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Finite strain deformation behaviour of recycled aluminium alloy AA6061 is investigated in this paper via uniaxial tensile test and Taylor cylinder impact test implementations. The uniaxial tensile tests are performed at different elevated temperature from 100 to 300 °C, at the strain rate of 10−4 s−1 and 10−3 s−1 and the Taylor cylinder impact tests are conducted at different impact velocity ranging from 170 to 370 m/s. The deformation behaviour of tensile test specimen is evaluated in term of the stress–strain curve and the anisotropic behaviour, including fracture mode, of the impact test specimen, is analyzed according to the geometric profile of the deformed specimen. Besides, the damage characteristic of both the experimental tests is characterized using Scanning Electron Microscope analysis and ImageJ software analysis. The recycled AA6061 exhibits strain-rate dependency behaviour and strong anisotropic behaviour. The flow stress and damage evolution are enhanced with the increment in strain rate. The anisotropic behaviour of such recycled material can be observed in the deformed specimen of impact test, where a non-symmetrical (ellipse shape) footprint is observed. Moreover, the damage is initiated in the undeformed specimen and it getting severe when a deformation is applied. This is due to the growth and coalescence of the micro-voids in the material resulting in formation of micro-cracks and dimples and increase in number of micro-voids. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Bone mineral density (BMD) may be increased due to vertebral compression fractures (VCF). Our study showed trabecular bone scores (TBS) was less affected than BMD by fractured vertebrae. The TBS of most compression fractures, including old and recent VCF with mild or moderate deformity and old VCF with severe deformity, could still be used in predicting fracture risk. Introduction: Trabecular bone score (TBS), a noninvasive tool estimating bone microarchitecture, provides complementary information to lumbar spine bone mineral density (BMD). Lumbar spine BMD might be increased due to both degenerative disease and vertebral compression fractures (VCF). Lumbar spine TBS has been confirmed not influenced by osteoarthrosis, but the effects of VCF are still not been well evaluated. This study aimed to investigate whether lumbar spine TBS was affected by fractured vertebrae. Methods: We studied postmenopausal women and men above 50 years old who underwent DXA between January 1, 2017, and May 31, 2019. By calculating the difference of BMD and TBS between L1 and the mean of L2-3, the study compared the difference of values between the control group and fracture group to determine the effects of fractured vertebrae on BMD and TBS. Results: A total of 377 participants were enrolled with 202 in the control group (157 females; age: 68.06 ± 6.47 years) and 175 in the fracture group (147 females; age: 71.71 ± 9.44 years). The mean BMD of the L1 vertebrae in the fracture group was significantly higher than that in the control group (p < 0.0001). There was no significant difference between the mean differences of TBS between L1 and the means of L2-3 vertebrae in the control group and the most compression fractures, including old and recent VCF with mild or moderate deformity and old VCF with severe deformity. Conclusion: Lumbar spine TBS, unlike BMD, is less affected by fractured vertebrae. The TBS of most compression fractures, including old and recent VCF with mild or moderate deformity and old VCF with severe deformity, could still be used in predicting fracture risk. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Excellent mechanical properties of composite materials have numerous engineering applications, especially in aerospace structures. The main characteristics are due to their strength-to-weight ratio and low cost of manufacturing. Therefore, the understanding and an ability to predict the formation and propagation of shock waves in such materials are important. This paper investigates the ability of the constitutive model generalised for orthotropic materials to predict a complex elastoplastic deformation behaviour which involves very high pressures and shockwaves in composite materials. The formulation consists of a stress tensor formulated based on the combination between Mandel stress tensor and a new pressure generalised for orthotropic materials. The formulation is further combined with a shock equation of state (EOS) to define a new orthotropic EOS. The implementation of this newly orthotropic EOS in the Laboratory (LLNL)-DYNA3D code of UTHM's version is presented in this paper for potential implementation in the other hydrocode. The formulation is then tested against plate impact test data of carbon fibre-reinforced epoxy composites along the through-thickness and longitudinal directions including the results obtained by Vignjevic's model (Vignjevic et al. in J Appl Phys 104(4):044904, 2008). A good agreement is obtained in each test. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Monitoring precursory decline in groundwater radon at the Antung hot spring is a useful means of forecasting the magnitude and precursor time of local disastrous earthquakes. With the help of a case study in southeastern Taiwan, this paper demonstrates the effect of tectonic setting in the subduction zone on the correlation between radon decline, precursory time and earthquake magnitude. Given a radon-monitoring site located near the plate boundary in the tectonic setting of advanced arc-continental collision, the observed radon decline and precursory time prior to the earthquakes in the tectonic setting of initial arc-continental collision are smaller than those observed prior to the earthquakes occurring on the plate boundary in the tectonic setting of advanced arc-continental collision. In the advanced arc-continental collision state, the coupling between the plates is strong and the stress transfer is efficient, whereas in the incipient collision state, the coupling and stress transfer are not as good. It also takes additional time lag and attenuation for the stress transfer from one tectonic setting to the other. This paper presents the difference in the precursory behavior of groundwater radon between earthquakes which occurred in two different tectonic settings: advanced and initial arc-continental collision. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a finite strain constitutive model to predict a complex elastoplastic deformation behaviour that involves very high pressures and shockwaves in orthotropic materials using an anisotropic Hill’s yield criterion by means of the evolving structural tensors. The yield surface of this hyperelastic-plastic constitutive model is aligned uniquely within the principal stress space due to the combination of Mandel stress tensor and a new generalised orthotropic pressure. The formulation is developed in the isoclinic configuration and allows for a unique treatment for elastic and plastic orthotropy. An isotropic hardening is adopted to define the evolution of plastic orthotropy. The important feature of the proposed hyperelastic-plastic constitutive model is the introduction of anisotropic effect in the Mie-Gruneisen equation of state (EOS). The formulation is further combined with Grady spall failure model to predict spall failure in the materials. The proposed constitutive model is implemented as a new material model in the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL)-DYNA3D code of UTHM’s version, named Material Type 92 (Mat92). The combination of the proposed stress tensor decomposition and the Mie-Gruneisen EOS requires some modifications in the code to reflect the formulation of the generalised orthotropic pressure. The validation approach is also presented in this paper for guidance purpose. The ψ tensor used to define the alignment of the adopted yield surface is first validated. This is continued with an internal validation related to elastic isotropic, elastic orthotropic and elastic-plastic orthotropic of the proposed formulation before a comparison against range of plate impact test data at 234, 450 and 895ms-1 impact velocities is performed. A good agreement is obtained in each test. