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Purpose: To determine whether embryo cryopreservation is associated with a difference in maternal serum analyte levels in singleton and twin pregnancies conceived via in vitro fertilization (IVF). Methods: This was a retrospective cohort study of singleton and twin pregnancies conceived via IVF from a university health system from 01/2014 to 09/2019. Patients with available first and second trimester serum analyte data were included and analyzed separately. Multiple of the median (MoM) values for free β-human chorionic gonadotropin (β-hCG), pregnancy-associated plasma protein A, alpha-fetoprotein (AFP), Inhibin A, and unconjugated estriol (uE3) were compared between two groups: pregnancies conceived after the transfer of fresh embryos versus pregnancies conceived after the transfer of frozen-thawed embryos. Multiple linear regression of log MoM values with F test was performed to adjust for potential confounders. Results: For singletons, fresh embryos were associated with a lower median first trimester free β-hCG (1.00 MoM vs. 1.14 MoM; parameter estimate [PE] 0.90, 95% CI 0.82–0.99, p =.03) compared to frozen-thawed embryos. Fresh embryos were also associated with a lower median second trimester uE3 (0.93 MoM vs. 1.05 MoM; PE 0.88, CI 0.83–0.95, p =.0004) and AFP (1.02 MoM vs. 1.19 MoM; PE 0.91, CI 0.84–0.99, p =.02) compared to frozen-thawed embryos in singletons. There were no significant differences between median first and second trimester serum analytes in twin pregnancies compared between the two groups. Conclusion: Singleton pregnancies derived from fresh embryos had lower first (free β-hCG) and second (uE3 and AFP) trimester analytes compared to frozen-thawed embryos. Twin pregnancies demonstrated no difference between the groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: A precise determination of time since death plays a major role in forensic routine. Currently available techniques for estimating the postmortem interval (PMI) are restricted to specific time periods or cannot be applied for individual case-specific reasons. During recent years, it has been repeatedly demonstrated that Western blot analysis of postmortem muscle protein degradation can substantially contribute to overcome these limitations in cases with different background. Enabling to delimit time points at which certain marker proteins undergo distinct degradation events, the method has become a reasonable new tool for PMI delimitation under various forensic scenarios. However, additional research is yet required to improve our understanding of protein decomposition and how it is affected by intrinsic and extrinsic factors. Since there are temperature limits for proteolysis, and investigators are confronted with frozen corpses, investigation of the effects of freezing and thawing on postmortem protein decomposition in the muscle tissue is an important objective to firmly establish the new method. It is also important because freezing is often the only practical means to intermittently preserve tissue samples from both true cases and animal model research. Methods: Sets of dismembered pig hind limbs, either freshly detached non-frozen, or thawed after 4 months of freeze-storage (n = 6 each), were left to decompose under controlled conditions at 30 °C for 7 days and 10 days, respectively. Samples of the M. biceps femoris were regularly collected at predefined time points. All samples were processed via SDS-PAGE and Western blotting to identify the degradation patterns of previously characterized muscle proteins. Results: Western blots show that the proteins degrade predictably over time in precise patterns that are largely unaffected by the freeze-and-thaw process. Investigated proteins showed complete degradation of the native protein band, partly giving rise to degradation products present in distinct time phases of the decomposition process. Conclusion: This study provides substantial new information from a porcine model to assess the degree of bias that freezing and thawing induces on postmortem degradation of skeletal muscle proteins. Results support that a freeze–thaw cycle with prolonged storage in frozen state has no significant impact on the decomposition behavior. This will help to equip the protein degradation–based method for PMI determination with a robust applicability in the normal forensic setting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To study the influence of a sub-zero temperature environment on the dynamic characteristics of weakly cemented red sandstone rock, a series of dynamic tests are conducted using a modified split Hopkinson pressure bar (SHPB) experiment system. The results show that the dynamic stress–strain curve of weakly cemented sandstone has plastic characteristics under lower sub-zero temperatures. The dynamic compressive strength (DCS) and elastic modulus of the rock have a typical strain rate sensitivity, which increases exponentially with the increase in the strain rate. When the temperature is decreased from normal temperature to sub-zero temperature, the DCS and elastic modulus increase. With the continuous decrease of temperature, both of the parameters show the characteristics of rapid increase and subsequent rapid decrease. The significant effect of sub-zero temperature on the energy