra attention from researchers and scientists due to population awareness, greenhouse depletion, and oil reserve depletion. The development of sustainable and renewable materials from biomass residues is promising biomaterials to substitute synthetic and plastic littering. The abundant availability of coconut shell and husk residues is having great potential for fiber/filler sources to develop biocomposites for structural and industrial applications. In this present study, five different types of biocomposite samples (CRS-0.0, CRS-2.5, CRS-5.0, CRS-7.5, and CRS-10.0) have been fabricated at a 30% constant weight fraction of coconut fiber with bio-epoxy matrix and varying the coconut particles weight faction by 2.5% and characterized their structural, physical, mechanical, and thermal behavior. The results examined that the inclusion of coconut particles improved the overall mechanical performance of the biocomposites and observed CRC-5.0 biocomposites have superior tensile strength (32.58%), and flexural strength (35.45%), and surface hardness (23.61%) compared to CRC-0.0 biocomposites. The impact strength, fracture toughness, and fracture energy are higher for CRC-2.5 biocomposites. CRC-5.0 biocomposites analyzed better thermal stability with a maximum degradation temperature of 358 °C and 24% char residue of coconut biomass at 800 °C. The surface morphology has been also analyzed to examine the fracture/failure behavior of biocomposites. Finally, the samples have been submerged in water, NaOH, and NaCl solution to examine the water uptake and corrosion behavior of developed biocomposites. Therefore, the development of bio-based product by utilizing agro/food waste has great potential and has the capabilities to replace conventional materials for various industrial applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper deals with the crystallization kinetics, optical and structural features of V2−xMgxO5−δ (x = 0.15–0.30) glasses under non-isothermal conditions using Lasocka, Kissinger and Augis-Bennett approaches. Raman spectra confirm the layer structure of vanadium in the present glasses. The optical band gap decreases from 2.64 to 2.20 eV with an increase in MgO doping, while refractive index (n) increases from 2.50 to 2.65 with an increase in MgO doping. The activation energy of glass transition and crystallization increase from 150 to 229 kJ mol−1 and 256–442 kJ mol−1, respectively, with the doping of MgO in V2O5. The kinetic parameters calculated from different approaches are found to be in a good agreement with each other. The fragility index increases from 29 to 51 with increasing MgO content in place of V2O5. The values of f g and E c are found to enhance with changes in heating rates due to the strong influence of heating rates on glass transition temperature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Surface plasmon resonance (SPR) technology–based biosensors, including photonic crystal fiber (PCF-SPR) biosensors, have been investigated for their potential in cancer detection. The biosensors can detect biomolecules in a label-free and real-time manner, which results in high sensitivity and specificity. This article provides a comprehensive analysis of the current and future trends in PCF-SPR biosensors for cancer detection. The study commences by presenting the fundamental principles of SPR and PCF-SPR biosensors, highlighting their comparative benefits over conventional biosensors. Recent studies utilizing PCF-SPR biosensors for cancer detection are reviewed, focusing on detecting cancer biomarkers and cancer cells in bodily fluids. The study examines the challenges and limitations of PCF-SPR biosensors in cancer detection, including the requirement for enhanced sensitivity and selectivity. Additionally, the review emphasizes the need for further research to address these limitations. Furthermore, the article explores potential avenues for advancing PCF-SPR biosensors in the realm of cancer detection. The research explores the utilization of novel sensing materials and their properties, different performance parameters. The findings of the review suggest that PCF-SPR biosensors hold great potential for detecting cancer and could be further developed and applied in clinical applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Main conclusion: Silicon application mitigates phosphate deficiency in barley through an interplay with auxin and nitric oxide, enhancing growth, photosynthesis, and redox balance, highlighting the potential of silicon as a fertilizer for overcoming nutritional stresses. Silicon (Si) is reported to attenuate nutritional stresses in plants, but studies on the effect of Si application to plants grown under phosphate (Pi) deficiency are still very scarce, especially in barley. Therefore, the present work was undertaken to investigate the potential role of Si in mitigating the adverse impacts