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In the shadow of the coronavirus (Covid-19) pandemic, the sterilization has become a major necessity for humans to avoid exponential Infection. In order to avoid touching contaminated surfaces, we develop an embedded system prototype, which allows the bottle or any other medium to pour the sterilization product without touching it. The human hands are detected using two sensors HC-SR04 and LM35. To overcome the stability problem due to the problem of sensor noise and enhance the system performance a Kalman filter algorithm is implemented to ensure stable hands detection. The efficiency of the prototype mounted on an Arduino board is checked. After the completion of the prototype, a comprehensive cost analysis is conducted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The standard Yee FDTD algorithm is widely used in computational electromagnetics because of its simplicity and divergence free nature. A generalization of this classical scheme to 3D unstructured co-volume meshes is adopted, based on the use of a Delaunay primal mesh and its high quality Voronoi dual. This circumvents the problem of accuracy losses, which are normally associated with the use of a staircased representation of curved material interfaces in the standard Yee scheme. The procedure has been successfully employed for modelling problems involving both isotropic and anisotropic lossy materials. Here, we consider the novel extension of this approach to allow for the challenging modelling of chiral materials, where the material parameters are frequency dependent. To adequately model the dispersive behaviour, the Z-transform is employed, using second order Padé approximations to maintain the accuracy of the basic scheme. To validate the implementation, the numerical results produced are compared with available analytical solutions. The stability of the chiral algorithm is also studied. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Yee finite difference time domain (FDTD) algorithm is widely used in computational electromagnetics because of its simplicity, low computational costs and divergence free nature. The standard method uses a pair of staggered orthogonal cartesian meshes. However, accuracy losses result when it is used for modelling electromagnetic interactions with objects of arbitrary shape, because of the staircased representation of curved interfaces. For the solution of such problems, we generalise the approach and adopt an unstructured mesh FDTD method. This co-volume method is based upon the use of a Delaunay primal mesh and its high quality Voronoi dual. Computational efficiency is improved by employing a hybrid primal mesh, consisting of tetrahedral elements in the vicinity of curved interfaces and hexahedral elements elsewhere. Difficulties associated with ensuring the necessary quality of the generated meshes will be discussed. The power of the proposed solution approach is demonstrated by considering a range of scattering and/or transmission problems involving perfect electric conductors and isotropic lossy, anisotropic lossy and isotropic frequency dependent chiral materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The standard Yee algorithm is widely used in computational electromagnetics because of its simplicity and divergence free nature. A generalization of the classical Yee scheme to 3D unstructured meshes is adopted, based on the use of a Delaunay primal mesh and its high quality Voronoi dual. This allows the problem of accuracy losses, which are normally associated with the use of the standard Yee scheme and a staircased representation of curved material interfaces, to be circumvented. The 3D dual mesh leapfrog-scheme which is presented has the ability to model both electric and magnetic anisotropic lossy materials. This approach enables the modelling of problems, of current practical interest, involving structured composites and metamaterials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In computational electromagnetics, the advantages of the standard Yee algorithm are its simplicity and its low computational costs. However, because of the accuracy losses resulting from the staircased representation of curved interfaces, it is normally not the method of choice for modelling electromagnetic interactions with objects of arbitrary shape. For these problems, an unstructured mesh finite volume time domain method is often employed, although the scheme does not satisfy the divergence free condition at the discrete level. In this paper, we generalize the standard Yee algorithm for use on unstructured meshes and solve the problem concerning the loss of accuracy linked to staircasing, while preserving the divergence free nature of the algorithm. The scheme is implemented on high quality primal Delaunay and dual Voronoi meshes. The performance of the approach was validated in previous work by simulating the scattering of electromagnetic waves by spherical 3D PEC objects in free space. In this paper we demonstrate the performance of this scheme for penetration problems in lossy dielectrics using a new averaging technique for Delaunay and Voronoi edges at the interface. A detailed explanation of the implementation of the method, and a demonstration of the quality of the results obtained for transmittance and scattering simulations by 3D objects of arbitrary shapes, are presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nowadays, the spectrum becomes more crowded and to solve this problem we use the cognitive radio technology, cognitive radio is a promising technology used to improve of spectrum utilization. Among important functions of the cognitive radio is the spectrum sensing. Most of the research works on the spectrum sensing for the cognitive radio networks are considered in a fixed temporal state, they are ignored impact of the mobility of a secondary user. We interested in the concept of the spectrum sensing in real-time. In this paper, we propose an algorithm that examined the impact of the mobility of a secondary user to determine the parameters that affect the spectrum sensing in cognitive radio networks. The performance of the algorithm proposed is evaluated with simulations and results, and of course we will finish by a conclusion and a future perspective. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]