dissipation of weakly cemented red sandstone is observed, wherein the energy dissipated per unit volume of rock, ηV, increases first and then decreases with the continuous decrease in the temperature. Finally, based on the experimental results, the influence mechanism of sub-zero temperature on weakly cemented rock is analyzed. The research results can serve as a guide for engineering construction in cold regions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study evaluated an enzyme strategy for eliminating the gliadin in the flour in order to produce part-baked (PB) frozen bread for celiac patients. At first, tissue transglutaminase with lysine methyl ester transamidated the gliadin and hydrolyses gliadin protein. The deamidated dough was used for producing the PB bread and then stored as the frozen storage at – 18 °C for 15 days, followed by investigating physicochemical, rheological, and sensory properties. The SDS-PAGE result demonstrated that transamidating wheat flour with a tissue transglutaminase and L-lysine methyl ester break down the gliadin protein. The PB frozen bread with the absence of gliadin had lower specific volume, porosity, firmness, and color index (P < 0.05) but adding 0.8% guar gum could improve these factors and recompense the absence of gliadin (P < 0.05). The PB frozen bread with 0.8% guar gum had physicochemical properties such as fresh bread which produced with untreated wheat flour (P < 0.05). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To compare the effects of three modalities of pain management i.e. SSNB (suprascapular nerve block) with NIR (non invasive rehabilitation), IAI (intra articular injection) with NIR and, NIR alone in idiopathic frozen shoulder patients. Methods: A double blinded randomized clinical trial was conducted. 60 cases of idiopathic frozen shoulder were selected and randomly divided into three treatment groups; group 1: NIR, group 2: NIR + SSNB, group 3: NIR +IAI. Range of motion, pain score and disability (SPADI: shoulder pain and disability index) score were evaluated pre-treatment and at 12 weeks follow up. Results: All three groups were homogenous and comparable regarding their age, sex ratio, pretreatment pain score, disability score and range of motion. There was significant improvement (p < 0.05) post treatment in all three groups with respect to pain score, disability score and range of motion. SSNB with NIR group patients demonstrated better improvement in all parameters examined, which was statistically significant in pain score, disability score and internal rotation but was statistically equivalent for total range of motion and external rotation as compared to shoulder injection group. Conclusion: SSNB in combination with non invasive rehabilitation is an effective and safe mode of treatment for idiopathic frozen shoulder. Present study also proves that SSNB with NIR is a more effective mode of treatment for idiopathic frozen shoulder as compared to NIR alone or in combination with IAI. Level of evidence: Level 1. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has brought speculations on possible transmission routes of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the causal agent of the pandemic. Air pollution has been linked to increased risks of COVID-19 infection and mortality rates in regions with poor air quality, yet no retrospective study has been reported on foodborne transmission of COVID-19. While studies have shown that low temperature could dramatically prolong the persistence on SARS-CoV-2 and other coronaviruses, frozen and refrigerated foods have been widely overlooked as potential vectors in policy frameworks and risk mitigation strategies. Food transmission evidence has been disclosed in China early July 2020 by the detection of SARS-CoV-2 on frozen foods, including their packaging materials and storage environments, with two re-emergent outbreaks linked to contaminated food sources. The contamination risk is augmented by a complex farm-to-table process, which favors exposure to food workers and ambient environments. Moreover, the food cold-chain also promotes contamination because laboratory studies showed that SARS-CoV-2 remained highly stable under refrigerated, at 4 °C, and freezing conditions, from − 10 to − 80 °C, on fish, meat, poultry, and swine skin, during 14–21 days. While data are lacking on long-term survival and infectivity under these conditions, ample evidence has been shown on other coronaviruses, including SARS-CoV-1. We therefore hypothesize that contaminated cold-storage foods may present a systematic risk for SARS-CoV-2 transmission between countries and regions. Here, we review the evidence, risk factors, current policy and knowledge gaps, on food contamination and foodborne transmission of SARS-CoV-2. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effect of air drying and freezing at − 25 °C on the total phenolic content, fucoidan, alginate, and amino acids of brown algae Fucus vesiculosus, Fucus distichus, and Ascophyllum nodosum was studied over 365 days of storage every 90 days. The levels of total phenols and polysaccharides in frozen algae samples at 365 days of storage were 75–95% of fresh algae and were higher than in air-dried samples by more than 5–15%. The greatest differences between the fresh and dried samples were in the total phenolic contents. A strong correlation was found between the content of total phenolics and polysaccharides and the water content in frozen samples of F. vesiculosus and A. nodosum. The influence of air drying and freezing processing and storage on the total amino acid content is discussed using F. vesiculosus as an example. The total amino acid content in the air-dried samples increased during storage, but on the 365th day, 99% of the initial content in fresh algae remained. In contrast, the content in the frozen samples had decreased to 82% after the same storage duration. The ratio of the sums of the essential to the total amino acids during storage in the dry and frozen samples increased compared with that in fresh algae from 0.43 to 0.51 after 365 days of storage. Air drying and freezing are suitable procedures in terms of the levels of total phenols, polysaccharides, and amino acids, allowing a shelf life of at least 365 days. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, Opuntia ficus-indica fruit was examined in fresh, frozen, sun-dried, and microwave-dried. Analysis of the vitamins in the samples was performed by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The amount of selenium in the fruits was determined by fluorescence spectrophotometer, while copper, iron, manganese, and zinc were determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometer (AAS). Amount of vitamins in the fruit of Opuntia ficus-indica were decreased (p < 0.005) in sun- and microwave-dried samples in comparison with fresh sample. Decrease of vitamins in frozen fruits was statistically insignificant compared with fresh fruit (p > 0.05). The amounts of selenium, copper, iron, manganese, and zinc in Opuntia ficus-indica fruit were found to be 0.38 ± 0.03, 23.84 ± 1.82, 94.32 ± 7.04, 13.68 ± 0.88, and 188.44 ± 15.16 μg/g dw, respectively. It can be concluded that the fruit of Opuntia ficus-indica is rich in vitamin E, lycopene, ascorbic acid, nicotine amide, folic acid, iron, and zinc. The most suitable preservation techniques for Opuntia ficus-indica fruits are freezing to consume it in all season. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Surgical removal with negative margins is the preferred management of oral squamous cell carcinomas. This review summarizes statements by professional organizations and data supporting the specimen-driven approach to margin assessment. Practical aspects of the intraoperative margin assessment, as guided by gross examination, are presented. The most cost- and time-efficient method of intraoperative margin assessment depends on desired margin clearance and likelihood of other adverse histologic factors, such as extranodal extension, perineural invasion, which are likelier in advanced carcinomas. Intraoperative surgeon-pathologist communication can be improved by reporting to surgical team gross distances to all or selected closest margins, before choosing margins for microscopic frozen examination. Case specific mitigation strategies to minimize the negative impact of tumor-bed driven margin assessment or of suboptimal margin revision are proposed. Based on size, shape, histology, size of carcinoma at the margin, and orientation of the additional tissue, margin revision may be judged as adequate (conversion of a positive margin into a negative one), inadequate (positive margin remains positive), or indeterminate. The significance of anatomic subsite based labeling, radial margin sampling from the main resection specimen, and the relationship between the distance to closest margin and local control are highlighted. The modern definition of safe margin would account for other parameters, such as perineural invasion. An updated approach to resolution of frozen versus permanent sampling issues is outlined. Future studies are needed to design and validate risk models that would help to determine for individual patient what represents a safe margin and how to judge the quality of margin revision. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to investigate whether progesterone (P4) levels on the day of frozen-thawed embryo transfer (FET) to a hormonally prepared endometrium correlate with pregnancy outcomes. Methods: This is a large retrospective cohort analysis comprising of N = 2010 FETs. In these cycles, P4 levels on the day of transfer were assessed in relation to pregnancy outcomes. A threshold of 10 ng/mL was used to simulate currently accepted levels for physiological corpus luteal function. Biochemical pregnancy, clinical pregnancy, and live birth rates were compared between those with P4 levels above and below this threshold. Analyses using transfer day P4 thresholds of 5 ng/mL and 20 ng/mL were then completed to see if these could create further prognostic power. Results: When comparing FET outcomes in relation to P4 levels < 10 ng/mL and ≥ 10 ng/mL, we observed no differences in biochemical pregnancy rates (39.53% vs. 40.98%, p = 0.52), clinical pregnancy rates (20.82 vs. 22.78, p = 0.30), and live birth rates (14.25 vs. 16.21 p = 0.23). In patients whose P4 met the threshold of 20 ng/mL, there was similarly no statistically significant improvement in pregnancy outcomes. While there was no difference for biochemical or clinical pregnancy rates, a statistically significant improvement in live birth rates was observed for those