of Pi deficiency in barley Hordeum vulgare L. (var. BH902). Further, the involvement of two key regulatory signaling molecules––auxin and nitric oxide (NO)––in Si-induced tolerance against Pi deficiency in barley was tested. Morphological attributes, photosynthetic parameters, oxidative stress markers (O2·−, H2O2, and MDA), antioxidant system (enzymatic––APX, CAT, SOD, GR, DHAR, MDHAR as well as non-enzymatic––AsA and GSH), NO content, and proline metabolism were the key traits that were assessed under different treatments. The P deficiency distinctly declined growth of barley seedlings, which was due to enhancement in oxidative stress leading to inhibition of photosynthesis. These results were also in parallel with an enhancement in antioxidant activity, particularly SOD and CAT, and endogenous proline level and its biosynthetic enzyme (P5CS). The addition of Si exhibited beneficial effects on barley plants grown in Pi-deficient medium as reflected in increased growth, photosynthetic activity, and redox balance through the regulation of antioxidant machinery particularly ascorbate–glutathione cycle. We noticed that auxin and NO were also found to be independently participating in Si-mediated improvement of growth and other parameters in barley roots under Pi deficiency. Data of gene expression analysis for PHOSPHATE TRANSPORTER1 (HvPHT1) indicate that Si helps in increasing Pi uptake as per the need of Pi-deficient barley seedlings, and also auxin and NO both appear to help Si in accomplishing this task probably by inducing lateral root formation. These results are suggestive of possible application of Si as a fertilizer to correct the negative effects of nutritional stresses in plants. Further research at genetic level to understand Si-induced mechanisms for mitigating Pi deficiency can be helpful in the development of new varieties with improved tolerance against Pi deficiency, especially for cultivation in areas with Pi-deficient soils. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study was carried out in the village Kaliprasad of Bhagalpur district of Bihar to know the arsenic exposure effect in the exposed population. A total of n = 102 households were studied, and their water and biological samples such as urine and hair were collected and analyzed in a graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrophotometer (GF-AAS). The assessment of arsenic-exposed village population reveals that the villagers were suffering from serious health-related problems such as skin manifestations (hyperkeratosis and melanosis in their palm and soles), breathlessness, general body weakness, mental disorders, diabetes, hypertension (raised blood pressure), hormonal imbalance, neurological disorders, and few cancer cases. About 77% of household hand pump water had arsenic level more than the WHO recommended level of 10 µg/L, with highest level of 523 µg/L. Moreover, in 60% individual's urine samples, arsenic concentration was very high with maximum 374 µg/L while in hair 64% individuals had arsenic concentration above the permissible limit with maximum arsenic concentration of 11,398 µg/kg. The hazard quotient (HQ) was also calculated to know the arsenic risk percentage in children as 87.11%, in females as 83.15%, and in males as 82.27% by groundwater. This has surpassed the threshold value of 1 × 10 - 6 for carcinogenic risk (CR) in children, female, and male population group in the village. Hence, the exposed population of Kaliprasad village are at very high risk of the disease burden. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A brain stroke, commonly called as a cerebral vascular accident (CVA) is one of the deadliest diseases across the globe and may lead to various physical impairments or even death. Therefore, timely detection, diagnosis, and treatment of said medical emergency are urgent requirements to minimize life loss, which is not affordable in any sense. Nowadays, with the advancements in Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning, and Deep Learning, these techniques are popularly used in the domain of medical image analysis in general, and brain stroke imaging in particular, to automate image analysis more accurately and less human error-prone. The aim of this state-of-the-art study is to explore the latest computer-aided diagnosis (CAD) techniques to detect, classify, and segment cerebral strokes. Available methods or techniques, and tools used for analysis have been presented and compared with their attained results. In this study, available open-access datasets in the domain of brain stroke analysis have been explored and presented. Moreover, the research also includes the major challenges and provides researchers with applicable future directions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Bmp/Smad1 pathway plays a crucial role in developmental processes and tissue homeostasis. Mitogen-activated