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Metribuzin is a systemic herbicide having translaminar flow in the plant. Therefore, there are chances of movement in the leaves, immature cane and juice. Work has been done on the residues of metribuzin in soil but no literature is available on the residues in immature cane. Therefore, present work is undertaken to check the dissipation pattern in immature cane, juice and soil. A two-year trial was conducted to study the residues of metribuzin after application @ 1400 and 2800 g a.i. ha−1. In immature cane, the initial residues were 11.73 and 20.89 mg kg−1 during 1st year and 12.78 and 26.09 mg kg−1 during 2nd year which declined below the limit of quantification of 0.05 mg kg−1 in 15 days at single and double dose, respectively. In soil, initial residues were 0.87 and 2.56 mg kg−1 during 1st year and 0.94 and 2.83 mg kg−1 during 2nd year at single and double dose, respectively, which decreased below the limit of quantification after 10 and 15 days of application during both years @ 1400 and 2800 g a.i. ha−1, respectively. The total residues followed kinetics of first order with correlation coefficient (R2) of 0.98 and 0.99. Sugarcane juice did not show the residues of metribuzin at harvest time. No residues were found in sugarcane, its juice and soil at harvest time; therefore, it can be concluded that the application of metribuzin @ 1400 and 2800 g a.i. ha−1 is safe from consumption point of view and environment point of view. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lipid synthesis is an important process in most organisms as well as in helminths. The present observation shows the variation of lipid and fatty acid uptake among cestode, Raillietina ( Fuhrmannetta) echinobothrida; nematode, Ascaridia galli and their host, Gallus domesticus, the common country fowl. Total lipid (TL), neutral lipid (NL), glycolipid (GL), phospholipid (PL) and their fatty acid of cestode, nematode and liver and intestinal fluid of the host were analyzed by thin layer chromatography and gas liquid chromatography respectively. The result shows that liver take more TL, PL and GL except NL. Utilization of lipid from intestinal fluid when compare between the parasites, it is found that TL and PL content of cestode are higher than nematode, whereas, nematode absorbs more NL and GL than cestode. The percent of cholesterol is more in cestode than nematode. Palmitic, stearic, oleic and linoleic are the predominant fatty acids among all the samples. The present study reveals that the cestode having large surface area is more opportunistic in the resource utilization over the nematode as well as the host. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this analysis was to develop an efficient analysis for the estimation of residues of propanil in rice grain, husk, straw and soil samples. A liquid-liquid partitioning method was used for the extraction of propanil residues from the rice grains and its contents. For this, representative 10 g samples of blended rice grain, husk, straw and soil were soaked in acetone for 24 h, and the contents then partitioned two times into 100 and 50 mL dichloromethane and one time with 100 mL hexane. The combined organic layers were collected and were concentrated to 10 mL acetone using a rotary vacuum evaporator at 40°C. The extract was then subjected to cleanup by dispersive solid phase extraction. The final extract was injected onto a GLC column, where the propanil residues were determined by electron capture detector. The percentage recoveries were ranged from 84.9 % to 98.3 % when samples were spiked at the levels of 0.05, 0.25 and 0.50 mg/kg. The limits of quantification and detection were 0.05 and 0.017 mg/kg, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the present work was to develop and validate an assay for residual organic solvents in kemantane substance (5-hydroxyadamantan-2-one) by gas liquid chromatography (GLC-FID). Experiments were performed using a gas chromatograph with a flame ionization detector and an autosampler. Chromatographic separation was performed on a VF-624ms quartz capillary column of length 60 m and diameter 0.32 mm, with an applied immobile phase 1.80 μm thick. Volatile organic solvent extraction was improved by vapor phase extraction (headspace method). The method was validated in terms of its main characteristics. Parameters for the suitability of the chromatography system were developed. Batch samples of kemantane substance were analyzed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the present work was to study the physicochemical properties of a new compound with kappa-opioid agonist activity, RU 1205, and to develop methods for qualitative and quantitative analysis of RU 1205 substance. Studies were performed using IR, UV, and H NMR spectroscopy, high-performance liquid chromatography, gas-liquid chromatography, and acid-base titration in non-aqueous medium. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Persistence of fluopicolide and propamocarb in tomato was studied following three applications of a combination formulation of Infinito 68.75 SC (fluopicolide 6.25 % + propamocarb 62.5 %) at 1500 and 3000 mL ha by 7 days interval, starting the spray at fruit development stage. QuEChERS method included extraction of sample with ethyl acetate and cleanup of dispersive solid-phase extraction was used for the determination of fluopicolide and propamocarb residues on tomato and soil. Residues of fluopicolide and propamocarb in tomato were estimated by gas-liquid chromatography and gas chromatograph-mass spectrometry, respectively. Half-lives for fluopicolide were found to be 2.58 and 2.31 days, whereas for propamocarb these values were observed to be 1.49 and 2.08 days at single and double the application rates, respectively. Residues of fluopicolide dissipated below its limit of quantification (LOQ) of 0.01 mg kg after 7 and 10 days at single and double the application dosage, respectively. Similarly, residues of propamocarb took 5 and 7 days to reach LOQ of 0.10 mg kg, at single and double dosages, respectively. Soil samples collected after 15 days of the last application did not show the presence of fluopicolide and propamocarb at their detection limit of 0.01 and 0.10 mg kg, respectively. The initial deposit of residues of propamocarb and fluopicolide for both the dosages were below the prescribed codex maximum residue limit values of 2 and 1 mg kg, respectively. Therefore, a 1-day waiting period was suggested to reduce human health risks before consumption of tomato fruits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rotenoids are group of ketonic compounds having chromno chromanone ring structure. In the present study Rotenoids were isolated from various plant parts and callus cultures of Cassia occidentalis L., (Fabaceae), and identified using TLC, gas-liquid chromatography and other spectral techniques comparable to that of the standard rotenoids. The recovery of rotenoids was found to be maximum in the roots and minimum in stem. The isolated compounds were found to effective against Anopheles stephensi larvae with lethal concentration (LC50 and LC 90) as 110.73 and 206.79 ppm, respectively. Precursors were used to enhance the rotenoid production in vitro. Treatment dose of 0.05 mM of both Phenylalanine and Methionine increased the production 1.18 times than the control. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Amethod for the analysis and standardization of levofloxacin substance synthesized using an original method was developed. The physicochemical properties of batch samples of levofloxacin substance were studied; IR and UV spectra were recorded for identification; contents of contaminants and R-ofloxacin in substance were determined by HPLC; residual solvent contents were determined by GLC. Samples of substance were assayed by HPLC. The shelf life was determined and quality norms were specified for levofloxacin substance; the results were used to prepare a draft pharmacopoeia monograph for levofloxacin substance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fipronil gives effective control of early shoot borer and termites in sugarcane. The persistence and metabolism of fipronil in sugarcane leaves and juice were studied following application of fipronil (Regent 0.3 G) at 75 and 300 g a.i. ha. Samples of sugarcane leaves were collected at various time intervals. Samples of sugarcane juice were collected at harvest. Residues of fipronil and its metabolites were quantified by gas liquid chromatograph. The limit of quantification of fipronil and its metabolites was 0.01 mg kg for sugarcane leaves and juice. Total residues of fipronil and its metabolites in sugarcane leaves after 7 days of its application at 75 and 300 g a.i. ha were 0.26 and 0.66 mg kg, respectively. Residues could not be detected after 60 and 90 following fipronil application at either concentration. In sugarcane leaves, fipronil was found to be the main constituent, followed by its metabolites amide, desulfinyl, sulfone and sulfide. Samples of sugarcane juice did not reveal the presence of fipronil or its metabolites following its application at both the dosages at harvest. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biological (antimicrobial, cytotoxic, embryotoxic, and hemolytic) activity of total lipids, individual fractions and classes of lipids, and photosynthetic pigments of Saccharina cichorioides (Miyabe) were studied, together with the effect of season of the alga harvesting and changes in fatty acid composition of lipids on their activity. Antimicrobial activity was more pronounced in total lipids, individual fractions of lipids, and photosynthetic pigments of S. cichorioides collected in March. High antimicrobial activity was also demonstrated by total lipids of alga samples collected in September and November and hemolytic activity, in those collected in March and November. Pronounced hemolytic activity was demonstrated by some classes of glyceroglycolipids of laminaria samples collected in November. Cytotoxic activity toward mouse splenocytes was demonstrated only by total lipids of alga collected in March. Toxic effects toward embryos of sea urchin were demonstrated by lipids of S. cichorioides collected in June and September. None of the lipids or pigments was active against Ehrlich ascites carcinoma. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Amadi is a small sized edible marine fish species ( Coilia reynaldi) under the order-Clupeiformes. It is important for principal lipids and in particular for highly unsaturated fatty acids which have potential biomedical benefits. Among the lipid classes, phospholipids were found to be the most predominant constituents than the glycolipid and neutral lipid in Amadi. Twenty six fatty acids were quantified by open tube gas-liquid chromatography. Dominant fatty acids in this fish are Palmitic acid (C), Stearic acid (C), Oleic acid (C), Myristic acid (C), Palmitoleic acid (C), Docosahexanoic acid (C), Pentadecanoic acid (C), and Eicosatetraenoic acid (C). Fatty acid deficiency in fish species is indicated by the presence of C acid. It is absent in this fish.The content of DHA and EPA are maximum in amount in neutral lipid than other lipid classes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rice is one of the most important food crops worldwide. However, it is also a valuable tool in assessing toxicity of organic and inorganic compounds. Fipronil insecticide has been widely used to control rice pests. The research was conducted to evaluate the fate of fipronil in rice-field. Persistence and metabolism of fipronil in rice is studied by applications of Regent 0.3G @ 45 and 180 g a.i. ha was made 7 days after transplanting of paddy. Samples of paddy plants were collected at 7, 15, 30, 45, 60, 90 and 120 days after the application of insecticide. The samples of rice grains, bran, husk and straw were collected at the time of harvest. The samples were extracted and cleaned up by following a standardized methodology. Fipronil and its metabolites were quantified by gas liquid chromatography and confirmed by gas chromatography mass spectrometer. The total residues of fipronil and its metabolites in paddy plants after 7 days of its application at recommend and four times of recommend doses were found to be 6.60 and 19.85 mg kg, respectively. Among fipronil metabolites, sulfone derivative had maximum residue concentration followed by other metabolites viz. sulfide, amide and desulfinyl. The residues were reached below the detectable limit (0.01 mg kg) after 45 and 90 days at recommend and four time of recommend doses, respectively. At harvest, the samples of paddy straw, rice grains, bran and husk did not reveal the presence of fipronil and its metabolites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Crude press muds a sugar industry waste were collected from four sugar mills of Bangladesh. Crude press mud as well as its water soluble and water insoluble portion and extracted wax were studied for its proximate analysis, physico-chemical properties, elemental and wax composition. The proximate analysis of crude press mud showed the presence of moisture (67.95-76.53), nitrogen (1.63-2.29), ash (19.28-30.76), sugar (12.10-13.29) and crude wax (6.70-11.01). Acid value (26.95-27.68), saponification value (102.59-103.01) and iodine value (6.72-6.82) were also studied of the extracted wax. The GLC analysis showed linolenic (45.54%), oleic (27.28%) and palmitic acid (23.59%) were the predominant acids in the crude wax. The XRF spectrometric analysis of the elemental composition showed the presence of Ca (21.30-29.97%), Si (9.53-9.94%), P (8.40-9.52%), S (3.77-7.36%) and K (2.51-4.08%) in crude press mud, Ca (19.83-31.93%), K (8.76-13.52%), S (7.93-16.02%) and Mg (4.14-7.75%) in water soluble portion press mud and Ca (21.77-30.68%), K (1.62-3.41%), S (3.49-7.09%), P (9.0-11.31%), Al (2.40-2.93) and Si (10.50-10.54%) in water in-soluble portion press mud. The Fourier transform infrared analysis, Thermo gravimetric, Derivative thermo gravimetric and differential thermal analysis of press mud were also carried out. These analyses may find the suitability to enrich the micronutrients in restoring the soil composition and also find possibility to use in agriculture, horticulture and aquaculture based industries. Moreover, press mud wax may have an alternative use of carnauba wax. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present studies potential of microorganisms isolated from the cotton fields was explored for the bioremediation of fipronil contaminated soils. The cultures of microbes were grown in Luria broth as shake culture maintained at 28°C. After that Dorn's broth enrichment culture supplemented with fipronil was used and isolated two bacterial cultures viz. Paracoccus sp. and Gamma Proteobacteria. The performance of both bacteria was evaluated for degradation of fipronil in soil. Paracoccus sp. was found better than the Gamma Proteobacteria as far as degradation of fipronil in soil is concerned. The samples of soil were extracted and cleaned up by following a standardized methodology. Fipronil was quantified by gas liquid chromatography and confirmed by gas chromatography mass spectrometer. The limit of quantification of fipronil was worked out to be 10 μg kg. By using this methodology, the mean recoveries of fipronil in different types of soil were found to be more than 85%. The residues of fipronil were found to persist only up to 10 days in soils fortified with fipronil @ 20 μg kg and amended with Paracoccus sp. while in the soils fortified @ 80 μg kg fipronil, residues persisted up to 20, 30 and 30 days in loamy sand, sandy loam and clay loam, respectively. Therefore, the use of Paracoccus sp. can further be explored for the bioremediation of fipronil contaminated soils. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Protocol for the determination of pesticides residues in honey samples have been standardized using a simple technique of liquid–liquid extraction. The method is sensitive to detect low levels of pesticides in honey. Honey sample was fortified with pesticides, namely, cypermethrin, fenvalerate, alphamethrin, lamba–cyhalothrin, endosulfan (α, β and sulfate) and chlorpyrifos. The method of extraction and clean up was optimized and validated in the laboratory. The method was applied to screen six samples of honey locally available for pesticides residues. Recoveries ranged from 60% to 90.6% with RSDs from 2% to 10%. Low recoveries were recorded for α and β -endosulfan in the range of 60%–71%. The LOQs, varied from 0.05 to 1.0 mg kg−1. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Adult tape worms take up small molecules through their tegument and are therefore largely dependent on their host’s ability to break down carbohydrates, fats, and proteins. Cestodes have lost their capacity for de novo synthesis of lipids and have become entirely dependent on their host. It is reported that the cestodes are able to absorb both short and long chain fatty acids through a mixture of diffusion and mediated transport. Cestodes do not use lipids normally as energy reserve; instead these are being utilized for reproduction. In an attempt to know the lipid composition of the fowl cestode, Raillietina (Fuhrmannetta) echinobothrida, major lipid classes and their fatty acid compositions of this parasite were analyzed by TLC and GLC respectively. Fatty acid methyl esters of total lipid, neutral lipid, phospholipid, and glycolipid were prepared by transmethylation. Eighteen fatty acids were identified from the parasite. The percent content of neutral lipid (64.39), glycolipid (15.7) and phospholipid (19.91) were recorded. Palmitic (C16) and C18 (stearic) acids were the chief components among the fatty acids. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AERMOD is an advanced plume model that incorporates updated treatments of the boundary layer theory, understanding of turbulence and dispersion, and includes handling of terrain interactions as well as the PRIME downwash algorithm. It was reported that the US EPA approved AERMOD for short-range dispersion modeling. It was the high time that AERMOD would replace ISC3. ISC3 is a traditional Gaussian plume model regarded as the regulatory model of US EPA with the capacity of building downwash similar to that of AERMOD. In this paper, the authors describe the advantages of AERMOD over the regulatory model of ISC3 by comparing their predicted ground level concentrations (GLC) along downwind distance to the Alaska tracer field data. The field experiment features buoyant release of effluent at elevated height over a flat terrain and local flows influenced by building downwash. Three measures to compare the observed and simulated concentration data, such as linear regression, quantile-quantile (QQ) and residual box are utilized. To sum up, AERMOD shows significantly better space-time correlation and probability distribution than the ISC3, which frequently overestimates the GLC for effluent released with significant plume rise under stable atmospheric conditions. The performance of AERMOD is greatly enhanced by introducing the state-of-the-art knowledge of boundary layer meteorology as well as the turbulence parameterization method. In particular, AERMOD takes into account the meander effect on coherent plume in stable condition with current state-of-the-art Planetary Boundary Layer (PBL) parameterizations, while ISC3 is not capable of producing such important effect. Generally speaking, 1.17 is the overall predicted-to-observed ratio for short-term averages using AERMOD. 1.94 is the overall predicted-to-observed ratio for short-term averages using ISC3. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Data have been summarized of several studies on the separation of isomeric pyrrolizidine alcohols by GLC using liquid polar stationary phases. It was shown that the order of emergence of isomers from the chromatographic column is determined to a significant extent by competition of intermolecular hydrogen bonds formed in the sorbate-sorbent systems and intramolecular hydrogen bonds in the molecules of the same pyrrolizidine alcohols. The preference for one or other type of hydrogen bond depends on the stereochemistry of the pyrrolizidine alcohols. Analysis of the geometric conditions for the formation of intramolecular hydrogen bonds in the investigated compounds in conjunction with chromatographic resolution data enables their configurations to be assigned. The anomalously short retention times of highly strained 5-hydroxyalkyl-3-methylpyrrolizidines are explained by the existence in them of a bicyclic conformation predominantly with a trans linkage and with f avora ble geometric conditions for forming intramolecular hydrogen bonds in them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Oil degradation by cultures of Rhodococcus erythropolisand Dietzia mariswas found to depend on the NaCl concentration in the medium. Optimal utilization of turbine oil by R. erythropolisand D. mariswas observed at 0.5 and 2 to 5% NaCl concentration, respectively. Mineral oil and a mixture of paraffins (C14–C18) were utilized within a broader range of the medium salinity. As shown by fluorescent microscopy, D. mariscolonies formed on the oil drop surface, whereas R. erythropoliscells penetrated the drops. The strains studied may populate various ecological niches in oil-containing ecosystems. They are promising for the development of microbial preparations for cleaning the environment from oil pollution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gas liquid chromatography (GLC) was used for the first time to screen for machine oil–degrading microorganisms. Oil degradation was evaluated from the microorganism respiratory activity during the utilization of oil as the sole carbon and energy source. The results are consistent with those obtained by the conventional weighing method. Substrate specificity of the active strains with respect to different machine oils was studied. Bacterial communities exhibited the highest activity, whereas a Rhodococcus erythropolisstrain was the most active among pure cultures. Various stages of bacterial interaction with oil drops were followed by means of fluorescent microscopy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A major impediment in the analysis of glycosaminoglycans is the difficulty to cleave quantitatively the glycosidic bonds because of the stabilisation of glycosidic bonds and of the relative instability of the liberated constituents. This manuscript describes a modified procedure of methanolysis in the presence of barium acetate, reducing the destruction of uronic acids and increasing the cleavage yield. The reaction products could be identified and analysed quantitatively by GC and GC/MS of the heptafluorobutyrate derivatives of O-methyl glycosides of monosaccharides (for keratan sulphate and chondroitin sulphate B), or as a mixture of O-methyl glycosides of monosaccharides and of disaccharides (for the other sulphated glycosaminoglycans). Quantitative molar ratio between the different monosaccharide constituents (including the linkage region constituents) could be obtained, even when proteoglycans also contain classical N-glycans or O-glycans. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A GLC method has been developed to measure chlorophenoxyisobutyric acid in plasma after benzol extraction and transformation to its methyl ester, using methyl laurate as the internal standard. Plasma free fatty acids did not interfere with the analysis, but it could not be employed in the presence of salicylates. The method has been employed to study the pharmacokinetics of chlorophenoxyisobutyric acid in man after oral ingestion of a single dose of clofibrate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The reference material rapeseed of known glucosinolate composition, was analysed by HPLC and GLC and two commercially available glucosinolates (glucotropaeolin and sinigrin) were used as internal standards. The HPLC method enabled determination of 11 different glucosinolates (as desulphoglucosinolates) that occur in the rapeseed. Only seven glucosinolates (as trimethylsilylated desulphoglucosinolates) were separated by GLC. The latter method did not allow the determination of methylsulphinylalkyl glucosinolates (glucoiberin, glucoraphanin and glucoallysin) and did not separate optical isomers of 2-hydroxy-3-butenyl glucosinolate (progoitrin and epi-progoitrin). Statistical evaluation of data ( t-test, F-test) revealed no significant differences between the tested methods at the 95% confidence level. The advantages and disadvantages of both widely used chromatographic methods are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The residues of 22 organochlorine pollutants in fish Mugil cephalus and a bivalve Donax sp. collected from three different locations, i.e. Abu-Quir bay, Demiatta and Gamasa, were analysed by capillary GLC. The pollutants studied were 1,1,1,-trichloro-2,2-bis( p-chlorophenyl)ethane (DDT) isomers, cyclodiene compounds, dodecachlorooctahydro-1.3.4-metheno-2 H-cyclobuto[cd]pentalene (Mirex), methoxychlor, toxaphene and hexachlorobenzene (HCB), Aroclors 1248 and 1254 as well as ten individual polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) congeners. Extractable organic matter (EOM) levels ranged from 48.0 to 133.0 mg/g, and from 33.0 to 73.0 mg/g in bivalves and fish, respectively. 