with a transfer day P4 level ≥ 5 ng/mL. Conclusions: We demonstrated that P4 levels at or above 10 ng/mL on the day of FET do not confer a statistically significant improvement in pregnancy outcomes. P4 below 5 ng/mg was associated with lower live birth rates suggesting that there is a threshold below which it is difficult to salvage FET cycles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The frozen elephant trunk might be considered one of the most appreciated innovations during the last decades to treat complex thoracic aortic lesions. Many useful tips have been progressively introduced to standardize the procedures and, nowadays, the improved post-operative outcomes contributed to spread the procedure. The following article will provide a comprehensive review analysis of the Frozen Elephant Trunk (FET) technique, throughout the current available devices, possible surgical indications and primary post-operative complications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The elephant trunks, either conventional or frozen represent the major technical improvements in the treatment of complex thoracic aortic disease. In the last decades, these useful techniques progressively evolved along with the introduction of new devices to facilitate the procedure and ameliorate post-operative results. The latest multi-branched hybrid FET prostheses give us the opportunity to greatly facilitate graft implantation and reduce operative times. The following review will provide an overview of the FET technique throughout the current available devices, possible surgical indications and principal surgical steps. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Freezing as a method for hiding a body is rare. We report here a homicide case in which three bodies were concealed in a freezer. This presented the pathologist with the problem of how to thaw the bodies and simultaneously avoid decomposition of the uppermost body. The problem was solved by slow thawing in a refrigerated morgue and by removing the bodies one after the other from top to bottom. The victims were a 27-year old mother and her two daughters, 7 and 9 years of age. The perpetrator was the 34-year old now-divorced husband and father. All were refugees from Syria. The perpetrator fled back to Syria. He was later arrested in Syria, confessed the crime and was sentenced to life imprisonment. The autopsy findings is discussed and compared to finding reported in the scientific literature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Although previously frozen shoulder was thought to resolve by two to three years, recent studies demonstrated the symptoms can remain for much longer. Manipulation under anaesthetic (MUA) has been shown to be successful in relieving pain and restoring function. Yet, concerns have been raised regarding its safety and the risks of complications. We utilise Codman's paradox to manipulate the shoulder, avoiding rotational torque on the humerus. The aim of our study was to asses shoulder function in the early post MUA period.Methods: Two hundred twelve consecutive patients (224 shoulders) (mean age 52.4 years) underwent MUA using Codman's paradox for frozen shoulder as sole procedure between 2005 and 2013. All were evaluated clinically, preoperatively and postoperatively, at three weeks and three months, for Constant score (CS), pain, range of motion (ROM), patient satisfaction and subjective shoulder value (SSV).Results: At three weeks and three months, a significant improvement was found in CS from 30.7 to 66 and 70 respectively. Forward elevation improved from 91° to 154° and 160 °, abduction from 69° to 150° and 156 °, internal rotation from 12° to 62° and 66 °, and external rotation from 10° to 46° and 50 °. Pain score improved from 4.4/15 to 9.6/15 and 10.4/15, SSV improved from 1.5/10 to 6.5/10 and 6.7/10. (p<0.001).Conclusion: Use of Codman's paradox provides a safe and efficient way to perform MUA for frozen shoulder. It results in dramatic early improvement in ROM, functional outcomes and high satisfaction, as early as three weeks post-operatively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Shear force (SF) is a routine measure used in meat research to define tenderness, but the procedures are not standard. As a result, many studies have failed to include SF block weight and status (frozen or thawed) prior to cooking in their methods sections-potentially due to the unknown extent to which they contribute to SF and cooking loss (CL) variation. Consequently, we investigated the effects of SF block status (frozen or thawed) and weight prior to cooking (pre-cook wt) on SF and CL determination of beef. A split-plot experimental design was applied to 80 SF blocks removed from several beef Musculus longissimus lumborum to represent a range of weights (33.8-120.5 g) balanced by status. These were then cooked using a water bath, and assessed for SF and CL. It was found that pre-cook wt acted as a source of variation for SF and CL measurement ( P < 0.001), and status influenced only CL ( P < 0.01). From these, we can conclude that future beef SF studies and procedural guidelines must include descriptors for these parameters in their respective methods section to ensure reproducibility and correct contextual interpretation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Phase