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Previous studies have observed the protective effects of alcohol and the deleterious effects of smoking on chronic pain in the general population. Interestingly, alcohol and smoking were negatively associated with the severity and status of depression and anxiety. Meanwhile, depression and anxiety are associated with an increased perception of pain severity. However, little is known regarding the associations of alcohol and smoking with chronic pain in people with depression and anxiety. Depression was assessed with the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9). Anxiety was measured with items based on the Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 (GAD-7). We used logistic and liner regression models to examine associations between smoking, alcohol consumption, and 8 pain phenotypes, including (1) headache; (2) facial pain; (3) neck or shoulder pain; (4) back pain; (5) stomach or abdominal pain; (6) hip pain; (7) knee pain; and (8) multisite chronic pain. Additionally, we did subgroup analysis in the non-depression and anxiety groups and comorbid anxiety-depression group to test if there were differences. Our results found that alcohol consumption was negatively associated with headache in depression group (odds ratio (OR) = 0.71, P = 0.007), which was also found in anxiety group (OR = 0.63, P = 0.002), comorbid anxiety and depression group (OR = 0.68, P = 0.025), and non-depression and anxiety group (OR = 0.72, P = 0.002). We observed that smoking was positively associated with back pain in depression group (OR = 1.14, P = 0.016) and mild to moderate depression group (OR = 1.13, P = 0.049). Also, positive associations of smoking with hip pain were found in the anxiety group (OR = 1.37, P = 0.001) and comorbid anxiety and depression group (OR = 1.31, P = 0.022). Our research indicated that for participants with depression and anxiety, alcohol consumption was negatively associated with most of the pain phenotypes, while smoking was positively associated with most of the 8 pain phenotypes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Subjective well-being (SWB) is an important measure for mental health status. Previous research has shown that physical activity can affect an individual’s well-being, yet the underlying molecular mechanism remains to be clarified. In this study, we aim to evaluate the potential interactions between mitochondrial genes and physical activity (PA) as well as their combined effects on individual well-being. SWB phenotype data in UK Biobank were enrolled for this study including nine aspects such as work/job satisfaction, health satisfaction, family relationship satisfaction, friendships satisfaction, financial situation satisfaction, ever depressed for a whole week, general happiness, general happiness with own health and belief that own life is meaningful. We made analysis for each aspects separately. Firstly, mitochondria-wide association studies (MiWAS) was conducted to assess the association of mitochondrial Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms SNP with each aspect of SWB. Then an interaction analysis of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) mutation and PA was performed to evaluate their joint effect on SWB status. Meanwhile, these two analysis were made for female and male group separately as well as the total samples, all under the control of possible confounding factors including gender, age, Townsend Deprivation Index (TDI), education, alcohol consumption, smoking habits, and 10 principal components. MiWAS analysis identified 45 mtSNPs associated with 9 phenotypes of SWB. For example, m.15218A > G on MT-CYB in the health satisfaction phenotype of the total subjects. Gender-specific analyses found 30 mtSNPs in females and 58 in males, involving 13 mtGenes. In mtDNA-PA interaction analysis, we also identified 10 significant mtDNA-PA interaction sets for SWB. For instance, m.13020 T > C (MT-ND5) was associated with the SWB financial situation satisfaction phenotype in all subjects (P = 0.00577). In addition, MiWAS analysis identified 12 mtGene variants associated with SWB, as MT-ND1 and MT-ND2. However, in mtDNA-PA interactions we detected 7 mtDNA affecting psychiatric disorders occurring, as in the friendships satisfaction phenotype (m.3394 T > C on MT-ND1). Our study results suggest an implication of the interaction between mitochondrial function and physical activity in the risk of psychiatric disorder development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]