2,2-bis( p-Chlorophenyl)-1,1-dichlorethylene ( p, p′-DDE) dominated other 2,2-bis( p-chlorophenyl)-1,1,1-trichloroethane (DDT) analogues in fish (2.0–4.0 ng/g). 1-chloro-2,2-bis( p-chlorophenyl)ethylene (DDMU) dominated in the bivalve, its concentration ranging from 9.0 to 15.0 ng/g. The concentration of heptachlor was negligible, while endrin and dieldrin were the dominant cyclodienes, occurring in high levels in fish (0.6 and 1.3 ng/g) and bivalves (1.5 and 2.4 ng/g), at Gamasa and Demiatta, respectively. The Aroclor 1248 level was two- to threefold that of Aroclor 1254. As far as the individual PCBs are concerned, less chlorinated biphenyl congeners (from mono- to penta-chloro-biphenyls) were less concentrated except for PCB 200 and PCB 206. Toxaphene was detected at all three locations, at a maximum level of 9.7 ng/g in bivalves from Demiatta. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper describes a method suitable for the analysis of diglycerides (DG) in cheese. The method, also suitable for other foods, is essentially based upon the solid-phase extraction (SPE) of DG followed by capillary gas chromatographic analysis with a polar stationary phase (TAP). SPE is applied to avoid the column overloading caused by triglycerides; however, SPE is able to catalyse isomerization from the 1,2-form to the 1,3-form. This introduces an error into the results, as the two forms have different origins and are produced at different stages of ripening. A comparison between the use of silica and diol phases was made and it was seen that no isomerization occurred when the diol phase was used. Repeatability and recovery trials were carried out and the coefficient of variation (relative standard error) of the former trial was approximately 10%. Finally, it is demonstrated that it is possible to re-use the SPE cartridge at least four times. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The authors measured plasma fluphenazine levels in 20 schizophrenic patients receiving 25 or 50 mg fluphenazine decanoate (FPZ-D) by IM injection every 2 weeks. The plasma levels were determined by a sensitive gas-liquid chromatographic (GLC) assay with a nitrogen detector device developed in their laboratory. Using this chemical assay method, they replicated the finding of a sharp initial plasma peak within 24 h after the injection followed by a low but rather stable plasma level as previously reported by nonchemical assay methods. The interval plasma levels (averages of day 4-10 after injection) ranged from 0.17-0.61 ng/ml in 10 patients who received 25 mg; and 0.20-0.93 ng/ml in 7 patients who received 50 mg FPZ-D every 2 weeks. This four-fold variation in plasma levels during FPZ-D injection was smaller than previously reported levels achieved with oral antipsychotic drug treatment. Based on the study of plasma levels achieved with FPZ-D injection and oral FPZ-H (fluphenazine HCl) in 6 patients, the dosage requirement of FPZ-D appeared to be difficult to predict from the oral dosage of FPZ-H in the same patient. Two weeks past injection, fluphenazine was undetectable in approximately half the samples with the GLC method. Thus, radioimmunoassay or radioreceptor assay, which also measures metabolites, might be more suitable for the study of plasma levels in patients receiving FPZ-D injection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We conducted a double-blind study of therapeutic outcome versus mean steady-state levels in 29 newly admitted schizophrenic and schizoaffective patients who were treated with a constant dose of fluphenazine HCl over a 2-week period. Both an upper and lower end of the therapeutic window were suggested by three nonresponders whose plasma levels were above 2.8 ng per ml and by two nonresponders and one partial responder whose plasma levels were below 0.2 ng per ml. The mean terminal half-life of fluphenazine (±SD) was 16.4±13.3 h. We found that concomitant use of benztropin mesylate during the initial 4 weeks of fluphenazine treatment did not significantly alter fluphenazine plasma levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The most odor intensive constituent of the patchouli-oil (singapor.) is the (±)-patchouli-alcohol ( 1). This could be verified by aromaanalysis of this essential oil using organoleptic correlation of TLC, GC, GC-MS and preparative GC data in combination with (EI)-MS andH-NMR evidence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The most odour intensive constituents of east indian sandal wood oil are β-santalol, β-santalal and α-santalene. This has been proved by a thorough GLC-investigation in combination with the sniffing technique of seven fractions of this highly priced essential oil, which have been obtained by TLC on silica-cellulose plates with simultaneous organoleptic evaluation. Using the headspace analysis these results could be confirmed and further the distribution of the main odour components was obtained in headspace at 37° and 80°. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To explore further the possible etiologic role of mycobacteria in the development of sarcoidosis, we measured free, nonbound tuberculostearic acid (TSA, 10-methyloctadecanoic), a component of mycobacteria, in the sera of subjects with sarcoidosis or active untreated pulmonary tuberculosis and in healthy controls by use of frequency-pulsed electron capture gas-liquid chromatography (FPEC-GLC). The selective analytic system is capable of measuring as little as 15-fmol quantities of free, nonbound TSA in serum and cerebral spinal fluid. We found that TSA was present in the sera of all subjects with Mycobacterium tuberculosis ( n = 10) but was undetectable in subjects with sarcoidosis ( n = 15) and in healthy controls ( n = 15), thereby suggesting that if sarcoidosis is caused by a mycobacterial organism, TSA is not produced or does not gain access to the systemic circulation in quantities sufficient for measurement. However, in the course of the studies we found that a peak, designated p11, was elevated in the sera of all subjects with acute sarcoidosis ( n = 4). Also, a peak designated p3 was reduced significantly in all subjects with acute and chronic sarcoidosis and absent in subjects with M. tuberculosis compared with healthy controls. Both peaks were later shown by chemical analysis and mass spectral studies to be carboxylic acids not previously associated with specific disease entities. Follow-up detailed studies will be needed to determine if quantitation of these unique carboxylic acids will be useful in differentiating sarcoidosis from other disorders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A screening program is reported for approximately 170 pesticides which are regularly encountered in toxicological analysis (organophosphates, carbamates, triazines, halogenated carbohydrates, phenoxycarbonic acid derivatives, and others). It is based on the retention index according to Kovats. Temperature dependence of the retention index and derivatization procedures are also studied. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A sensitive screening method is described for the new 1,4-benzodiazepine derivative metaclazepam, by means of its metabolite 2-amino-5-bromo-2′-chlorobenzophenone. Other analytical data for the detection of metaclazepam and its main metabolites are also reported. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The USEPA (U. S. Environmental Protection Agency) approved ISC3 for short-range dispersion modeling. The regulatory model of China is a traditional Gaussian plume model similar to ISC. This paper demonstrates the advantages of ISC3 over the regulatory model of China by comparing their predicted ground level concentrations (GLC) along downwind distance to the Alaska tracer field data. The field experiment features buoyant release of effluent at elevated height over a flat terrain and local flows influenced by building downwash. ISC3 shows much better space-time correlation and probability distribution than the China regulatory model, which frequently underestimates the GLC for effluent released with significant plume rise under stable atmospheric conditions. The performance of ISC3 is greatly enhanced by incorporating the state-of-the-art knowledge of boundary layer meteorology. In particular, ISC3 employs the PRIME model for building downwash. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A GLC method for determination of bendroflumethiazide has been developed, using extractive methylation. Cyclopenthiazide was used as internal standard. The maximal plasma concentration (56-107 ng/ml) after bendroflumethiazide 10 mg given orally to four healthy volunteers was seen at 2-2.5 h. On the slope between 4 and 10 h T1/2 averaged 2.7 h. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new analytical procedure is described for the determination of fenfluramine and norfenfluramine in biological specimens. Fenfluramine and norfenfluramine are converted to the trichloroacetyl derivatives, separated on a 3% OV 17 - Chromosorb Q glass column and measured by ECD. The rapidity, sensitivity and specificity of the technique fulfil all the requirements for routine clinical use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]