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The worldwide consumption of pistachio nuts has been increasing over the last decades due to their high nutritional value. Given that only split nuts are commercialised, the closed-shell nuts, which account for most of the harvested ones, must be split by mechanical or thermal processes. However, there is hardly any information about the splitting mechanism based on thermal treatments. Accordingly, the thermal splitting of pistachio nuts in conical spouted beds has been approached, and the effect of the air inlet temperature, the draft tube aperture ratio and the air inlet diameter on the splitting mechanism has been analysed. Batch drying tests have been carried out in the proposed technology at an air inlet temperature range of 40–120 ∘ C using configurations with and without draft tube. The operating temperature and dryer configuration that allows attaining up to 60% of split pistachios and preserving their quality are 80 ∘ C , an inlet diameter of 0.05 m and an open-sided draft tube with an aperture ratio of 80%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study uses the Large Eddy Simulation (LES) technique to conduct an exhaustive analysis of the flow characteristics within the Rectangular-to-Elliptical shape Transition (REST) inlet under Mach 6 conditions. It mainly focuses on investigating the influence of the shock wave-turbulence interaction on the swirl distortion at the inlet exit. At the design condition, characterized by 0° Attack and 0° Sideslip, the incident shock wave at the inlet lip undergoes multiple reflections within the boundary layer of the domain wall, culminating in the formation of turbulent structures. The first reflected shock wave has the highest energy, exerting a significant impact on the boundary layer and the exit swirl distortion. On the contrary, the energy of the incident shock wave is progressively reduced due to repeated reflections, which results in reducing the exit swirl distortion. Under off-design conditions, characterized by 6° Attack and 0° Sideslip as well as 6° Attack with 6° Sideslip, variations in the incoming flow make the incident shock wave move inward, decreasing the frequency of shock wave reflections and even significantly reducing the reflected shock waves under conditions of 6° Attack and 6° Sideslip. However, this results in significantly increasing the exit swirl angle and distortion intensity. The obtained results demonstrate that changes in the incoming flow conditions significantly affect the level of exit swirl distortion by modulating the shock wave-turbulence interaction, especially in terms of the positioning of the incident shock wave and the quantity of reflected shock waves. In addition, this paper studies the wall heat transfer coefficient of the inlet. The obtained results show that the interaction between shock waves and the boundary layer significantly affects the heat transfer coefficient. This study provides a foundation for the comprehension and prediction of the performance of hypersonic inlets across a spectrum of flight conditions, and for the guidance of the design and optimization of such inlets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, the hydrogen direct reduction of iron ore fines is numerically studied by using the Dense Discrete Phase Model (DDPM) in the fluidized bed. The fluidization behavior at different inlet gas velocities (Ug) as well as the influence of Ug and hydrogen concentration on reduction degree (RD) are comprehensively investigated. The result indicates the increase of time-averaged solids volume fraction for the same cross-sectional heights with increasing Ug when the bed height (H) exceeds 0.06 m. Furthermore, the reduction rate of mineral powder increases with higher Ug value, and the RD reaches almost 100 pct after 4000 seconds of reduction time with Ug ranging from 0.35 to 0.65 m/s. The reduction rate increases noticeably with the increase of hydrogen concentration in the range of 10 to 100 pct, and Fe2O3 can be completely converted to Fe under condition of 65 pct H2 concentration after 4000 seconds. Moreover, higher H2 concentration leads to faster rate of Fe2O3 consumption and Fe production. The mass fraction peak values of Fe3O4 and FeO are in the range of 0.29 to 0.34 and 0.21 to 0.24 under different H2 concentrations, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper studies state observation for a heterogeneous quasilinear traffic flow system with disturbances at the inlet of a considered road section. Based on the backstepping method, an observer is designed for the quasilinear traffic flow system with only the boundary measurements at the inlet of the considered road section. The observer is constructed by duplicating the quasilinear system and adding the output injection terms to the partial differential equations and boundary conditions. Making use of the backstepping transformation, the injection gains of the observer system are derived by the computation of kernel equations, which are obtained by mapping the error system into an integral input-to-state stable target system. The applicability of the observer for the design of an output feedback controller stabilizing the quasilinear system is discussed. Finally the assumptions of the design of the observer are numerically checked on a realistic congested traffic scenario. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In laser powder bed fusion (L-PBF) manufacturing, inert gas flow aids in removing spatters and fumes generated during laser-material interaction, ensuring quality of fusion and consequently, the quality of the manufactured parts. This study examines gas flow homogeneity's impact on part quality across the build plate. To do this, gas velocity mappings near the manufacturing plate (XY plane) and at four heights (Z-axis) were performed on a Renishaw AM400 machine using a Pitot tube and a hot-wire anemometer. Four gas inlet configurations are compared to maximize the permissible velocity at the build plate level (1 to 2 m/s) with the constrain of preventing the powder bed from being blown away. AlSi10Mg aluminum sample density measurements served as performance indicators, to quantify the effect of gas flow variations, taking into account their positions within the manufacturing bed. High-speed camera observations and numerical simulations supplemented the analysis. Results indicate gas flow inlet arrangement significantly influences flow homogeneity, reducing non-uniformity by almost 40%. Porosity is also reduced by around 20% and porosity variations on the build plate are reduced by more than 25%. Sample density increases primarily at the plate center and farthest from the gas inlet. Areas closest to the inlet show no significant density change compared to the standard configuration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Installing a pressure regulator for lateral (PRL) on a cost-effective non-pressure compensating drip tape inlet can greatly reduce system investment while ensuring system uniformity and safety. This approach plays a critical role in achieving low-cost, scalable precision irrigation systems in developing countries. Once the PRL is installed, it alters the hydraulic characteristics of the system. The lack of comprehensive evaluation standards for PRL that consider both irrigation uniformity requirements and PRL characteristics is impeding the widespread adoption and application of this technology. In this article, a comprehensive evaluation system for the PRL is established through a combination of theoretical deduction and field measurements. The main conclusions are presented as follows: (1) A comprehensive evaluation index is proposed for the hydraulic performance of the PRL, which considers both single-factor influences and multifactor influences such as manufacturing deviation, inlet pressure, and flow rate. (2) A statistical relationship was established between the comprehensive evaluation indices for PRL (CV) and irrigation uniformity (CU). The CV should be less than 10% for a CU above 90% and less than 17% for a CU above 85%. (3) Classification evaluations of PRL products were conducted based on their usage conditions, and a design selection chart for PRL products was provided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The opening of the Cacela Inlet (southern Portugal) in 2010 led to unforeseen effects observed after 2017, including an extreme acceleration of the retreat of the inland lagoon margin from about 0.2 to 2 m/year. This was a consequence of the development of a large flood delta in an area of limited accommodation space, forcing the main tidal channel to move inland. The coastal retreat currently affects a flat sandy area that separates the old and inactive Cacela cliff from the lagoon. Between 2025 and 2030, the currently inactive Cacela cliff is likely to become active again, posing a potential risk of damage to a medieval fortress and the existing settlement of Cacela Velha, an unforeseen cascading effect of the opening of the inlet. In order to prevent instability and damage to this legally protected area of national and public interest, several coastal management measures will be required. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigated the behavior and syngas characteristics of oil palm biomass fluidized bed gasification (FBG) with alternative inlet air configurations. The air was supplied to the combustion zone of the FBG with tangential and updraft air inlet (TI and UI) modes. A mixed oil palm decanter cake was used as feedstock at 3 kg/h feed rate. The experiments were done at the equivalence ratios (ERs) from 0.1 to 1.0. The experimental results showed that the air supply mode and ER affected the temperature distribution inside the gasifier. Operation with TI mode had combustion initiated at the side, then propagated through the middle section, while in UI mode, the combustion reaction was at the center of the chamber. With TI mode, the temperature at combustion zone was around 600 °C. At ER 0.5, this zone covered the heights from 0.25 to 0.75 m. In UI mode, the highest temperature was near 800 °C, but combustion was prominent only in a zone near the bottom. The CFD simulations showed that the alternative inlet air configurations and the ER influenced flow patterns. CFD confirmed the swirling streamlines in TI mode, while UI mode showed a localized elevated temperature, particularly at 0.25 m height. Syngas composition analysis indicated that operation in TI mode at ER of 0.7 provided the larger combustion zone, leading to better syngas product in terms of CO (> 20%) and H2 (> 8%) components. This mode also provided the best 5.1 MJ/m3 energy content for syngas. The results of this study can provide useful guidelines for further investigations of FBG with tangential air inlet. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study was conducted to investigate the root cause failure analysis of 316L stainless steel air tube inlets at the weld joint in a High-Speed Power turbine (HSPT). Fractography analysis revealed ratchet marks and striations on the fracture surfaces, indictive of vibration-induced fatigue in the heat affected zone of the tube-to-flange weld joint, resulting from the rotation of the HSPT at high speed, identified as the primary cause of failure. Additionally, radiography and visual inspection unveiled a sharp interface between the weld metal and parent metal within the inner wall, acting as a stress riser. X-ray diffraction analysis demonstrated that the parent metal predominantly consisted of austenite (γ), while the weld metal comprised a mix of austenite (γ, ≈ 90%) and delta ferrite (δ, ≈ %10). Hardness readings in the weld zone ranged from 260–302 HV, compared to ≈ 140 HV in the parent metal. Microstructural examination showed inclusions and impurities rich in manganese, and silicon, likely introduced during manufacturing and/or welding processes. Conclusively, the study attributes failure to the use of low-quality materials and consumables, poor welding practices, and insufficient vibration condition monitoring. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Future sediment transport from the North Sea coasts to the Dutch Wadden Sea for various future sea level scenarios has been studied because it influences the future sand nourishment demand for the maintenance of the coastline and because it determines bio-geomorphological development of the Wadden Sea. The present study focuses on two questions which have not yet been considered in the previous modelling studies using ASMITA: How will the transport develop around drowning of the intertidal flats in the Wadden Sea? How will tidal range change influence the future sediment exchange? By using SLR scenarios with faster acceleration and running the simulations for longer periods of time some inlets exhibited drowning, i.e., where the tidal flat volume vanishes. When drowning occurs, the sediment import rate approaches a maximum or a minimum, depending on the initial morphological state of the tidal inlet system. This maximum or minimum rate for a certain tidal inlet system depends on the SLR scenario. Theoretical analysis as well as modelling results show that tidal range change will influence the sediment import to the Wadden Sea. A tidal range increase will cause a decrease of the sediment demand in the Wadden Sea resulting into less sediment import to the Wadden Sea. It is thus important to study the tidal range development in the Wadden Sea by considering the interaction between SLR, tidal range change and morphological development in the system. It is further concluded that the empirical relation used in the previous studies is not representative of conditions in a tidal basin with fixed basin area, even though this relation has been derived from field observations in many tidal inlet systems worldwide. The equilibrium channel volume should be proportional to the tidal prism instead of to its 1.5th power. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is a major challenge for the airframe-inlet design of modern combat aircrafts, as the flow and electromagnetic wave propagation in the inlet of stealth aircraft are very complex. In this study, an aerodynamic/stealth optimization design method for an S-duct inlet is proposed. The upwind scheme is introduced to the aerodynamic adjoint equation to resolve the shock wave and flow separation. The multilevel fast multipole algorithm (MLFMA) is utilized for the stealth adjoint equation. A dorsal S-duct inlet of flying wing layout is optimized to improve the aerodynamic and stealth characteristics. Both the aerodynamic and stealth characteristics of the inlet are effectively improved. Finally, the optimization results are analyzed, and it shows that the main contradiction between aerodynamic characteristics and stealth characteristics is the centerline and cross-sectional area. The S-duct is smoothed, and the cross-sectional area is increased to improve the aerodynamic characteristics, while it is completely opposite for the stealth design. The radar cross section (RCS) is reduced by phase cancelation for low frequency conditions. The method is suitable for the aerodynamic/stealth design of the aircraft airframe-inlet system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The nozzle arrangement of internal spray cooling tool plays a crucial role in the efficiency of coolant flow into the cutting zone and has a significant impact on the cutting performance. This article designs three types of internal spray cooling turning tools based on the different arrangements of the upper nozzle on the tool rake face. Tool A has an upper nozzle near the main cutting edge, tool B is equipped with an upper nozzle near the minor cutting edge, and tool C possesses two upper nozzles near the main and minor cutting edges, respectively. The nozzle arrangement effect on the cooling performance of the internal spray cooling turning tool during the internal turning process was studied by the fluid–solid-thermal coupling simulation method. The simulation results showed that tool B with an upper nozzle arranged near the minor cutting edge had the best cooling performance because it is easy for air and coolant droplets to enter the tool-chip contact zone. On the contrary, tool C equipped with two upper nozzles near the main and minor cutting edges results in the worst cooling performance for the air and coolant droplets are difficult to flow into the tool-chip contact area. Internal turning experiments of QT500-7 workpieces were carried out. Results demonstrated that tool B performed best in reducing cutting temperature and improving machined surface quality. In addition, the number of small chips generated by all internal spray cooling turning tools increased at an inlet pressure of 0.6 MPa, especially for tool B. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Thoracic inlet angle (TIA) is a sagittal radiographic parameter with a constant value regardless of posture and is significantly correlated with the sagittal balance of the cervical spine. However, the practical use of TIA has not been studied. This study aimed to investigate the usefulness of the preoperative TIA for predicting the development of kyphotic deformity after cervical laminoplasty in comparison to the preoperative T1 slope (T1S). Methods: A total of 98 patients who underwent cervical laminoplasty without preoperative kyphotic alignment were included (mean age, 73.7 years; 41.8% female). Radiography was evaluated before surgery and at the 2-year follow-up examination. The cervical sagittal parameters were measured on standing radiographs, and the TIA was measured on T2-weighted MRI in a supine position. Cervical alignment with a C2–C7 angle of ≥ 0° was defined as lordosis, and that with an angle of < 0° was defined as kyphosis. Results: Postoperative kyphosis occurred in 11 patients (11.2%). Preoperatively, the kyphosis group showed significantly lower values in the T1S (23.5° vs. 30.3°, p = 0.034) and TIA (76.1° vs. 81.8°, p = 0.042). We performed ROC curve analysis to clarify the impact of the preoperative TIA and T1S on kyphotic deformity after laminoplasty. The optimal cutoff angles for TIA and T1S were 68° and 19°, respectively, with similar diagnostic accuracy. Conclusion: This study demonstrated the clinical utility of the preoperative TIA for predicting the risk of postoperative kyphotic deformity after cervical laminoplasty. These findings suggest the importance of the preoperative assessment of thoracic inlet alignment in cervical spine surgery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Advanced inlet guide vane (IGV) and diffuser vane (DV) geometries were constructed in an effort to increase the energy performance of an axial-flow pump at the best efficiency point (BEP). DV setting angles were also investigated to increase energy performance at the off-design points. By integrating the advantages of an adjustable IGV, combinations of adjustable IGV and DV geometries were constructed and thoroughly analyzed by way of energy loss. The asymmetrical geometry of the IGV, upgraded through the use of a hydrofoil profile, resulted in higher hydraulic performance compared to that of the reference model. The efficiency and total head at the BEP increased significantly with the implementation of the new DV, by 1.456% and 5.756% over those of the reference model, respectively. Using the new DV reduced the unsteady turbulent flow behind the trailing edge of the DV under all flow rate conditions, resulting in a reduction in vibration and noise. The positive setting angles of the DV increased the energy performance in the high-flow-rate region, whereas the negative DV setting angles produced a good performance in the low-flow-rate region. Combining an adjustable IGV with an adjustable DV model resulted in a significant increase in the total head, with more optimal energy performance provided by the positive IGV setting angles. At the BEP and under high-flow-rate conditions, the low-velocity zone is closely related to high entropy generation. Furthermore, these high-entropy generation regions follow the trajectory of the low-velocity zones. However, the low-velocity zone is not strongly associated with the high-entropy generation region when operating under low-flow-rate conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effectiveness of constructed wetlands (CWs) created to improve water quality has been demonstrated. However, their role in enhancing biodiversity, such as in plankton communities, is still understudied. To assess this, we analysed, over two years, the plankton of three structurally different CWs which are intermediaries between low-quality waters and a protected Mediterranean wetland (Albufera de València Natural Park). We estimated the alpha-diversity of each CW and the beta-diversity among their different sectors. In two CWs, the diversity decreased as water flowed from the Inlet (a species mix from anthropically disturbed environments) to the Outlet, due to natural assembly processes. In the other CW, as it received water dominated by a few species, the emerging assemblages increased the diversity. Moreover, comparing the three CWs, the most divergent communities were those in the outlets (due to the emergence of exclusive species, biovolume differences, etc.). Therefore, they contributed to beta-diversity as they acted as generators of communities, which were characterized by the loss of cyanobacteria and chlorophytes, the dominance of large copepods or cladocerans and the presence of unshared species. We emphasize the importance of having structurally and functionally different CWs to enhance biodiversity and improve biological water quality in natural parks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Information concerning the allometric growth of the bivalve mollusk (Mya arenaria) populations in the intertidal zones of Zelenetskaya and Yarnyshnaya inlets, Barents Sea, is presented. The population density in Zelenetskaya Inlet averages 40 ind./m2 and the biomass is 280 g/m2 versus 62.6 ind./m2 and 142 g/m2 in Yarnyshnaya Inlet, respectively. A detailed analysis of the granulometric composition of bottom sediments of the intertidal zone and the content of organic matter are determined for the first time. The study areas are found to differ in the composition of bottom sediments. The organic matter in Zelenetskaya Inlet averages 0.8% versus 2.2% in Yarnyshnaya Inlet. Shell formation is determined by adaptations to living conditions, also reflecting the different size and age structure of M. arenaria populations. Among the mollusks of older age groups, the shell grows allometrically, following the principle of weak negative allometry versus isometrically among young individuals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Solvent extraction on a micro-scale has received much attention due to its advantages in recent years. The purpose of this research is to compare the inlet geometry of T and Y-shaped microchannels. In this research, solvent extraction of Crystal Violet (CV) was investigated using Di-(2-ethylhexyl) phosphoric acid (D2EHPA) extractor and hexane solvent in Y and T-shaped microchannels with lengths of 4, 6, and 8 cm. The effect of parameters such as inlet geometry, length of microchannels (4–8 cm), dye solution pH (3–11), flow rate (1–1.5 mL/h) and the concentration of CV (25–75 ppm) was investigated. The Results showed that under the same conditions, Y-shaped microchannel performance is better than T-shaped microchannel. pH of dye solution phase, flow rate, inlet CV concentration, and microchannel length were obtained as optimal conditions for extraction, 10.9, 1.1 mL/h, 46.4 ppm, and 7.6 cm, respectively, and the amount of extraction, in this case, was % 97/96 was obtained. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Much of the world's population lives close to coastlines and this proximity is becoming increasingly impactful because of sea-level rise (SLR). Barrier islands and backbarrier saltmarshes, which comprise >10% of these coasts, are particularly susceptible. To better understand this risk, we model backbarrier morphologic and hydrodynamic evolution over a 200-year period of SLR, incorporating an erodible bed and a range of grain sizes. Here, we show that reduction in intertidal area creates negative feedback, shifting transport of coarse sediment (silt and sand) through the inlet from net export to net import. Imposing a modest marsh vertical accretion rate decreases the period of silt and sand import to 40 years (years 90 to 130) before being exported again. Clay is continuously exported thereby decreasing inorganic deposition on marshes and threatening their sustainability. Simulated marsh loss increases tidal prism and the volume of sand contained in ebb deltas, depleting coastal sand resources. Barrier islands and backbarrier saltmarshes are particularly threatened by sea level rise. Here, the authors show how reduction in intertidal areas create negative feedback, shifting transport of coarse sediment through the inlet from net export to net import. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the design of an efficient, short-length shape transition inlet for hypersonic propulsion systems, operating at Mach 4 to 6. The inlet was shortened by approximately 24 % using a Busemann flow based on the median operating Mach number for streamline-tracing instead of the maximum operating Mach number. Additional upper circular arc of capture shape resulted in a compact compression surface that well preserves internal compression of the Busemann flow, and increased pressure rise by up to 31 % with higher total pressure recovery. The inlet was notched for maximum operating Mach number to minimize air spillage, and the range of operating Mach number and angle of attack was extended. Viscous effects were compensated by a proper truncation angle in order to maintain the exact circular throat shape for efficient manufacturing. The length-reduced inlet showed a wide operating range and high compression performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Results are presented of an experimental investigation into the structure of a steady-state air flow in a cylinder of reciprocating internal combustion engines with intake systems of various designs when it is filled through a poppet valve on the basis of the method of thermal visualization imaging. It has been established that cross profiling of cylinder inlet pipes has a substantial effect on the structure of the flow in it. It is shown that the use of square and triangular pipes makes it possible to obtain a more uniform flow distribution through the cylinder volume compared to pipes of other configurations, which ensures a more complete combustion of the fuel–air mixture and, accordingly, an improvement of technical-economic and environmental performance of a piston engine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Off-design operations, such as speed-no-load (SNL), are damaging conditions for reaction hydraulic turbines such as Francis turbines. Identification and characterization of the flow phenomena in off-design condition can be used to assess their effects on the turbine residual life or to develop mitigation strategies. In turn, that could lead to an improved operational flexibility and to the decrease of maintenance costs and downtime of turbines. However, technical difficulties complicate performing flow measurements at the runner inlet of Francis turbines, where some damaging flow phenomena appear to occur in SNL conditions. This study presents a novel methodology, involving several technical developments, for performing stereoscopic endoscopic particle image velocimetry measurements at the inlet of a Francis turbine model. It details solutions for the efficient use of camera endoscopes and laser endoscopes in confined and watertight spaces. This paper also presents the results of time-resolved, three-component velocity measurements on planes covering part of the vaneless space between the guide vanes and the runner and the first part of the runner interblade channels in no-load and deep-part load conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An experimental study on the optimal gas turbine inlet air filtration system performance for offshore applications is presented. The objective is to conduct a comparative real-time data analysis for an offshore selection of optimal filtration system. Different filtration configurations were set up in a wind tunnel under simulated offshore environmental settings. The considered filter grades (A, B, C, D, E and F) align with the ASHRAE filter class (F7, H12, E11, E10, G5 and F9). Offshore contaminants weighing 1000 g, ranging between 0.05 and 20 µm, were used based on ASTM standards. The contaminants were loaded between 20 and 100% mass. The results indicate that the accumulated contaminant across the filter elements at 100% loading for A, B, C, D, and E filters ranged between 205.36 and 318.02 g. Similarly, the pressure differential change across the filters A–B, D–E, B–C, E–F, and filter housing inlet–outlet were estimated at 19.02 kPa, 16.9 kPa, 2.54 kPa, 2.86 kPa, and 2.25 kPa, respectively, while the particle removal efficiency for A, C and D filters were highest calculated at 53%, 58.22% and 51.69%, respectively. The result proved significant, with an overall improvement in the compressor output at 205 kW for a pressure change of 2.25 kPa at the filter housing outlet used to establish the optimal performance. The filter elements recorded decreased efficiency across the compressor stages due to mass accumulation on the media surface area. The study inferred that a 3-stage filtration with filter combination A–B (F7–H12), D–E (E10–G5), and B–C (H12–E11) is suitable for an inlet filtration system for GTs operating within the studied offshore environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present work is an investigation to address the drop-in pressure during fluid flow and subsequent maldistribution. Experimental wavy microchannels with four different inlet header geometries in vertical and horizontal directional configurations were fabricated to analyze the fluid flow performance. De-ionized water was used as fluid with varying mass flow rates and subsequently normalized flow rates and non-uniformity factors were determined. Computational fluid dynamic models were developed to determine the effects of four inlet geometries on the Reynolds number and friction factor. Experimental and computational analysis revealed a 50% reduction in maldistribution for conical frustum and semi-circular inlet geometries with the normalized flow rate between 0.98 and 1.04; 0.99 for lower and 1.001 for higher mass flow rates. Conical frustum inlet geometry exhibited relatively better flow performance at higher mass flow rates with lower friction factors than the semi-circular, rectangular, and triangular header. Correspondingly vertical inlet header configuration yielded higher Reynolds numbers at the same flow rates against horizontal configuration without significant variations in friction factors between the two. In both inlet configurations conical frustum inlet geometry exhibited more than 6% improved flow uniformity than other header geometries with steady thermal cooling rate and has exhibited better overall flow performance among the experimental microchannels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Storm-drain inlets can lessen surface runoff and are essential for managing urban flooding. To fully grasp the storm-drain inlet discharge characteristics, a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) method was utilised to research. In this study, the discharge characteristics of 36 groups of storm-drain inlets with various water depths and flow velocities were simulated separately. This paper systematically analysed the distribution characteristics of flow patterns, streamlines and velocities of storm-drain inlets. The findings indicate that: the distribution of streamlines and the shape of the free water surface within the storm-drain inlet change significantly with increasing incoming water depth; the flow pattern in the vicinity of rainwater wells changes from the free weir flow to the submerged weir flow; the free water surface of the storm-drain inlet transitions from the state of being partially to entirely covered by water flow. The empirical formula between the discharge coefficient of the storm-drain inlet and the Froude number was constructed by dimensional analysis with a high correlation coefficient. And compared with other empirical formulas, the formula considers the effects of different factors on the discharge capacity of storm-drain inlets in a relatively comprehensive way. This research's results help deepen the awareness of the discharge process at storm-drain inlets and have implications for guiding municipal flooding management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Esophageal inlet patch (IP) with heterotopic gastric mucosa is an incidental finding on esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD). Although IP is thought to be embryologic in nature, IP has been associated with Barrett's esophagus (BE). Aims: The aim of this study was to compare prevalence, symptoms, demographic factors, and esophageal testing in patients with IP and BE. Methods: We retrospectively analyzed endoscopic findings of EGDs, high-resolution esophageal manometry and esophageal pH impedance studies from January 2010 to January 2021 at a single academic medical center. Patients were grouped by presence or absence of IP and BE. Results: Of 27,498 patients evaluated, 1.3% had endoscopic evidence of IP and 4.9% had BE. Of 362 patients with IP, 17.1% had BE; of 1356 patients with BE, 4.6% had IP. Both IP and BE patients presented primarily with heartburn and/or regurgitation. Patients with BE and/or IP were older and had higher BMI than those without (p < 0.001). Mean lower esophageal sphincter pressure was lower and mean acid exposure time (AET) was higher in patients with IP and/or BE than those without (p < 0.05). Conclusions: Our study reports an IP prevalence of 1.3%, with 17.1% patients having concomitant BE; and a BE prevalence of 4.9%, with 4.6% also having IP. Patients with IP alone presented with similar symptoms to patients with concomitant BE. Esophageal function testing showed that patients with either IP or BE had decreased LES pressures and increased esophageal AET. During endoscopy, patients found to have one of these findings should be carefully examined for the other. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study discusses the aspects of constructing a computational algorithm for calculating circular suction sockets under oncoming flow conditions using the discrete vortex ring method. Flow patterns are presented for different ratios of oncoming and suction airflow velocities. The dependencies of the characteristic dimensions of the vortex zones arising at the inlet of the suction sockets on the velocity of the oncoming flow and the length and angle of inclination of the socket have been determined. Furthermore, equations are derived for the critical velocity of the oncoming flow, at which the flow separation mode for vortex zone 1 changes from separation inside the socket to outside it. The results obtained can be used to design local suction systems profiled according to the revealed outlines of the vortex zones. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Increased compression ratio of auto engine can effectively improve thermal efficiency. However, the risk of engine knock becomes higher when increasing the intake boosting. In this paper, the role of an inlet Water Injection (WI) system in improving the performance of a spark ignition engine was investigated, which was through a comparative study of Miller cycle with electromagnetic intake valve train (EMIT). The numerical simulation method was developed in AVL BOOST based on the engine test rig, and then the port water injection modelling was introduced. The results showed that when the engine speed was lower than 1800 r/min, the water spray scheme had a better effect on the engine performance as compared with the Miller cycle, and such advantage was increasingly significant with the decrease of the speed. This is due to the fact that the water injection takes into account the temperature reduction in the cylinder. When the engine speed was over 1800 r/min, it had a negative impact on engine performance with IWI due to the excessive suppression of combustion. This study provides a theoretical basis for design and research of gasoline engines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The treatment of sanitary landfill leachate (LLe) is a complex and highly polluted wastewater with variable composition and high organic and inorganic contents. Continuous flow electrochemical processes have emerged as promising alternatives for effective and sustainable treatment. A laboratory-scale continuous flow electrocoagulation (CECo) process was operated without heating the reactor on LLe from the Seelong Sanitary Landfill under varying inlet flow rates (50, 100, 200, 300, and 400 mL/min) and current density (10, 20, 30, 40, and 50 mA/cm2). The results showed that the Seelong Sanitary Landfill contains stabilized leachate qualities. As the inlet flow rate increased, the color of LLe became less dark, and the removal of pollutants was enhanced. As the current density increased, the removal of COD increased from 20.62 to 27.96%, BOD5 from 23.31 to 38.03%, and NH3-N from 13.25 to 22.11%. The settling velocity and sludge volume index were 1.81 m/min and 253.85 mL/g, respectively, indicating the settling and compaction characteristics of the sludge. Excessive high flow rates resulted in hydraulic limitations and reduced contact time, negatively impacting treatment performance. Therefore, it is crucial future research focuses on further refining the non-heated CECo process and exploring synergistic treatment combinations including artificial intelligence to enhance pollutant removal efficiencies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study discusses the construction of an algorithm for calculating slot suction sockets under conditions of an oncoming flow using discrete vortices. It also presents the effects of flow patterns at different ratios of the oncoming and suction airflow velocities. The dependence of the sizes of the vortex zones arising at the inlet to the suction sockets on the velocity of the oncoming flow, length, and angle of inclination of the socket is determined. Equations are obtained for the critical velocity of the oncoming flow, at which the flow separation mode for the vortex zone 1 changes from separation inside the socket to outside it. The results obtained can be used to design local suction systems profiled according to the outlines of vortex zones. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper describes an experimental attempt to affect the flow of liquid metal using a relatively small perturbation at an inlet to a long channel. The purpose is to form a flow structure which is stable in a strong magnetic field at high heat loads, enhance heat transfer, and achieve more predictable flow parameters. It is demonstrated that an obstacle in the form of a rod located transverse to the flow and parallel to the applied magnetic field and installed at the inlet can induce perturbations in the form of regular vortices observed along the flow at lengths as great as several tens of channel hydraulic diameters. The experiments confirm that thus generated vortices considerably change the structure of the isothermal MHD flow. In the case of mixed convection, such vortices suppress the development large-scale thermogravitational fluctuations in the flow and enhance heat transfer under certain flow conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Comminution of raw materials consumes great shares of energy and operating costs of production and processing plants. Savings may be achieved, e.g., by developing new grinding equipment, such as the electromagnetic mill with its dedicated grinding installation; and by applying efficient control algorithms to these elements. Good quality control relies on mathematical models, and testing of versatile control algorithms is much simplified if a plant simulation environment is available. Thus, in this research, measurements were collected at the grinding installation with electromagnetic mill. Then, a model was developed that characterised the flow of transport air in the inlet part of the installation. The model was also implemented in software to provide the pneumatic system simulator. Verification and validation tests were conducted. They confirmed the correct behaviour of the simulator and good compliance with the experimental data, for both steady-states and transients. The model is then suitable for design and parametrization of air flow control algorithms and for their testing in simulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Argon plasma coagulation (APC) of gastric inlet patches of the cervical esophagus (GIP) has been shown to relieve the globus sensation. This study aimed to investigate the long-term effects of APC therapy on a variety of laryngopharyngeal symptoms. Methods: Patients with laryngopharyngeal symptoms who had undergone endoscopic GIP eradication via APC therapy were eligible for a retrospective observational cohort study. Symptom relief was assessed by a five-grade scale during a structured interview. Statistical analysis included ANOVA, the chi-squared and t-test. Results: A total of 45 patients (61.0 (52.0; 69.0) years, 26 (57.8%) female) were included after a follow-up time of 85.0 (55.3; 111.0) months. Symptoms included dysphagia (56.0%), dysphonia (51.0%), hoarseness (76.0%), the necessity of throat clearing (73.0%), globus sensation (56.0%) and heartburn (71.0%). Complete GIP eradication was achieved after one session in 25 (55.6%), repetitive sessions were needed in the remaining cases. Fourteen patients (31.1%) reported a very strong, 11 (24.4%) a strong and 8 patients (17.8%) an intermediate improvement; five patients did not benefit. The most apparent improvement was seen regarding