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The microbiome is defined as the sum of microbes, their genomes, and interactions in a given ecological niche. Atopic dermatitis is a multifactorial chronic inflammatory skin disease leading to dryness and itchiness of the skin. It is often associated with comorbidities such as allergic rhinoconjunctivitis and asthma. Today, culture-free techniques have been established to define microbes and their genomes that may be both detrimental and beneficial for their host. There are signs that microbes, both on skin and in the gut, may influence the course of atopic dermatitis. Antiseptic treatment has been used for decades, however now, with the help of traditional culture-based methods and modern metagenomics, we are beginning to understand that targeted treatment of dysbiosis may possibly become part of an integrated therapy plan in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Increased aging of the general population is a well-known fact with serious effects on health systems worldwide. Skin aging involves various immunological and structural changes that increase the risk of numerous skin diseases such as contact dermatitis. Contact dermatitis is characterized by an inflammation of the skin caused by an interaction between the skin and external agents and is divided into irritant and allergic contact dermatitis. Irritant contact dermatitis occurs on skin areas directly exposed to irritant substances, which results in a stream of pro-inflammatory cytokines mediating the skin injury. Asteatotic and perineal irritant contact dermatitis are the most important subtypes of irritant contact dermatitis in the elderly. Allergic contact dermatitis is a T cell-mediated inflammatory reaction and requires a prior sensitization. The most common allergens responsible for allergic contact dermatitis in the elderly are fragrance mix, nickel, and balsam of Peru. Elderly patients with stasis dermatitis, chronic wounds, and chronic venous insufficiency have an increased prevalence of sensitization due to the frequent exposure to topical treatments. In this review, the most common types of contact dermatitis in the elderly are enumerated in order to assist dermatologists and other physicians to identify contact dermatitis in this distinct group of the population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Primary localized cutaneous amyloidosis (PLCA) is characterized by extracellular deposition of heterogenic amyloid proteins in the skin without systemic involvement. Lichen amyloidosis, macular amyloidosis, and (primary localized cutaneous) nodular amyloidosis are different subtypes of PLCA. Objective: The aim of this study was to review the current reported treatment options for PLCA. Methods: This systematic review was based on a search in the PubMed database for English and German articles from 1985 to 2016. Results: Reports on the treatment of PLCA were limited predominantly to case reports or small case series. There were a few clinical trials but these lacked control groups. A variety of treatment options for PLCA were reported including retinoids, corticosteroids, cyclophosphamide, cyclosporine, amitriptyline, colchicine, cepharanthin, tacrolimus, dimethyl sulfoxide, vitamin D analogs, capsaicin, menthol, hydrocolloid dressings, surgical modalities, laser treatment, and phototherapy. Conclusion: No definitive recommendation of preferable treatment procedures can be made based on the analyzed literature. Randomized controlled trials are needed to offer patients an evidence-based therapy with high-quality standardized treatment regimens for PLCA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Porokeratosis (PK) is a rare skin disease of unknown etiology. It consists of a keratinization disorder, which may appear in several clinical forms and can undergo malignant transformation. The histopathological hallmark of PK is the cornoid lamella. While many topical, systemic, and surgical treatment modalities for PK have been described, no randomized controlled trials have been performed yet. Because of a lack of treatment standards for PK, European and international guidelines cannot be created. Objective: The aim of this systematic review is to outline options for treating PK. Methods: We performed a systematic literature search in an electronic database for published literature. A total of 88 articles fulfilling our inclusion criteria were found. Results: There were no randomized controlled trials on the treatment of PK, but mainly case reports and case series. Porokeratosis of Mibelli showed the best outcomes after treatment with imiquimod cream and linear PK responded well to topical or systemic retinoids. Topical vitamin D acid derivatives may be the best therapeutic option for disseminated PK. Surgical interventions and cryotherapy may be preferred in areas where the use of topical agents is difficult or contraindicated. Conclusion: To offer patients with PK an evidence-based high-quality standardized therapy, randomized controlled trials are needed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Diabetes mellitus is a widespread endocrine disease with severe impact on health systems worldwide. Increased serum glucose causes damage to a wide range of cell types, including endothelial cells, neurons, and renal cells, but also keratinocytes and fibroblasts. Skin disorders can be found in about one third of all people with diabetes and frequently occur before the diagnosis, thus playing an important role in the initial recognition of underlying disease. Noninfectious as well as infectious diseases have been described as dermatologic manifestations of diabetes mellitus. Moreover, diabetic neuropathy and angiopathy may also affect the skin. Pruritus, necrobiosis lipoidica, scleredema adultorum of Buschke, and granuloma annulare are examples of frequent noninfectious skin diseases. Bacterial and fungal skin infections are more frequent in people with diabetes. Diabetic neuropathy and angiopathy are responsible for diabetic foot syndrome and diabetic dermopathy. Furthermore, antidiabetic therapies may provoke dermatologic adverse events. Treatment with insulin may evoke local reactions like lipohypertrophy, lipoatrophy and both instant and delayed type allergy. Erythema multiforme, leukocytoclastic vasculitis, drug eruptions, and photosensitivity have been described as adverse reactions to oral antidiabetics. The identification of lesions may be crucial for the first diagnosis and for proper therapy of diabetes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]