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study utilizes the Shockly equation and Fourier's law with the optical, electrical and thermal properties of LEDs to predict the variation of the junction temperature with the injection current. It is shown that the relationship of the junction temperature with the injection current can be determined by the effective thermal conductivity, temperature coefficient of junction voltage, series resistance, integral constant (forward voltage at the initial forward current and junction temperature), ambient temperature and external quantum efficiency. The effective thermal conductivity, temperature coefficient of junction voltage, and series resistance are calculated from the material properties based on the structures of LEDs instead of measurements in this study. The junction temperature of AlGaInP/GaInP MQW red LED predicted from this study agrees with the available experimental data and the junction temperatures of GaInN UV LED and AlGaN UV LED calculated by this work are also consistent with these obtained from the emission peak shift method. The elevated temperatures of AlGaN and GaInN are larger than that of AlGaInP/GaInP MQW red LED due to the difference of the thermal conductivity for the LED substrate. This study also presents the effects of the parameters on the variation of the junction temperature with the injection current. The effective thermal conductivity and ambient temperature significantly affect the junction temperature of LEDs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recurrent groundwater radon anomalous declines were observed from well measurements in the Antung hot spring area (eastern Taiwan) prior to five of six earthquakes that occurred between 2003 and 2011 ( M range 5.0-6.8). The relationship between the detectability of radon anomalies and the first motions of P-waves was investigated. Based on the first motions of P-waves recorded near the investigated well, a precursory decrease in groundwater radon can be detected only when the first motion is compression. No precursory change in groundwater radon concentration was observed for the downward first motion of P-waves. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cerebral radiation necrosis (CRN) is a toxicity of radiation therapy that can result in significant, potentially life-threatening neurologic deficits. Treatment for CRN has included surgical resection, corticosteroids, hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBOT), and bevacizumab, but no consensus approach has been identified. We reviewed the available literature to evaluate efficacy of treatment approaches. Using methods specified in the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines when possible, we conducted searches of Ovid MEDLINE, Embase and Pubmed to identify studies reporting on outcomes for children (≤21 years old) with CRN. Eligible studies from 1990 to 2014 describing central nervous system (CNS) radiation necrosis with details of both treatment and outcomes were included. Eleven studies meeting criteria were identified. Of the nine studies with total patient denominators, 37 of 806 patients developed CRN (incidence = 4.6 %). Patients received treatment courses of steroids alone (n = 13), steroids with bevacizumab (n = 11) or HBOT (n = 12). Patients who failed to respond to steroids were more likely to be older than steroid-responsive patients (p = 0.009). With the exception of steroid-related adverse events, there was only one report of an adverse event (brainstem stroke) potentially attributable to intervention (bevacizumab). Those who received proton beam RT were both younger (p = 0.001) and had a shorter time to development of CRN (p = 0.079). The most common treatment following steroid initiation was addition of bevacizumab or HBOT, with good success and minimal toxicity. However, randomized controlled trials are needed to establish a definitive treatment algorithm that can be applied to children affected by CRN. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Vitamin D deficiency and insufficiency are highly prevalent among adolescents in Hong Kong, which is a sub-tropical city with ample sunshine. Vitamin D level is significantly correlated with key bone density and bone quality parameters. Further interventional studies are warranted to define the role of vitamin D supplementation for improvement of bone health among adolescents. Introduction: The relationship between bone quality parameters and vitamin D (Vit-D) status remains undefined among adolescents. The aims of this study were to evaluate Vit-D status and its association with both bone density and bone quality parameters among adolescents. Methods: Three hundred thirty-three girls and 230 boys (12-16 years old) with normal health were recruited in summer and winter separately from local schools. Serum 25(OH) Vit-D level, bone density and quality parameters by Dual Energy X-ray Absorptiometry (DXA) and High-Resolution peripheral Quantitative Computed Tomography (HR-pQCT), dietary calcium intake, and physical activity level were assessed. Results: Sixty-four point seven percent and 11.4 % of subjects were insufficient [25 ≤ 25(OH)Vit-D ≤ 50 nmol/L] and deficient [25(OH)Vit-D < 25 nmol/L] in Vit-D, respectively. The mean level of serum 25(OH)Vit-D in summer was significantly higher than that in winter (44.7 ± 13.6 and 35.9 ± 12.6 nmol/L, respectively) without obvious gender difference. In girls, areal bone mineral density (aBMD) and bone mineral content (BMC) of bilateral femoral necks, cortical area, cortical thickness, total volumetric bone mineral density (vBMD), and trabecular thickness were significantly correlated with 25(OH)Vit-D levels. In boys, aBMD of bilateral femoral necks, BMC of the dominant femoral neck, cortical area, cortical thickness, total vBMD, trabecular vBMD, BV/TV, and trabecular separation were significantly correlated with 25(OH)Vit-D levels. Conclusion: Vit-D insufficiency was highly prevalent among adolescents in Hong Kong with significant correlation between Vit-D levels and key bone density and bone quality parameters being detected in this study. Given that this is a cross-sectional study and causality relationship cannot be inferred, further interventional studies investigating the role of Vit-D supplementation on improving bone health among adolescents are warranted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Unlabelled: Retrospective studies suggested a benefit of first-line tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) treatment continuation after response evaluation