protein kinase (Mapk)/Erk mediated phosphorylation of Smad1 in the linker region leads to Smad1 degradation, cytoplasmic retention and inhibition of Bmp/Smad1 signaling. While Fgf/Erk pathway has been documented to inhibit Bmp/Smad1 signaling, several studies also suggests the cooperative interaction between these two pathways in different context. However, the precise role and molecular pathway of this collaborative interaction remain obscure. Here, we identified Xbra induced by Fgf/Erk signaling as a factor in a protective mechanism for Smad1. Xbra physically interacted with the linker region phosphorylated Smad1 to make Xbra/Smad1/Smad4 trimeric complex, leading to Smad1 nuclear localization and protecting it from ubiquitin-mediated proteasomal degradation. This interaction of Xbra/Smad1/Smad4 led to sustained nuclear localization of Smad1 and the upregulation of lateral mesoderm genes, while concurrently suppression of neural and blood forming genes. Taken together, the results suggests Xbra-dependent cooperative interplays between Fgf/Erk and Bmp/Smad1 signaling during lateral mesoderm specification in Xenopus embryos. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The additive manufacturing of Ti-6Al-4V alloy components has become popular in the fields of aerospace and biomedical devices. One of the most difficult aspects of additive manufacturing is fabrication of components with reproducible metallurgical and mechanical properties in different build orientations. This article presents a comprehensive study on the effect of build orientation in laser-powder bed fusion (L-PBF) technique of additive manufacturing. The additively manufactured samples were also heat treated to relieve the residual stress. In the as-built condition, the 0° build-oriented flat sample (with build direction along thickness) exhibited high tensile strength of 1202 MPa as well as high microhardness of 481 HV, but low ductility. The upright (90° build-oriented) samples had the largest elongation of 8% but low density (4.336 g/cm3) and high tensile residual stress of 163 MPa. Inclined (45° build orientation) sample provides the least tensile residual stress in as-built condition but not after the heat treatment. Defects like pores, un-melted or partially melted powder particles, and cracks contribute to the low tensile strength and high surface roughness in various build orientations. The associated residual stresses are reduced by heat treatment but at the expense of some loss in strength. The fracture mechanism is dependent on the growth direction of the microstructure. This study points out toward the necessity of considering build orientation as an important decision variable in the process optimization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Today's advancements in technology in modern-day life have substantially raised the significance of surface plasmon resonance (SPR) sensors. In order to enhance the sensor's performance, experts are now focused on developing a SPR biomedical sensor that integrates a prism with a thin nanocomposite layer. The proposed SPR biosensor has been built with silver, BaTiO3, and 2D layering of materials (MoSe2/WS2) for the purpose to identifying skin and breast cancer cells. In this analysis, the attenuated total reflection (ATR) technique of SPR is used for the detection of skin cancer (basal cell) and breast cancer cells (MM-231 and MCF-7) to evaluate the results. It is being observed that by utilizing two metallic silver coatings with a thickness of 50 nm and 10 nm. The effectiveness of the device can be improved with two layers of WS2 (each of 0.5 nm) and two layers of BaTiO3 (each of 5 nm); the highest sensitivity can be achieved in the case of skin cancer. The numerical findings show that the basal cell's highest sensitivity is 253.5 (°/RIU) and breast (MM-231 and MCF-7) cancer cells are 309.2857°/RIU and 295.71°/RIU. The figure of merit (FoM), detection accuracy (DA), and signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) are 146.11 (RIU−1), 0.576 (degree−1), and 2.922, respectively, for basal cells, and for breast cancer, 255.66 (RIU−1), 0.829 (degree−1), and 3.59 are realized. Lastly, the numerical outcomes derived in this manuscript revealed a high degree of sensitivity and FoM compared to those of previous research studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Climate change causes a substantial impact on wheat yield and heat stress at the end of the harvest is a major problem for wheat production in India. Therefore, a study was carried out to ascertain the effects of terminal heat stress on 40 genotypes of Indian wheat with respect to 7 physiological and 6 agronomic parameters. Using chemometric analysis, such as principal component analysis (PCA), agglomerative hierarchical cluster analysis (AHC), and heat maps, the genotypes were grouped. Based on AHC and heat maps, the