hoarseness (from 2.6 ± 1.7 to 1.2 ± 1.3), the necessity of throat clearing (from 2.6 ± 1.7 to 1.1 ± 1.3), globus sensation (from 2.0 ± 1.9 to 0.9 ± 1.3) and heartburn (from 2.5 ± 1.8 to 1.4 ± 1.6). Adverse events included post-endoscopic pain (n = 6, 13.3%) and purulent pharyngitis (n = 2, 4.4%). Conclusions: The APC therapy of GIP is safe and leads to long-term relief of laryngopharyngeal symptoms in carefully selected patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tidal inlet, a fragile coastal feature along the world coastline, provides a range of ecosystem services and societal values. In recent decades, these systems are subjected to natural and anthropogenic pressure resulting in inlet choking and relocation, changing geomorphology, and dysfunction of physio-biological processes and loss of productivity of coastal water bodies. In this study, an assessment of the Chilika tidal inlet has been carried out using observation and modeling approach. The hydrodynamics of tide and its propagation along the inlet channel is studied using a two-dimensional depth-averaged hydrodynamic numerical model (MIKE 21). The model simulation was performed forcing tide and river discharge at land and ocean boundary and the model is validated with tide measured along the inlet channel. Tidal propagation under various inlet configuration was studied conducting two different simulations, which are, (a) natural inlet configuration (simulation-1) and (b) excluding islands from inlet channel (simulation-2). Besides, stability analysis of inlet is carried out using an empirical model (CEA model) with different inlet characteristics. Hydrodynamic model results show that tidal inlet is dominated with flood tidal asymmetry and tide gets distorted more during its propagation into the shallower region. The magnitude of tidal asymmetry varies from 0 to 0.13 with maximum distortion under exclusion of islands from inlet channel compared to natural inlet configuration. As a measure of inlet stability, unstable, stable, and critical cross-sectional areas (CSA) of inlet, which determine the functionality of inlet system, were evaluated from August 2011 to September 2013. The model estimated unstable CSA is found in close agreement with the observed inlet CSA and far away from the stable CSA indicating instability behavior of the inlet system. Projections of inlet stability under different conditions, viz. inlet length, inlet width, and bottom roughness, show varying channel length increases of stable and unstable CSA in accordance with increase in inlet length, while inlet stability varies inversely with increase in inlet width and friction, respectively. This study is helpful for planning, management, and development of the Chilika inlet for appropriate lagoon-sea interaction while dredging sand materials from inlet channel. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Human-fortified ship channel inlets can represent the only connection between estuarine and coastal waters for tens of kilometers in some areas of the Northern Gulf of Mexico, making them bottlenecks for fish movement. A variety of fishes associate with the jetties that fortify ship channel inlets, and the deep depths of channel inlets relative to surrounding waters may provide a unique type of habitat. To understand variability in fish biomass in these vital areas, 49 hydroacoustic surveys of the Aransas Channel Inlet, Texas were conducted and paired with environmental (e.g., temperature) and meteorological (e.g., barometric pressure) data between January 2018 and February 2020. Fishery-independent and fishery-dependent data from the surrounding area were employed to provide context to variability in fish backscatter (i.e., volume backscattering strength, sv, a proxy for fish biomass). Generalized additive models indicated that variation in fish backscatter was best explained by variation in temperature, change in barometric pressure, and salinity (adj.-R2 = 0.71). There were two dimensions to these effects. In the first, variation in temperature tracked seasonal shifts in the relative abundance of pelagic fishes, which were well sampled by acoustic technologies relative to demersal fishes. In the second, episodic cold fronts (i.e., high pressure systems) were associated with high values of fish backscatter — likely because the Aransas Channel Inlet is far deeper than surrounding areas and protected by jetties, making it less affected by physical disturbances and rapidly changing air temperatures or precipitation. Thus, disturbances in the Aransas Channel Inlet (e.g., dredging and construction, shipping traffic) are likely to be most impactful to non-demersal fishes when temperature and salinity are low (< c.a. 15 °C and < c.a. 28 psu) and frontal systems are likely to affect the area (barometric pressure increase > c.a. 3 mb or decrease > 7 mb over 24 h). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Circulating fluidized bed (CFB) boilers with wet flue gas desulfurization (WFGD) system is a popular technology for SO2 removal in the coal-fired thermal power plant. However, the long response time of continues emission monitoring system (CEMS) and the hardness of continuously monitoring the coal properties leads to the difficulties for controlling WFGD. It is important to build a model that is adaptable to the fluctuation of load and coal properties, which can obtain the SO2 concentration ahead CEMS, without relying on coal properties. In this paper, a prediction model of inlet SO2 concentration of WFGD considering the delay between the features and target based on long-short term memory (LSTM) network with auto regression feature is established. The SO2 concentration can be obtained 90 s earlier than CEMS. The model shows good adaptability to the fluctuation of SO2 concentration and coal properties. The root-mean-squared error (RMSE) and R squared (R2) of the model are 30.11 mg/m3 and 0.986, respectively. Meanwhile, a real-time prediction system is built on the 220 t/h unit. A field test for long-term operation has been conducted. The prediction system is able to continuously and accurately predict the inlet SO2 concentration of the WFGD, which can provide the operators with an accurate reference for the control of WFGD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper presents the results of studying the flow past cylindrical bodies located in a flat-type flow-through hydrodynamic generator. The result were obtained on the hydrodynamic test bench of the experimental base of the Scientific Center of the Mechanical Engineering Research Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences with the degree of flow blockage by the bluff bodies St/S0 = 10– 82%, the Re numbers (0.5–5) × 105, and the inlet pressure Рin= 0.1–0.9 MPa. It was found that at certain values of the inlet/outlet pressure ratio, which are constant for each of the degrees of flow blockage, powerful resonant-type pressure peaks arise at frequencies of 0.5–5 kHz with the amplitude more than 4–5 times higher than the maximum inlet pressure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Inlet flow direction significantly affects the hydraulic performance of an axial-flow pump. Usually, the research papers ignore this phenomenon, resulting in discrepancies between simulation and experimental results. This study examines the influence of inflow direction in five cases (0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, and 30% pre-swirl intensities) to determine the relationship between the pre-swirl intensity and the hydraulic performance of the axial-flow pump. Based on this, changing the setting angle of the inlet guide vane (IGV) is proposed and thoroughly investigated to reduce the effect of inflow direction. In this study, the influence of clearances in IGV blades on hydraulic performance is also investigated in detail. Numerical simulations are performed using ANSYS–CFX and a shear stress transport reattachment modification (SST k- ω ) turbulence model with small y+ values at all walls. Specifically, the hydraulic performance curves and internal flow characteristics, including contours and streamlines, are assessed and analyzed. The inflow direction significantly impacts the hydraulic efficiency of the axial-flow pump. Increased pre-swirl intensity causes more loss in the IGV passage. The internal flow field and performance are not affected by the clearance at the hub and shroud of the IGV. However, the tip clearance of the impeller causes a decrease in hydraulic efficiency due to the tip leakage vortex. By adjusting the setting angle of the IGV, the efficiency and head gradually increase from a negative to a positive setting angle. Additionally, 30° is considered the critical setting angle for IGV. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article proposes to reduce the size of the vortex zones (VZ) formed when the flow is separated from sharp edges due to the formation of three kinks in the round exhaust hood. The lengths of the first and third hood shelves in the range of 0.1 – 0.5 calibre (radius of the exhaust pipe) correspond to the angles of their inclination, at which the lengths of the vortex zones are equal to the lengths of these shelves. Calculations were performed for the inclination angles of the second hood shelf of 30, 60 and 90° with lengths from 1, 2 and 5 calibres. The boundaries of the vortex zones for the specified sizes have been found, and analytical dependences for their determination have been proposed. Profiling according to these boundaries eliminates the formation of vortices and reduces the local resistance coefficient at the inlet to the hood. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the paper, flow boiling in three parallel minichannels with a common inlet and outlet area was examined. The synchronization between flow distributions in minichannels was analyzed in local area (image analysis) and as the process of the synchronization between inlet and outlet pressure fluctuations. These processes were studied using cross recurrence plot. The analysis of pixel brightness changes inside minichannels has been applied to identify the similarity of flow patterns changes inside minichannels. The results have revealed that the processes of synchronization have a negative impact on water inlet and outlet temperature and inlet and outlet pressure oscillations. During synchronization high amplitude of oscillations of temperature and pressure occur. The mentioned behaviors are caused mainly by reverse flow. In the paper it has been shown that recurrence analysis of inlet and outlet pressure oscillations can be used for assessment of boiling synchronization in minichannels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Numerical simulations were carried out to explore the flow characters and swirl distortion features of RAE M2129 S-Duct inlet using detached eddy simulation. Three freestream conditions at Mach 0.21, at angle of attack between 0 and 12 deg and at angle of sideslip between 0 and 12 deg are simulated. Results suggest that the time-averaged flow features and the aerodynamic performance of the S-Duct inlet for three freestream conditions are similar to each other; meanwhile, the time-averaged swirl distortion descriptors are also close to each other. Nevertheless, the instantaneous small-scale turbulent structures primarily induced by the freestream angle of attack lead to the generation of more strong vortices at the inlet exit plane between inlet center cone and the stbd wall, which results in larger fluctuating swirl distortions. Furthermore, the fluctuating velocity in transverse direction is more positively correlated with circumferential velocity, while the fluctuating velocity in longitude direction is more negatively correlated with circumferential velocity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Drip irrigation systems are usually designed according to open circuits, characterised by branching pipe networks with many drip laterals and one manifold. However, the closure of the circuits with a secondary manifold connecting lateral ends makes it possible to apply a lower inlet pressure head than open circuits, with important implications in energy-saving. In this paper, a comprehensive comparison between the hydraulic performance of open and closed circuits of drip laterals is carried out. The open circuits (op) were analysed by using IrriLab software, which requires two arbitrarily set pressure head tolerances, one for the laterals (δL) and one for the manifold (δM), determining the pressure tolerance of the unit (δop). Meanwhile, the closed circuits were analysed using the well-known Hardy Cross method (HCM). For #3800 drip irrigation units characterised by different geometric and hydraulic parameters, an approximated relationship is derived to accurately predict the energy saving associated with the closure of the open circuits. Results showed that open circuits are recommended when designing for low δM (low-pressure head variability in the manifold), since energy can be saved, although higher inside manifold diameters are required in this case. Contrarily, for high δM, the closure of the circuit is more appropriate to save energy, since the inlet pressure head is much lower than that required by open circuits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current development of lead-cooled reactor plants places the main focus of R&D on the primary circuit of the power plant. However, the high melting point of lead significantly affects the design of the secondary circuit, in particular, necessitating the creation of a special system for heating feedwater at the inlet to steam generators to a temperature that exceeds the melting point of the reactor coolant. The present article substantiates the need for the functional allocation of this system and formulates its main requirements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The influence of tube curvature, conical valve geometry, and initial swirl on the thermal performance of vortex tubes is numerically investigated. Multiple models of straight and curved vortex tubes are developed in Ansys-fluent®. The effect of each parameter on flow and temperature fields is analyzed using 3d simulations with standard κ - ε turbulence model. The cold stream mass fraction is varied by controlling hot exit pressure. Truncated cone hot control valves are found to perform better than non-truncated valves, but the optimum truncation length depends on the application for which the vortex tube is to be used. The tube curvature too has a positive effect in raising the temperature separation between the two streams specifically for curvature angles larger than 150° with cold mass fractions ranging between 0.3 and 0.7. The performance of curved tubes can be improved further by combining curvature effect with other design changes such as the use of truncated cone hot flow valve and an optimum number of inlet nozzles. Three inlet nozzles have been found to produce an initial swirl that gives maximum cold stream temperature difference and maximum end-to-end temperature separation for the 110 curved vortex tube. The combined effect of the three parameters is studied for the 180° curved vortex tube with three nozzles and a truncated hot conical control valve. It is found that using this combination the cold stream temperature difference increased by about 23.4 percent while the end-to-end temperature separation improved by about 37.3 percent when compared with the straight vortex tube. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To compare in vitro regional nasal deposition measurements using an idealized nasal airway geometry, the Alberta Idealized Nasal Inlet (AINI), with in vivo regional deposition for nasal drug products. Materials and Methods: One aqueous solution formulation (NasalCrom), one aqueous suspension formulation (Nasonex) and one nasal pressurized metered dose spray device (QNASL) were selected. Two spray orientation angles, 60° and 45° from the horizontal, were selected. A steady inhalation flow rate of 7.5 L/min was selected to simulate slow inhalation through a single nostril. After actuation, the AINI was disassembled. The mass of drug deposited in each region and a downstream filter, representing penetration of drug to the lungs, was determined using ultraviolet–visible (UV–Vis) spectrophotometry. Results: No filter (lung) deposition was detected for NasalCrom or Nasonex. Filter deposition ranged from 6 to 11% for QNASL. For NasalCrom, 45% to 69% of the dose deposited in the AINI was deposited in the vestibule and 31% to 55% was deposited in the turbinates; for Nasonex, 66% to 74% (vestibule) and 26% to 34% (turbinates); for QNASL, 90% to 100% (vestibule) and 0% to 10% (turbinates). No statistically significant difference was observed between regional deposition in vivo and in vitro for any of the formulations, except that nasopharyngeal deposition with Nasonex