in solid tumors (RECIST) progression in epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)-mutated non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients. The aim of this multicenter observational retrospective study was to assess the frequency of this practice and its impact on overall survival (OS). The analysis included advanced EGFR-mutated NSCLC patients treated with first-line TKI who experienced RECIST progression between June 2010 and July 2012. Among the 123 patients included (67 ± 12.7 years, women: 69 %, non smokers: 68 %, PS 0-1: 87 %), 40.6 % continued TKI therapy after RECIST progression. There was no difference between the patients who did and did not continue TKI therapy with respect to progression-free survival (PFS1: 10.5 versus 9.5 months, p = 0.4). Overall survival (OS) showed a non-significant trend in favor of continuing TKI therapy (33.0 vs. 21.2 months, p = 0.054). Progressions were significantly less symptomatic in the TKI continuation group than in the discontinuation group (18 % vs. 37 %, p < 0.01). Univariate analysis showed a higher risk of death among patients with PS >1 (HR 4.33, 95 %CI: 2.21-8.47, p = 0.001), >1 one metastatic site (HR 1.96, 95 %CI: 1.06-3.61, p = 0.02), brain metastasis (HR 1.75, 95 %CI: 1.08-2.84, p = 0.02) at diagnosis, and a trend towards a higher risk of death in cases of TKI discontinuation after progression (HR 1.62, 95 %CI: 0.98-2.67, p = 0.056 ). In multivariate analysis only PS >1 (HR 6.27, 95 %CI: 2.97-13.25, p = 0.00001) and >1 metastatic site (HR 2.54, 95 %CI: 1.24-5.21, p = 0.02) at diagnosis remained significant. This study suggests that under certain circumstances, first-line TKI treatment continuation after RECIST progression is an acceptable option in EGFR-mutated NSCLC patients.Clinical Trial Information: NCT02293733. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

From the photoinduced transport of energy that accompanies photosynthesis to the transcontinental transmission of optical data that enable the Internet, our world relies and thrives on optical signals. To highlight the importance of optics to society, the United Nations designated 2015 as "The International Year of Light and Light-based Technologies." Although conventional optical technologies are limited by diffraction, plasmons—collective oscillations of free electrons in a conductor—allow optical signals to be tailored with nanoscale precision. Following decades of fundamental research, several plasmonic technologies have now emerged on the market, and numerous industrial breakthroughs are imminent. This article highlights recent industrially relevant advances in plasmonics, including plasmonic materials and devices for energy; for medical sensing, imaging, and therapeutics; and for information technology. Some of the most exciting industrial applications include solar-driven water purifiers, cell phone Raman spectrometers, high-density holographic displays, photothermal cancer therapeutics, and nanophotonic integrated circuits. We describe the fundamental scientific concepts behind these and related technologies, as well as the successes and challenges associated with technology transfer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The OTSC clip is used in endoscopic management of gastrointestinal lesions. In rare cases, the removal of the OTSC clip might be desirable. The objective of the study is to investigate feasibility, efficacy, and safety of a novel endoscopic instrument system for removal of the OTSC clip. Methods: The study series has been conducted in a porcine model. Clip removal is performed with a prototype instrumentation that is designed to locally melt the clip by applying an electrical current pulse onto the clip structure. This system has been evaluated in an animal study ( n = 10) in a pig model. A cap prototype with an elongated sleeve has been used for extraction of the OTSC clip fragments. Results: 23 of 24 implanted OTSC clips were successfully opened by applying in a total of 74 current pulses. Superficial mucosal coagulation marks were observed in 14 of the 24 application sites. No other findings such as hemorrhage, deep thermal wall lesions, or perforation were observed. Conclusions: The study confirms the effectiveness and safety of the proposed endoscopic removal technique. Safe extraction of the clip fragments was feasible with an elongated sleeve at the distal cap. Limitations of the methods are the animal model and the experimental nature of the prototype instrumentation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background:RNA-binding proteins have an important role in messenger RNA (mRNA) regulation during tumour development and carcinogenesis. In the present study, we examined the insulin-like growth factor 2 mRNA-binding proteins (IGF2BPs; hereafter refered to as IMPs) and Lin28 family expressions in epithelial ovarian carcinoma (EOC) patients and correlated their expression levels with the response to chemotherapy, hCTR1 expression and patient survival.Methods:Patients clinical information, real-time RT-PCR, immunohistochemistry, western blot, Transwell migration invasion assays, and cytotoxicity assays were used.Results:From 140 EOC patients, high expression of IMP3 or Lin28B was associated with poor survival, and women diagnosed at advanced stages with elevated IMP3 and Lin28B were at higher risk of developing chemoresistance. High IMP3 levels combined with high Lin28B levels significantly correlated with the poorest 5-year survival rates. Knockdown of IMP3 or Lin28B decreased cell proliferation, migration, and invasion, and increased the platinum sensitivity, but not taxol sensitivity, of ovarian cancer cells through increased expression of hCTR1, a copper transporter involved in platinum uptake. High expression of hCTR1 correlated with low expression of IMP3/Lin28B and better progression-free survival in advanced-stage EOC patients.Conclusion:Testing for a combination of elevated IMP3 and Lin28B levels could further facilitate the identification of a patient subgroup with the worst prognosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to measure the level of cytokines produced by peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMNC) in patients with aplastic anemia (AA) and to determine their effect on the clonal growth of normal bone marrow (BM) cells. Twenty-one patients with AA and 11 normal controls were enrolled in this study. Medium conditioned by PBMNC of AA patients in the presence of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) was found to be suppressive to the colony growth of normal BM cells. Thus, we further determined the presence in the PBMNC-conditioned medium (CM) of both inhibitory cytokines: macrophage inflammatory protein-1 alpha (MIP-1 alpha), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), transforming growth factor-beta 2 (TGF-beta 2), and interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma), and stimulatory cytokines: interleukin-3 (IL-3) and stem cell factor (SCF). Spontaneous production of MIP-1 alpha was higher in the AA patients than the normal controls (1887 +/- 174 pg/ml vs 1643 +/- 93 pg/ml), but the difference was not significant. After LPS stimulation, the production of MIP-1 alpha was markedly increased in the AA patients, and its level was significantly higher than that of the normal controls (2360 +/- 149 pg/ml vs 1517 +/- 92 pg/ml, p = 0.0022). The level of TNF alpha was also