genotypes were divided into three clusters: tolerant, moderate, and sensitive. Tolerant genotypes such as DBW14, RAJ 3765, WH730, NW1014, and HALNA exhibited improved physiological response in terms of membrane stability index (MSI), chlorophyll content (CHL), photosynthesis rate (PN), antioxidative performance, and yield attributes under heat stress conditions while genotypes like Chirya7, HW2004, and many others were found to be relatively heat sensitive. Physiological traits like MSI, CHL, Proline, catalase (CAT), and PN were found to be the main determinants of genotype group assignments and showed positive correlations with grain yield. The results indicated that Thousand-grain weight (TGW), Grain yield (GY), and MSI could be used for the identification and assortment of heat-tolerant genotypes. In conclusion,thousand-grain weight (TGW) can be employed as a final assessment of heat tolerance after harvest. The findings also suggest that tolerant genotypes such as DBW 14, RAJ 3765, WH730, NW1014 HALNA, HI1563, and WH730 can be employed to develop climate-resilient varieties for India or other countries experiencing high-temperature stresses (HTS) at their terminal stage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The fast expansion of photon detection technology has fertilized the rapid growth of single-photon sensing and imaging techniques. While promising significant advantages over their classical counterparts, they suffer from ambient and quantum noises whose effects become more pronounced at low light levels, limiting the quality of the acquired signal. Here, we study how photon-counting noises degrade a single-pixel optical classifier via compressive sensing, and how its performance can be restored by using quantum parametric mode sorting. Using modified National Institute of Standards and Technology (MNIST) handwritten digits as an example, we examine the effects of detector dark counts and in-band background noises and demonstrate the effectiveness of mode filtering and upconversion detection in addressing those issues. We achieve 94% classification accuracy in the presence of 500 times stronger in-band noise than the signal received. Our results suggest a robust and efficient approach to single photon sensing in a practical environment, where sunlight, ambient, and multiscattering noises can easily dominate the weak signal. Single-photon imaging and sensing promise great advantages over their classical counterparts, but their practical uses are easily compromised by ambient and quantum noises. The authors demonstrate a noise-resilient scheme based on single-pixel compressive sensing and single-photon counting, achieving high performance via quantum parametric mode sorting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ultrasonic micro machining (USMM) process has the ability to produce micro channels on quartz materials. Fabrication of multiple micro channels on quartz is a challenging task due to brittleness of quartz. Among various materials, quartz is an attractive material for research interest because it is used for various bio-chemical and bio-medical applications. The developed multiple tips micro tool was used to fabricate multiple micro channels on quartz by micro USM process so that total machining time can be reduced and hence productivity can be enhanced. In the present research work, the effects of micro USM process parameters like power rating, abrasive slurry concentration, tool feed rate and slurry flow rate on width overcut, taper angle and surface roughness of micro channel were analyzed during fabrication of multiple micro channels on quartz. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The plant-based cellulosic fibers have established much devotion in engineering research areas to reduce greenhouse depletion and improve environmental sustainability. Thus, the aim of this study is to develop green composites from flax–ramie reinforced with bio-epoxy matrix using hand compression molding. The fibers are reinforced unidirectional at 10%, 20%, 30%, and 40% weight fraction and characterized the structural, physical, and tribological behaviour of developed composites. The structural integrity and thermal stability have been analyzed using degree of crystallinity and thermogravimetric behaviour of composites. The pin on disc tribology test has been conducted based on different input parameters such as fiber weight fraction, composite types (flax composite, ramie composite, and hybrid composites), applied load (25 N, 50 N), sliding speeds (1 m/s, 2 m/s, and 3 m/s), and sliding distance (1000 m, 2000 m, and 3000 m). The results revealed that the inclusion of flax fibers with bio-epoxy matrix sustained greater thermal stability with wear and friction resistance compared to ramie fibers. Overall, the composite with 30% fiber loading provided greater crystallinity, stability, and finest tribology performance with minimal void formation among other developed composites. The microscopy analysis confirmed about the greater microstructural adhesion between fiber and matrix. The failure of composites at worn surface has been analyzed in terms of matrix cracking, fiber scattering and deformation due to higher loading and sliding distance. Finally, the influence of input constraints on tribological performances like wear loss, friction force, frictional co-efficient, and interface temperature have been predicated using artificial neural network. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) is used as fuel for cooking, heating, and transportation globally. This gas is highly inflammable, poisonous, explosive, and hazardous, and it creates several health issues when inhaled. Thus, its leakage detection is of the utmost importance. There are several sensors used for LPG detection, but they have a high operating temperature; therefore, developing sensors that work at normal temperatures has always been a challenge. This paper describes the synthesis of bismuth (Bi)-doped Praseodymium orthoferrite (PrFeO3) nanomaterials by the sol–gel self-combustion technique and their application in LPG detection. The synthesized nanomaterials were characterized using powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM), Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET), ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy (UV–Vis), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). PXRD reveals that the synthesized nanomaterial has an orthorhombic structure with the Pbnm space group, and the crystallite size (D) changes from 30 to 41 nm. FESEM was used for the analysis of surface morphology. BET analysis reveals the mesoporous nature of synthesized nanomaterials with a 16.331 to 37.645 m2g−1 specific surface area. UV–Vis spectroscopy affirms the optical energy band gap lying between 2.27 and 1.95 eV. The FTIR study represents the existence of different functional groups and their lattice vibration. Synthesized nanomaterials were explored as an LPG detector working at room temperature for the first time. Different sensing parameters have been evaluated. The gas sensing studies reveal that the response and recovery times are 15.3 and 22.4 s for 0.5 vol% of LPG, and the sensor shows high selectivity towards LPG. This study reveals that the designed sensor is capable of working at room temperature, and the synthesized nanomaterials are promising for LPG sensing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we initiate the fixed point theorems for an orthogonal hybrid interpolative Riech Istrastescus type contractions map on orthogonal b-metric spaces to modify this class proficiently. Also, we provide some examples supporting our main results. Finally, we provide an application to solve the existence and uniqueness of an integral equation with numeric results, which is powerful in a greater way. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The precursor nerve growth factor (ProNGF) and its receptor p75 neurotrophin receptor (p75NTR) are upregulated in several brain diseases, including ischemic stroke. The activation of p75NTR is associated with neuronal apoptosis and inflammation. Thus, we hypothesized that p75NTR modulation attenuates brain damage and improves functional outcomes after ischemic stroke. Two sets of experiments were performed. (1) Adult wild-type (WT) C57BL/6 J mice were subjected to intraluminal suture-middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) to induce cerebral ischemia. Pharmacological inhibitor of p75NTR, LM11A-31 (50 mg/kg), or normal saline was administered intraperitoneally (IP) 1 h post-MCAO, and animals survived for 24 h. (2) Adult p75NTR heterozygous knockout (p75NTR+/−) and WT were subjected to photothrombotic (pMCAO) to induce ischemic stroke, and the animals survived for 72 h. The sensory-motor function of animals was measured using Catwalk XT. The brain samples were collected to assess infarction volume, edema, hemorrhagic transformation, neuroinflammation, and signaling pathway at 24 and 72 h after the stroke. The findings described that pharmacological inhibition and genetic knocking down of p75NTR reduce infarction size, edema, and hemorrhagic transformation following ischemic stroke. Additionally, p75NTR modulation significantly decreased several anti-apoptosis markers and improved sensory motor function compared to the WT mice following ischemic stroke. Our observations exhibit that the involvement of p75NTR in ischemic stroke and modulation of p75NTR could improve the outcome of ischemic stroke by increasing cell survival and enhancing motor performance. LM11A-31 has the potential to be a promising therapeutic agent for ischemic stroke. However, more evidence is needed to illuminate the efficacy of LM11A-31 in ischemic stroke. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]