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When testing longitudinal effects of parenting practices on adolescent adjustment, an integrated consideration of externalizing and internalizing behaviors is a gap in research. This study analyzed how parental support and parental knowledge directly and indirectly influence both antisocial behavior and emotional problems. The sample had 642 adolescents aged 12-15 (mean age = 12.49; 45.4% females) from Spain, who participated in a three-year long study. The results showed longitudinal bidirectional associations between parental support and parental knowledge. Only parental knowledge, however, directly predicted antisocial behavior and emotional problems. Parental support had an indirect effect on outcomes through the mediating effect of parental knowledge. This study has practical implications by indicating that increasing parental knowledge should be the target of educational-prevention programs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Substantial evidence has shown the strong effects of being affiliated with deviant peers on adolescent's antisocial behaviour. However, any measure has been consistently used in this field to evaluate that influence. Therefore, the main objective of the current study was to validate a measure to assess the presence of antisocial behaviour in peer groups within the Spanish context. The final sample was composed of 1148 adolescents from secondary schools in Galicia (NW Spain), aged 12 to 18 (M = 13.28; SD = 1.27), 51.9% males. The exploratory analyses indicated the existence of two factors in the structure of the scale: a factor related to antisocial behaviour and another factor specifically related to drugs. Overall, the results confirmed the adequate internal consistency, construct validity, and criterion validity of the scale. Therefore, this study proposes the Deviant Peers Scale as a useful instrument for Spanish-speaking contexts aimed to evaluate the influence of deviant affiliations on adolescent problematic behaviour. Theoretical and practical implications of these contributions are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: The current study aimed to evaluate the psychometric properties of the "Parental Knowledge Questionnaire-PKQ", a new measure for the assessment of different constructs regarding parental knowledge and its sources of information (i.e., adolescent disclosure, parental solicitation, and parental control) in the Spanish context. To test the usefulness of these theoretical constructs would contribute to improving a cultural-based approach in research, as well as to expanding the conceptual replication of Kerr and Stattin's model across cultural contexts. Methods: The final sample was composed of 1280 adolescents from 13 state secondary schools in Galicia (NW Spain), aged 12–18 (M = 13.32; SD = 1.24), 52.3% males. Results: The results indicated good internal consistency and construct validity for the developed scales across gender and supported a three-factor model for the sources of knowledge scale, which revealed one specific dimension of disclosure, one specific for solicitation and another specific for control. Results evidenced good convergent validity of the PKQ through bivariate associations with external criteria. Regarding longitudinal convergent validity, low adolescent disclosure was the only predictor of parental knowledge and of different types of problematic behaviour one year later. In addition, significant interactions were found between sources of knowledge, as well as between adolescent disclosure and gender. Conclusions: The PKQ shows good psychometric properties and the current results replicate in the Spanish context the findings of Kerr and Stattin reinterpreting parental monitoring. Implications of these results regarding intervention programs aimed at preventing antisocial behaviour and substance use in adolescence are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research has suggested that warm and supportive relationships are indispensable to facilitate parent-child communication which, in turn, enables parental knowledge. Thus, the aim of this study was to analyse the direct and indirect effects of parental support and parental knowledge on juvenile antisocial behaviours (i.e., substance abuse, nonviolent antisocial behaviour, and violent behaviour) taking into account gender differences. The sample was composed of 876 Spanish young people: 584 from the community aged 14 to 19, 46.9 % males, and 292 from juvenile centres aged 14 to 22, 91.1 % males. Several scales from the protocol of Valoración del Riesgo en Adolescentes Infractores [Juvenile Offender's Risk Assessment] were used to measure the variables. Results of structural equation modelling indicate that parental knowledge is significantly and negatively related to the antisocial behaviours in both community and institutionalized subsamples both in males and females. On the other hand, although the parental support appears to show positive or not significant direct effects on antisocial behaviours, results indicate the existence of significant and strong mediation effects through parental knowledge. Thus, parental support is significantly and negatively related to all antisocial behaviours, in both subsamples and in both gender, only through the increasing of parental knowledge. These findings seem to suggest that high levels of parental support may only be effective to reduce juvenile antisocial behaviours through increasing levels of parental knowledge. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]