higher in the AA patients. However, IFN-gamma, TGF-beta 2, SCF, and IL-3 were not detectable in the PBMNC-CM of either AA patients or normals. The myelopoietic suppressing effect of AA-PBMNC-CM from each AA patient was significantly blocked by pretreatment with anti-TNF-alpha, resulting in a colony-forming enhancement of 174% +/- 12%. A similar effect was noted in six of 11 AA patients by pretreatment with anti-MIP-1 alpha. We conclude that TNF alpha and MIP-1 alpha can be overproduced by the PBMNC of some AA patients, which may play a role in the progression of AA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The influences of time of storage of platelet-rich plasma (PRP), temperature of storage of PRP, platelet number in PRP, mean platelet volume in whole blood, sex, age, hemoglobin concentration, and different forms of PRP storage on platelet aggregation (PAG) tests, performed with epinephrine, collagen, arachidonate, and ristocetin by a four-channel aggregation profiler (Platelet Aggregation Profiler, Model PAP-4, Bio/Data Corporation, Hatboro, PA 19040, U.S.A.), were evaluated in four groups of subjects (52 men, 22 women, age range 20-85 years, hemoglobin concentration range 8.4-16.8 g/dl). The PRP was stored with or without packed cells, at room temperature or at 4 degrees C, for 0-6 h. The ideal platelet number of PRP for performing the PAG test fell between 150 and 500 x 10(9)/l. If the number was less than 150 x 10(9)/l, the result of PAG should be meaningless. No significant change was noted for up to 6 h when the PRP was stored either at room temperature or at 4 degrees C. Hemoglobin concentration and mean platelet volume did not affect the PAG. However, there was significant but weak correlation (p = 0.0125, r = 0.3696) between age and PAG when using arachidonic acid as the agonist. Men had significantly increased PAG when collagen and ristocetin were used as the agonists. The PRP was stored best at room temperature, without packed cells. In conclusion, to obtain the best result from a PAG test, the PRP should be kept without packed cells at room temperature for no longer than 6 h, and the platelet number should fall between 150 and 500 x 10(9)/l. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Truncated leaf syndrome (TLS) is a vegetative somaclonal variant of oil palm that is regenerated from cultured somatic cells. Until now, there are no molecular clues associated to this abnormality. Forward and reverse suppressive subtractive hybridization (SSH) libraries were constructed to isolate the differentially expressed genes from the shoot apical meristem (SAM) of severe TLS plantlets. From the suppressive SSH libraries, 278 and 132 transcripts were up-regulated and down-regulated respectively in severe TLS SAM. The annotated 54 and 24 % unique gene sequences from the forward and reverse libraries had significant matches with known proteins and were further classified based on their putative functions. Real time RT-PCR indicated that six transcripts, namely a putative finger transcription factor, a Ring H2 Finger Protein, a putative far-red impaired response protein, a Pescadillo N-terminus family protein, a TLD family protein and a maternal effect embryo arrest 14 protein from the forward library were expressed at higher levels in the severe and moderate TLS SAM and at a lower level in the mild TLS SAM compared to the calibrator (normal SAM). Four transcripts that are hypothetical protein-1, hypothetical protein-2, catalase and cation transporter from the reverse library exhibited lower expression levels in the severe and moderate TLS shoot apical meristem compared to the calibrator (normal SAM). The present findings provide a basic molecular knowledge on some of the genes associated to the TLS syndrome in oil palm. However, it is unclear whether upregulation or downregulation of these genes are a consequence of TLS or the cause of TLS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Hyperuricemia is a recognized risk factor for cardiovascular diseases. Soy foods contain a moderate amount of purine and may predispose to raised serum uric acid (UA). However, no study has examined the long-term effect of soy intake on UA levels. We examined whether consumption of soy foods and isoflavone extracts for 6 months altered serum UA. Methods: The analysis included two randomized controlled trials (soy protein trial and whole soy trial) among total 450 postmenopausal women with either prehypertension or prediabetes. We conducted a pooled analysis by combining participants from both the soy flour and soy protein groups (combined soy foods group), participants from both the isoflavone and daidzein groups (combined isoflavone group) and participants from both milk placebo groups. Fasting venous samples were obtained at baseline and the end of the trial for serum UA analysis. Results: In the pooled data, 417 subjects completed the study according to protocol. The baseline serum UA levels were comparable among the three combined groups. There was a lower decrease in UA levels among women in the combined soy foods group compared with women in the other two groups ( p = 0.028 and 0.026). The net decrease and % decrease in UA were 14.5 μmol/L (95 % CI 1.93-25.6, p = 0.023) or 4.9 % (95 % CI 1.3-8.5 %, p = 0.023) between the combined soy foods group and placebo group. Conclusions: Among Chinese postmenopausal women with either prehypertension or prediabetes, soy intake did not increase urate levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background/Objectives:Chronic kidney diseases are associated with changes in cardiometabolic risk (CMR) factors in which body composition parameters have been used as sensitive predictors. This study aimed to explore the associations of anthropometric indicators, body fat (BF), body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference (WC) with estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) in an adult healthy Chinese population.Subjects/Methods:A cross-sectional study was conducted for the subjects undergoing annual health examinations. The associations of subjects with body composition parameters were analyzed using the cutoff values of BMI, BF and WC in accordance with the criteria for Asian or Taiwanese population by gender.Results:A total of 3473 subjects, aged 30-45 years, who received physical examinations in 2007 were analyzed. The levels of CMR factors were significantly higher in males than in females. eGFR was negatively associated with BMI but positively related to BF. The additional roles of BMI and WC were observed in the subjects who were categorized according to BF. Females with normal weight obese were associated with increased eGFR, whereas a higher eGFR was found in males with low/normal BF and BMI or normal WC.Conclusions:Our data provided evidence that anthropometric parameters were associated with changes of eGFR in relatively healthy adults. Higher eGFR was observed in females with normal weight obese in whom hyperfiltration may be suspected, and this finding deserves further studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effects of the Ni(P) thickness δ on the interfacial reaction between an Sn-3Ag-0.5Cu solder and an Au/Pd(P)/Ni(P)/Cu pad (thickness: 0.05/0.05/0.1-0.3/20 μm) and the resulting mechanical properties were investigated using scanning electron microscopy equipped with an electron backscatter diffraction system, a focused ion beam system, electron