differed by less than 1.56% from in vivo, which while statistically significant, is unlikely to be clinically significant. Conclusions: The AINI was able to mimic regional in vivo deposition for nasal drug products, permitting differentiation between devices based on regional deposition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Operational and structural modifications were numerically investigated in an effort to improve the performance of a liquid-cooled heatsink. The water/silver nanofluid was utilized as coolant, where the effects of nanoparticle concentration and Reynolds number were the operational variables considered, while the effect of rifling the inlet tube of coolant was a structural parameter investigated. The considered range for nanoparticle concentration and Reynolds number was 0–1% and 5000–20,000, respectively. The overall hydrothermal performance of the heatsink with rifled inlet was found to be 1.073–1.541 times higher than that of heatsink with plain inlet. In addition, it was revealed that rifling the inlet tube of heatsink entails a 4.26–21.79% decrement in the thermal entropy and a 9.90–110.97% increase in the frictional entropy. Moreover, it was demonstrated that friction is the main source of entropy generation in the flow, and the second-law performance of the heatsink with plain inlet is better than that of heatsink with rifled inlet. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research work describes the development of a novel bioanalytical method for the assessment of food impact on selected exhaled breath volatile organic compounds (VOCs) using a fast and portable screening VOC prototype sensor based on membrane inlet mass spectrometry (MIMS). Method and sensor prototype functionality was verified by obtaining good response times, linearity in the examined concentration ranges, and sensitivity and repeatability for several breath VOCs—acetone, ethanol, n-pentane, and isoprene. A new VOC sensor prototype was also proven to be sensitive enough for selected breath VOC quantification with limits of detection at low part per billion (ppb) levels—5 ppb for n-pentane, 10 ppb for acetone and ethanol, and 25 ppb for isoprene. Food impact assessment was accomplished by tracking the levels of acetone, ethanol, n-pentane, and isoprene in exhaled breath samples collected from 50 healthy participants before the meal and 60 min and 120 min after the meal. For acetone, isoprene, and n-pentane, a larger impact was noticed 120 min after the meal, while for ethanol, it was after 60 min. Obtained VOC levels were in the expected concentration ranges. Mean values at all time points were ~ 500–900 ppb for acetone and ~ 400–600 ppb for ethanol. Most of the results for n-pentane were below 5 ppb, but the mean value for those which were detected was ~ 30 ppb. Along with samples, data about participants' lifestyle were collected via a short questionnaire, which were compared against obtained VOC levels in order to reveal some significant correlations between habits of participants and their breath VOC levels. Portable MS: monitoring of food impact on the levels of selected VOCs from exhaled breath [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Different steady states in a toluene biodegrading biofilter were explored experimentally and numerically. Experimental results showed that a gradual increase of the toluene inlet concentration over several weeks leads to a consistently low exit concentration, with a drastic increase at an inlet concentration change from 7.7 to 8.5 g m−3, indicating an alteration in steady state. A significant and sudden drop in the removal efficiency from 88 to 46% was observed. A model that includes nitrogen and biomass dynamics predicted results matching the experimental biofilter performance well, but the timing of the concentration jump was not reproduced exactly. A model that assumes a gradual increase of toluene inlet concentration of 0.272 g m−3 per day, accurately reproduced the experimental relationship between inlet and outlet concentration. Although there was variation between experimental and simulated results, a clear confirmation of the jump from one steady state to another was found. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Phytoplankton are the base of nearly all marine food webs and mediate the interactions of biotic and abiotic components in marine systems. Understanding the spatial and temporal changes in phytoplankton growth requires comprehensive biological, physical, and chemical information. Long-term datasets are an invaluable tool to study these changes, but they are rare and often include only a small set of measurements. Here, we present biological, physical and chemical oceanographic data measured periodically between March 2010 and November 2017 from the euphotic zone of Saanich Inlet, a temperate fjord on the west coast of British Columbia, Canada. The dataset includes measurements of dissolved macronutrients, total and size-fractionated chlorophyll-a, particulate carbon, nitrogen and biogenic silica, and carbon and nitrate uptake rates. This collection describes phytoplankton dynamics and the distribution of biologically-available macronutrients over time in the upper water column of Saanich Inlet. We establish a baseline for future investigations in Saanich Inlet and provide a data collection protocol that can be applied to similar productive coastal regions. Measurement(s) chlorophyll a • biogenic silica • carbon uptake • nitrogen uptake • particulate carbon • particulate nitrogen • inorganic macronutrient dissolved in ocean water • concentration of silicic acid in ocean water Technology Type(s) fluorometer • ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometry • elemental analysis and isotope ratio mass spectrometry • nutrient autoanalyzer Sample Characteristic - Organism Bacillariophyta • Dinophyceae • Chlorophyceae Sample Characteristic - Environment estuary • coastal inlet Sample Characteristic - Location Vancouver Island • North East Pacific Ocean coastal waters of Southern British Columbia, Washington and Oregon • Province of British Columbia [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The reasons why rice 137Cs concentrations increase near the water inlet were investigated using rectangular experimental plots settled in paddy fields. The 137Cs concentrations in brown rice and rice straw were highest at 1 m from the inlet and decreased gradually with increasing distance, showing a negative correlation with soil exchangeable potassium content (Ex-K). The 137Cs concentration in brown rice was negatively and positively correlated with yield and sterility rate, respectively. These results suggest that soil Ex-K reduction and rice anomalies occurred near the water inlet and could contribute to the local elevation of 137Cs concentrations in rice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Agricultural pesticides transported to surface waters pose a major risk for aquatic ecosystems. Modelling studies indicate that the inlets of agricultural storm drainage systems can considerably increase the connectivity of surface runoff and pesticides to surface waters. These model results have however not yet been validated with field measurements. In this study, we measured discharge and concentrations of 51 pesticides in four out of 158 storm drainage inlets of a small Swiss agricultural catchment (2.8 km2) and in the receiving stream. For this, we performed an event-triggered sampling during 19 rain events and collected plot-specific pesticide application data. Our results show that agricultural storm drainage inlets strongly influence surface runoff and pesticide transport in the study catchment. The concentrations of single pesticides in inlets amounted up to 62 µg/L. During some rain events, transport through single inlets caused more than 10% of the stream load of certain pesticides. An extrapolation to the entire catchment suggests that during selected events on average 30 to 70% of the load in the stream was transported through inlets. Pesticide applications on fields with surface runoff or spray drift potential to inlets led to increased concentrations in the corresponding inlets. Overall, this study corroborates the relevance of such inlets for pesticide transport by establishing a connectivity between fields and surface waters, and by their potential to deliver substantial pesticide loads to surface waters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]