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Cytokinin response regulators (RRs) are a family of transcription factors, which function as a signal output of the cytokinin two-component signaling pathway, play an essential role in plant growth and development. They have been identified in many plants, but little is known in grape. Also, how RRs meditated cytokinin signal pathway in grape berry set process is unclear. In this study, employing the tools of bioinformatics we identified the 32 genes of RRs in grape (Vitis vinifera), which distributed on 14 chromosomes, and they were divided into three group based on phylogenic analysis and conserved domain, including 14 A-type, 11 B-type and 7 pseudo-type RRs. We present a complete studied of response regulators gene family in grape, phylogenetic analysis, chromosomal location, conserved motif organization, gene structure. The expression of 32 VviRRs in control and N-(2-chloro-4-pyridyl)-N'-phenylurea CPPU treatment was explored using RNA-seq data, 9 VviRRs differential genes (DEGs) were selected for quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) verification after CPPU treatment. Our results provided a foundation for better understanding the mechanism of cytokinin mediated berry set which will be beneficial to make use of synthetic plant growth regulator in cultivation practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The irregularities on trains bodies are normally ignored or greatly simplified in studies concerned with aerodynamics. However, surface roughness is known to affect the flow characteristics in the boundary layer near the wall, hence potentially influencing the aerodynamic performance of a train. This work investigates the effects of roughness on the overall aerodynamic characteristics of a high-speed train subjected to crosswinds. Both experimental work and numerical work have been conducted to simulate a typical high-speed train with a 90 ∘ yaw angle, with both a smooth and rough surface. Roughness is applied to the roof of the train surface in the form of longitudinal strips. Results reveal that the addition of roughness is able to reduce the surface pressure on the roof and leeside of the train. Numerical results agree well with experimental ones and confirm that an increase in the roughness relative size can effectively restrain flow separation and reduce surface pressure. Moreover, numerical simulation results show that side force coefficient and roll moment coefficient subjected to rough model significantly decreased compared with smooth model. The conclusions drawn in this study offer the chance to derive critical reference values for the optimization of the aerodynamic characteristics of high-speed trains. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gd1−xNdxMn2Ge2 compounds with x = 0.3 and 0.4 were prepared by arc melting and crystallized in the ThCr2Si2-type structure with the space group I4/mmm based on X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) results. Magnetic transition and magnetocaloric effect (MCE) of the Gd1−xNdxMn2Ge2 compounds were investigated by magnetic measurements on a physical property measurement system (PPMS). Gd0.7Nd0.3Mn2Ge2 compound exhibits complicated magnetic transitions at around 63 K (Tcomp), 86 K (T1), 136 K (TC), 260 K (TNinter), and 347 K (TCinter), respectively, while Gd0.6Nd0.4Mn2Ge2 compound shows a spin re-orientation transition at about 52 K. Combined with isothermal magnetization curves and the Maxwell relation, the maximum magnetic entropy changes of Gd0.7Nd0.3Mn2Ge2 and Gd0.6Nd0.4Mn2Ge2 were calculated to be 4.31 and 5.15 J kg− 1 K− 1 under the applied magnetic field changing from 0 to 5 T, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Linear friction welded titanium alloy microstructures were investigated to understand the microstructural evolution in the joints. The results show that extrusion of material at the rubbing interface occurred after complete transformation of alpha to beta phase. Finer prior-beta grains were obtained in the flash as compared to the parent material due to dynamic recrystallization. Metallographic examination revealed that two different structures were existed in the joints, i.e., thermomechanically affected zone developing at the edge of joint and weld appearing in the central portion of joint. Although no dynamic recrystallization was observed in the thermomechanically affected zone, the phase transformation would occur concurrently with material deformation during welding. In contrast, dynamic recrystallization had occurred in the weld. Effect of welding parameter on the microstructure was investigated by changing amplitude of oscillation (1.56-2.03 mm). Some defects such as kiss bonding and porosity occurred in the joint at relatively low amplitude of oscillation. Therefore, relatively high amplitude of oscillation is more preferable for obtaining a fully bonded joint. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]