probe microanalysis, and high-speed ball shear (HSBS) testing. Regardless of δ, all of the Au/Pd(P)/Ni(P) surface finishes examined were completely exhausted in one reflow, exposing the Cu pad underneath the solder. CuSn dissolved with various Ni contents, termed (Cu,Ni)Sn, was the dominant intermetallic compound (IMC) species at the solder/Cu interface. Additionally, NiSnP and NiP IMCs might form with the (Cu,Ni)Sn in the thick Ni(P) case, i.e., δ = 0.3 μm, and the two IMCs (NiSnP and NiP) were gradually eliminated from the interface after multiple reflows. A mass balance analysis indicated that the growth of the Ni-containing IMCs, rather than the dissolution of the metallization pad, played a key role in the Ni(P) exhaustion. The HSBS test results indicated that the mechanical strength of the solder joints was also δ dependent. The combined results of the interfacial reaction and the mechanical evaluation provided the optimal δ value for soldering applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The microstructural evolution of Cu/Sn-Ag (~5 μm)/Cu Cu-bump-on-line (CuBOL) joints during isothermal annealing at 180°C was examined using a field-emission scanning electron microscope equipped with an electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) system. CuSn and CuSn were the two key intermetallic compound (IMC) species that appeared in the CuBOL joints. After annealing for 24 h (= t), the solder had completely converted to Cu-Sn IMCs, forming an 'IMC' joint with Cu/CuSn/CuSn/CuSn/Cu structure. EBSD analyses indicated that the preferred orientation of the hexagonal CuSn (η) was $$ (2\bar{1}\bar{1}3) $$ , while the preferred orientation was (100) for the monoclinic CuSn structure (η′). Upon increasing t to 72 h, CuSn entirely transformed into CuSn, and the IMC joint became Cu/CuSn/Cu accordingly. Interestingly, the grain size and crystallographic orientation of CuSn displayed location dependence. Detailed EBSD analyses in combination with transmission electron microscopy on CuSn were performed in the present study. This research offers better understanding of crystallographic details, including crystal structure, grain size, and orientation, for CuSn and CuSn in CuBOL joints after various annealing times. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Parasite infestation of the testicular tunica and spermatic cord by filariae are rarely reported and may present with few clinical signs, depending upon the stage. Occasionally, it may mimic a testicular tumor. We present a case of a 29-year-old man who presented with left testicular swelling and discomfort for 4 months. Clinical examination and imaging suggested an intrascrotal cystic lesion with a normal left testis. However, the intraoperative findings revealed a tumor-like mass; hence, a left orchidectomy was performed. However, histopathology reported a diagnosis of a cystic testicular tunica and spermatic cord with parasite infection. Here, we review the literature of scrotal and testicular parasite disease and discuss the course of the appropriate management involved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The transcription factor p53 is a multifunctional tumor suppressor that arrests the cell cycle in response to stress and modulates the DNA repair process or induces apoptosis. The cellular level and activity of p53 are tightly controlled to maintain proper functioning. This study identified a novel p53-binding glycoprotein, gene related to anergy in lymphocytes (Grail), which formed a negative feedback loop (similar to that of Mdm2). Grail physically and functionally interacted with the N-terminus of p53 to target its degradation and modulate its transactivation activity. Grail also senses and regulates cellular p53 levels, modulates a panel of p53-targeted promoters, and has a role in p53-induced apoptosis in cultured cells. Overexpression of Grail inhibited p53-induced apoptosis by increasing p53 degradation. However, cells not expressing Grail failed to undergo p53-dependent apoptosis, resulting in p21-dependent G1 arrest. Thus, Grail may provide a novel regulatory route for controlling p53 activity under stress conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Selenium is an essential trace element with antioxidant property. Decreased serum selenium concentration with aging had been found in previous report. In this study, we aim to investigate the association between serum selenium and the inflammatory cytokine interleukin-6 in the elderly living in long-term care facilities in Taiwan. Materials and Methods: A total of 336 subjects aged 65 years and older (range of age: 65-101 years) were recruited from eight long-term care facilities in 2002-2003. Baseline characteristics, anthropometric indices, and biochemical data were obtained. Selenium deficiency was defined as serum selenium concentration < 80 μg/L. Multiple logistic and linear regression analyses were used to examine the relationships between selenium deficiency and interleukin-6 (divided into quartiles). Results: The prevalence of selenium deficiency was 35.6% in men and 43.2% in women, respectively. After adjusting for potential confounders using multiple logistic regression analysis, interleukin-6 quartiles were significantly associated with selenium deficiency. Compared to the interleukin-6 quartile I, the adjusted odds ratios of having selenium deficiency for interleukin-6 quartile II, III, IV were 1.00(0.50∼2.01), 1.24 (0.62∼2.50), and 2.35(1.15|4.83), respectively. The increasing odds ratios for selenium deficiency in higher interleukin-6 quartiles revealed dose-response effects (p < 0.05). Moreover, multiple linear regression analysis showed that serum selenium was significantly inversely associated with interleukin-6 after adjusting for potential confounders. Conclusions: Serum selenium was inversely associated with inflammatory cytokine interleukin-6 among elderly living in long-term care facilities in Taiwan. Monitoring serum selenium should be considered in these institutionalized elderly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chitinases are glycosyl hydrolases that cleave the β-1,4-glycosidic linkages between N-acetylglucosamine residues in chitin which is a major component of fungal cell wall. Plant chitinases hydrolyze fungal chitin to chitin oligosaccharides that serve as elicitors of plant defense system against fungal pathogens. However, plants synthesize many chitinase isozymes and some of them are not pathogenesis-related. In this study, three full-length cDNA sequences encoding a putative chitinase (EgChit3-1) and two chitinase-like proteins (EgChit1-1 and EgChit5-1) have been cloned from oil palm ( Elaeis guineensis) by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The abundance of these transcripts in the roots and leaves of oil palm seedlings treated with Ganoderma boninense (a fungal pathogen) or Trichoderma harzianum (an avirulent symbiont), and a combination of both fungi at 3, 6 and 12 weeks post infection were profiled by real time quantitative reverse-transcription (qRT)-PCR. Our findings showed that the gene expression of EgChit3-1 increased significantly in the roots of oil palm seedlings treated with either G. boninense or T. harzianum and a combination of both; whereas the gene expression of EgChit1-1 in the treated roots of oil palm seedlings was not significantly higher compared to those of the untreated oil palm roots. The gene expression of EgChit5-1 was only higher in the roots of oil palm seedlings treated with T. harzianum compared to those of the untreated oil palm roots. In addition, the gene expression of EgChit1-1 and EgChit3-1 showed a significantly higher gene expression in the leaf samples of oil palm seedlings treated with either G. boninense or T. harzianum. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background:Both genetics and the environment are implicated as risk factors for prostate cancer (PCa). This population-based case-control study evaluated four single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) previously identified by genome-wide association studies to be associated with increased PCa susceptibility. Potential relationships between serum concentrations of phyto-estrogens and SNPs were also investigated.Methods:Four SNPs (rs10993994, rs2660753, rs1016343 and rs6983267) were genotyped in 247 PCa patients, 125 BPH patients and 274 control men recruited in Scotland. Serum concentrations of the phyto-estrogens enterolactone, equol, genistein and daidzein were measured by isotope dilution gas chromatography-mass spectrometry.Results:Increased PCa risk was associated with TT genotype of rs10993994 compared with CC and CT genotypes combined (odds ratio (OR)=1.87; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.26-2.77). TT homozygotes who had low serum enterolactone concentrations (below median) were more likely to have PCa (OR=2.90; 95% CI, 1.28-6.57) than individuals with CC/CT genotype and high serum enterolactone concentrations (above median). PCa was not associated with the other three SNPs tested.Conclusions:PCa susceptibility was associated with TT genotype of SNP rs10993994 in this cohort of Scottish men and the increased risk of PCa was modified by serum enterolactone concentrations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Comparative mineral and hormonal analyses were made on tissue culture derived truncated leaf syndrome and wild type oil palm seedlings. Mineral analysis confirmed that Boron, Zinc and chlorophyll levels were significantly lower in truncated leaf syndrome leaves than those of wild type. Hormonal analysis also revealed various cytokinin derivatives such as trans-zeatin, trans-zeatin riboside, trans-zeatin O-glucoside and trans-zeatin riboside 5′mono phosphate were significantly higher in truncated leaf syndrome leaves compared to wild type leaves. Brassinolide level was also significantly higher in truncated leaf syndrome leaves than those of the wild type. These observations suggest that the truncated leaf syndrome abnormality could be associated to high cytokinin and brassinosteroid production which affects the uptake of Boron and Zinc. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Common genetic alteration in cancer genomes is implicated for embracing an aberrant cancer gene participated in tumor progression. In this study, we identified a somatic mutated LIM and cysteine-rich domains-1 (LMCD1) as a putative metastatic oncogene in human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) using integrated genomic approaches. In addition to revealing genomic amplification and gene upregulation, we identified recurrent E135K (3/48 cases) mutations in HCC tissues and K237R mutation in the PLC/PRF/5 HCC cell line. Expression of mutant LMCD1 E135K or K237R reduced the stress fiber assembly, increased cortical actin accumulation and induced lamellipodial extension. Consistently, these mutations enhanced cell migration and showed activation of the Rac1-signaling pathway. Inhibition of the LMCD1/Rac1 pathway by an LMCD1 short-hairpin RNA (shLMCD1) or the Rac1 inhibitor NSC23766 suppressed the mutation-mediated lamellipodial protrusion and cell migration. In PLC/PRF/5 cells with endogenous K237R mutation, cell migration was enhanced by estrogen-induced LMCD1 expression but reversed by shLMCD1 treatment. Moreover, overexpression of LMCD1 E135K mutation significantly promoted systemic lung metastasis in a murine tail vein injection model. Together, our results suggest that LMCD1 mutations are potential oncogenic events in HCC metastasis to promote cell migration through the Rac1-signaling pathway. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The goal of this study was to delineate the molecular characteristics of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in Taiwan. Ninety-six MRSA isolates were collected from the blood cultures of different patients during the period July to December of 2008. The spa typing, staphylococcal chromosomal cassette (SCC mec) typing, mec-associated direct repeat unit ( dru) copy numbers, and toxin genes ( sea, seb, sec, tst, lukS/F) of each isolate were determined. Thirty-eight, 28, 18, and 12 MRSA isolates were SCC mec type II, SCC mec type III, SCC mec type IV, and SCC mec type V, respectively. Most (31/38, 81.6%) of the SCC mec type II isolates were of spa t002 with four dru repeats. Some of them also carried the sec or tst toxin gene (67.7 and 80.6%, respectively). Of the 28 SCC mec type III MRSA isolates, 15 (53.6%) were of t037 with 14 dru repeats, and all also carried the sea gene. Of the 18 SCC mec type IV MRSA isolates, 13 (72.2%) were of t437 with nine dru repeats, and ten of them also had the seb gene. Among the SCC mec type V MRSA isolates, nine were type V. Five (55.6%) of them were of t437 with 11 dru repeats, and all contained the lukS/F gene. The clonal spreading of SCC mec MRSA strains with specific spa and dru types was found. Further longitudinal, multiple-site surveillance is required in order to define the MRSA evolution in Taiwan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper examines experimentally forced convection performance of a microencapsulated phase change material (MEPCM) suspension through an iso-flux heated circular tube. Forced convection experiments have been undertaken using the pure water or MEPCM suspensions as the working fluid. The heat transfer performance of the MEPCM suspension was gauged in terms of local/average heat transfer coefficients and temperature control effectiveness along the tube wall compared with that obtained for the pure water. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The interfacial reaction between Ni and Sn-3Ag-0.5Cu- xPd alloys ( x = 0 wt.% to 1 wt.%) at 250°C and the mechanical reliability of the solder joints were investigated in this study. The reaction and the resulting mechanical properties were both strongly dependent on the Pd concentration. When x was low (≤0.2 wt.%), the reaction product at the Ni/Sn-Ag-Cu- xPd interface was a layer of (Cu,Ni)Sn. An increase of x to 0.3 wt.% produced one additional (Pd,Ni)Sn compound that was discontinuously scattered above the (Cu,Ni)Sn. When x was relatively high (0.5 wt.% to 1 wt.%), a dual layer of (Pd,Ni)Sn-(Cu,Ni)Sn developed with the reaction time. The results of the high-speed ball shear (HSBS) test showed that the mechanical strength of the Ni/Sn-3Ag-0.5Cu- xPd joints degraded with increasing x, especially when x reached a high level of ≥0.3 wt.%. This degradation corresponded to the growth of (Pd,Ni)Sn at the interface, and joints easily failed along the boundaries of solder/(Pd,Ni)Sn and (Pd,Ni)Sn/(Cu,Ni)Sn in the HSBS test. The (Pd,Ni)Sn-induced joint failure (Pd embrittlement) was alleviated by doping the solder with an appropriate amount of Cu. When the Cu concentration increased to 1 wt.% and the Pd concentration did not exceed 0.5 wt.%, the growth of (Pd,Ni)Sn could be thoroughly inhibited, thereby avoiding the occurrence of Pd embrittlement in the solder joints. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effect of Pd(P) thickness on the solid-solid reaction between Sn-3Ag-0.5Cu and Au/Pd(P)/Ni(P) at 180°C was investigated in this study. The reaction was conducted after reflow, thereby removing the Au/Pd finish before the solid-state reaction. The reaction products included (Cu,Ni)Sn, NiSnP, and NiP, and their growth strongly depended on the Pd(P) thickness, especially for the former phases [i.e., (Cu,Ni)Sn and NiSnP]. As the Pd(P) thickness increased from 0 μm, to 0.1 μm, to 0.22 μm, the (Cu,Ni)Sn exhibited a needle-like dense layer, chunk-like morphology, and discontinuous morphology, respectively. The alternative phase (NiSnP) behaved in a manner opposite to that of (Cu,Ni)Sn, growing with a discontinuous morphology to a dense layer with increasing Pd(P) thickness. However, this strong dependence disappeared when the solder joints were subsequently subjected to solid-state aging. The (Cu,Ni)Sn and NiSnP both became layered structures for all cases examined. A high-speed ball shear (HSBS) test was conducted to quantify the mechanical response of the interfacial microstructures. The HSBS test results showed that any initial difference in shear strength caused by the various Pd(P) thicknesses could be reduced after the solid-state aging, which is consistent with the microstructural evolution observed. The mechanical strength of the solder joints was decreased due to the presence of a bi-intermetallic structure of (Cu,Ni)Sn/NiSnP at the interface. Detailed analysis of the growth of (Cu,Ni)Sn and NiSnP is also provided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A comparative phenotypic and morpho-histological study was carried out on tissue culture-derived truncated leaf syndrome (TLS) and wild-type oil palm seedlings to investigate their phenotypic and morpho-histological differences. On the basis of the percentage of TLS occurence in a clone, the TLS seedlings were categorized into three groups: severe (70-100%), moderate (40-69%) and mild (<40%). Wild and TLS seedlings differ in terms of growth, vigor, leaf size and shape, root number, volume, length as well as the size of shoot apical meristem (SAM). Differences were also found in fresh weight of leaf, root and SAM of TLS in comparison to wild-type seedlings. Depressed and wavy leaf surface, sunken and distorted stomata and coalesced epidermal cells were observed by scanning electron microscopy in TLS seedlings. The size, shape and number of stomata were also different in the TLS leaf compared to the wild type. Longer epidermal cells, depressed epidermal layer, larger sub-epidermal cells and loosely arranged less mesophyll cells were observed in TLS leaf than in wild type. Undifferentiated vascular bundle was found in TLS leaves where metaxylem and phloem were absent and root tips were impaired. The size and leaf primordial arrangement of SAM were remarkably different in TLS compared to wild-type seedlings suggesting that these alterations might be due to smaller SAM. Therefore, further detailed genetic analysis on TLS SAM is needed for clear understanding of TLS occurrence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fe100-xCx melts (x = 18 to 24) can be cast under B2O3O flux into solids of interconnected network morphology, with a wavelength in the submicron range. There are two major constituent subnetworks, which are a brittle Fe3C subnetwork and a ductile αFe subnetwork. The Fe100-xCx network alloys, therefore, are white cast iron of novel microstructure. Fe100-xCx specimens of x = 18 to 21 are ductile and the yield strength can be as large as ~3200 MPa. Fe100-xCx specimens of x = 22 to 24 are in the regime of a ductile-to-brittle transition. The compressive strength is high, at ~2700 MPa. Microstructural analysis indicates that the ultrafine network morphology and the ductile αFe subnetwork are responsible for the ductility exhibited in Fe100-xCx network alloys of x = 17 to 21. They are also responsible for the high compressive strength in Fe100-xCx network alloys of x = 22 to 24. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper critically explores and evaluates the theoretical innovations in the conceptualization of Weber's theory of legitimacy and its application to the study of Chinese politics. It argues that there is a need for a re-conceptualization of the concept in order to give due recognition to the process of legitimating power based on legal-rational principles in the current context. Thus this paper develops a theoretical framework on legitimacy by relating theory to practice in Chinese electoral participation and the local politics of legitimizing rural authority and improving governance at the grassroots level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was to determine the diagnostic value of procalcitonin (PCT) in the differentiation of infectious and non-infectious causes of pleural effusion. From January 2005 to April 2005, we measured the PCT levels of pleural effusion from 76 patients using an immunoluminometric assay. The types of pleural infusions studied were para-pneumonic effusion ( n = 26), empyema ( n = 7), tuberculous pleurisy ( n = 8), malignant pleural effusion ( n = 25) and transudative pleural effusion ( n = 8). The PCT levels were low in transudative pleural effusions (0.188 ± 0.077 ng/mL) and tuberculous pleurisy (0.130 ± 0.069 ng/mL), but high in empyema (5.147 ± 3.056 ng/mL), para-pneumonic effusion (1.091 ± 0.355 ng/mL), and malignant pleural effusion (0.241 ± 0.071 ng/mL). The receiver-operating characteristic curve analysis for an optimal discrimination between empyema and para-pneumonic effusion from non-para-pneumonic effusion could be performed at a cut-off point of 0.18 ng/mL with area under the curve of 0.776 (sensitivity: 69.7%, specificity: 72.1%). The correlation was found between pleural effusion PCT and serum PCT levels in 16 patients ( r = 0.967, p < 0.001). In conclusion, a high pleural effusion PCT level suggests the presence of empyema and para-pneumonic effusion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Oncofetal genes are expressed in embryos or fetuses, are downregulated or undetectable in adult tissues, and then re-expressed in tumors. Known oncofetal genes, such as AFP, GCB, FGF18, IMP-1 and SOX1, often have important clinical applications or pivotal biological functions. To find new oncofetal-like genes, we used the public information of expressed sequence tags to systematically analyze gene expression patterns and identified a novel oncofetal-like gene, LRRC16B. It increased the proliferation, anchorage-independent growth and tumorigenesis of transformed cells in xenografts, possibly through its effects on cyclin B1 protein levels. These findings exemplify the feasibility of using bioinformatics to find new oncofetal-like genes and suggest that more genes with important functional roles will be uncovered in the candidate gene list. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

High-density monoclinic β-GaO nanowires were synthesized by a vapor transport method with controlled ambient oxygen. The structures and morphology were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM). X-ray diffraction and HR-TEM analysis indicate that the as-grown β-GaO nanowires are single crystals with monoclinic structure. Intense four-band emissions covering the range from ultraviolet (UV) to visible were observed in photoluminescence (PL) spectra at room temperature. The main emission bands of deep blue (3.04 eV) to green (2.37 eV) for β-GaO nanowires were adjusted by controlling the partial pressure of oxygen. This work demonstrates a low-cost and facile process for optoelectronics applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Cu/solder/Ni structure is a common joint configuration used in microelectronic packages today. In high-temperature operation of this joint structure, an appreciable amount of Cu can readily diffuse across the entire solder to the Ni side, where it might grow into a brittle bilayer structure of (Cu,Ni)Sn/(Ni,Cu)Sn. The driving force for Cu diffusion is the chemical potential gradient. To counterbalance this chemical-force-induced Cu flux ( J), an attempt to apply a reverse electric current into a Cu/Sn(50 μm)/Ni structure was made in this study. Ten current densities ( j = 0 A/cm to 2 × 10 A/cm) were examined at 150°C upon current stressing. The results indicated that, under current stressing of <10 A/cm, Cu atoms were still driven to the Ni side, resulting in noticeable increase in the amount of Cu ( N) or (Cu,Ni)Sn at the Sn/Ni interface. In contrast, N decreased significantly, and the (Cu,Ni)Sn was further converted into another low- Cu-content phase, (Ni,Cu)Sn, when j exceeded 1.25 × 10 A/cm. Under ~10 A/cm, the (Cu,Ni)Sn thickness and N remained relatively unchanged over time, suggesting that 10 A/cm is close to the critical current density ( j) that can counterbalance J. Growth of (Cu,Ni)Sn and (Ni,Cu)Sn under the conditions (I) j < j, (II) j > j, and (III) j ≈ j were also examined in this study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study provides a comparison of the influence of Pd(P) thickness on reactions during soldering with the Sn-3Ag-0.5Cu alloy. Soldering was carried out in an infrared-enhanced conventional reflow oven, and a multiple reflow test method (up to ten cycles) was performed. With increasing Pd(P) thickness, the (Cu,Ni)Sn grew more slowly at the solder/Ni(P) interface, while the NiSnP/NiP bilayer became predominant after the first reflow. These three intermetallics, i.e., (Cu,Ni)Sn, NiSnP, and NiP, gradually coarsened as the number of reflow cycles increased. Furthermore, an additional (Ni,Cu)Sn layer appeared between (Cu,Ni)Sn and NiSnP, especially for the case of a thicker Pd(P) layer (0.2 μm). The attachment of the (Ni,Cu)Sn to the NiSnP, however, was fairly poor, and a series of microcracks formed along the (Ni,Cu)Sn/NiSnP interface. To quantify the mechanical response of the interfacial microstructures, shear testing was conducted at two different shear speeds (0.0007 m/s and 2 m/s). The results indicated that the interfacial strength and the Pd(P) thickness were strongly correlated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The tomato red spider mite Tetranychus evansi Baker et Pritchard occurs on solanaceous plants, and causes serious damage to a variety of crops in Africa and Europe. In 2001 this species was also found in Japan, on nightshade ( Solanum nigrum L.), and its invasion to solanaceous of agricultural importance is feasible. To evaluate its potential severity as a pest, the present study assessed the life-history parameters, such as the rate of development and the intrinsic rate of natural increase ( r), on S. nigrum for T. evansi collected on seven sites worldwide. Increasing temperatures between 15 and 32.5°C significantly increased the developmental rate of the seven strains while immature developmental duration was about the same at 32.5-40°C. The rate of egg-to-adult development [(% hatch) × (% survival)] exceeded 88% at temperatures between 15 and 37.5°C. The lower thermal thresholds (LT) were 11.9-12.5°C for both egg-to-adult and egg-to-egg development. The optimum developmental temperatures ranged from 36.7 to 43.8°C and the upper developmental threshold (UT) ranged from 45.2 to 59.4°C. The r-values became higher with temperature increasing from 15 to 35°C. The r-values at 25°C ranged from 0.265 to 0.277 which are relatively high for species of the genus Tetranychus. These results indicate that T. evansi after invasion into Japan has the potential to become a serious pest on solanaceous crops, just the same as in Africa and Europe. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

PurposeRecent studies have advocated the use of laser iridoplasty or paracentesis in the initial management of patients with acute primary angle closure (APAC). The aim of this study was to ascertain the effectiveness of medical treatment consisting of topical and systemic intraocular pressure (IOP)-lowering agents in the initial management of APAC.MethodsThis was an observational case series of consecutive patients presenting with APAC at a Singapore hospital over 2 years. On diagnosis, all subjects received intravenous acetazolamide followed by oral acetazolamide, topical pilocarpine, timolol, and steroid eye drops. Resolution of APAC was defined as IOP <21 mm Hg with no acute symptoms.ResultsIn all, 134 consecutive APAC subjects were studied. The majority of subjects were Chinese (96.3%) and female (80%), and the mean age was 63.7±9.6 years. The mean presenting IOP was 58±12.7 mm Hg and mean duration of symptoms was 2.8±3.2 days. With medical therapy, APAC attacks resolved within 3, 6, 12, and 24 h in 28 (21.5%), 58 (44.6%), 99 (76.2%), and 116 (89.2%) subjects, respectively. After resolution of APAC, laser iridotomy was performed in 81.6% of the subjects; 16.2% of the subjects underwent cataract extraction. There was failure of resolution of APAC in only 3 subjects (2.2%). No subject suffered any serious side effects as a result of treatment.ConclusionsMedical therapy resulted in resolution of APAC within 12 h in 76.2% of the subjects and within 24 h in 89.2% of the subjects, showing the effectiveness of medical therapy in the initial management of APAC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The prevalence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in nosocomial staphylococcal infections in Taiwan has exceeded 50% since 2000. However, little relevant data has been available concerning vancomycin-intermediate S. aureus (VISA) and heteroresistant VISA (hVISA). We collected 1,000 MRSA isolates from ten medical center hospitals in Taiwan during 2003. All were initially screened for reduced susceptibility to vancomycin on brain heart infusion (BHI) agar containing 5 mg/L vancomycin. Among 34 MRSA isolates that grew on the screening plates, two VISA isolates (0.2%) and seven hVISA isolates (0.7%) were evident. Vancomycin-resistant S. aureus was not detected. The accessory gene regulator ( agr) typing of all 1,000 MRSA strains were typed by multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR); 919 strains (91.9%) including the VISA and hVISA isolates belonged to agr group I, 78 strains (7.8%) were agr group II, two strains (0.2%) were agr group III, and one isolate (0.1%) was agr group IV. There was no relationship between sample sites and agr typing. In 2003, the incidence of hVISA and VISA in Taiwan was low. Continued surveillance is recommended, given the implementation of new Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) criteria for S. aureus and the increasing clinical use of glycopeptides. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]