separation of trehalose during freeze-drying could render it ineffective as a lyoprotectant. The bulking agent, mannitol, on the other hand, should crystallize readily upon freezing. It is therefore imperative to understand the mutual interaction of these sugars during freezing to ensure preservation of the API during freeze-drying. Methods: We investigated the effect of mannitol to trehalose ratio ( R) on the crystallization behavior of both solutes using Differential Scanning Calorimetry, X-Ray Crystallography and FTIR Spectrosopy during controlled freezing and annealing. Results: When R = 1, crystallization of both mannitol (as hemihydrate) and trehalose (as α-anhydrate) were observed. When R ≥ 1, extent of mannitol crystallization was directly proportional to the value of R. When R < 1, trehalose completely suppressed mannitol crystallization. At R > 1, the freeze concentrate was heterogeneous and characterized by two glass transitions - the lower temperature transition (T') attributed to systems containing 'extra' unfrozen water. When heated above T', crystallization of mannitol and the associated unfrozen water resulted in T' (glass transition temperature of the freeze-concentrate). Conclusions: R and not the total solute concentration, dictates the composition of the freeze concentrate as well as the physical stability of the excipients [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sensory, chemical [pH, total volatile basic nitrogen (TVB-N), trimethylamine (TMA-N), thiobarbituric acid (TBA)] and composition (crude protein and crude lipid) analyses were carried out on whole, gutted and fillets of seabass that were frozen (−18 ± 2 °C) and thawed more than once in microwave. It was detected that the sensorial acceptability values decreased certainly for all fish samples (whole, gutted and fillets of sea bass) when compared with control group. While chemical (pH, TVB-N, TMA-N, TBA) values increased, crude protein and crude lipid values decreased after the multiple freezing and thawing cycles under microwave. The obtained results offered that thawing by microwave is not appropriate sea bass because of the undesirable cooking effect of microwave to the some parts of fish such as tail, eye and fins. Also skin dryness, moisture losses in eye fluids and textural deteriorations were observed. Significant differences ( P < 0.05) were found in general acceptability values and pH, TVB-N, TBA and crude protein results among the sea bass groups thawed in microwave conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To investigate whether endometrial injury (EI) increases pregnancy rates in subjects undergoing frozen-thawed embryo transfer (FET) cycles. Methods: We conducted a prospective study of 80 consecutive subjects at a private fertility center. All women were undergoing frozen embryo transfer after one or more unsuccessful in vitro fertilization and embryo transfer cycle(s). Subjects in the experimental group underwent endometrial biopsy in the luteal phase of the cycle preceding the frozen embryo transfer cycle. The primary outcomes were chemical and clinical pregnancy rates. Results: The 40 subjects who underwent EI in the cycle preceding their FET cycle were compared with 40 controls. There were differences in the groups' baseline characteristics; the average age was slightly higher and the duration of infertility was longer in the EI group. Chemical pregnancy rates between the two groups were similar, 27 % (range 17-40 %) in the injury group and 26 % (16-40 %) in the control group (OR for chemical pregnancy = 1.05, 95 % CI 0.42-2.12). The difference in clinical pregnancy rate was not statistically significant: 40 % (25-57 %) in the injury group versus 33 % (19-49 %) in the control group (OR for clinical pregnancy = 1.38, 95 % CI 0.55-3.46). Conclusions: Based on the results of this pilot study, EI in the luteal phase of the cycle preceding the frozen embryo transfer cycle does not appear to significantly improve implantation or clinical pregnancy rates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: We hypothesize that ultrasonication can accelerate solute crystallization in freeze-concentrates. Our objective is to demonstrate ultrasonication as a potential predictive tool for evaluating physical stability of excipients in frozen solutions. Methods: The crystallization tendencies of lyoprotectants (trehalose, sucrose), carboxylic acid buffers (citric, tartaric, malic, and acetic) and an amino acid buffer (histidine HCl) were studied. Aqueous solutions of buffers, lyoprotectants and mixtures of the two were cooled from room temperature to −20°C and sonicated to induce solute crystallization. The crystallized phases were identified by X-ray diffractometry (laboratory or synchrotron source). Results: Sonication accelerated crystallization of trehalose dihydrate in frozen trehalose solutions. Sonication also enhanced solute crystallization in tartaric (200 mM; pH 5), citric (200 mM pH 4) and malic (200 mM; pH 4) acid buffers. At lower buffer concentrations, longer annealing times following sonication were required to facilitate solute crystallization. The time for crystallization of histidine HCl progressively increased as a function of sucrose concentration. The insonation period required to effect crystallization also increased with sucrose concentration. Conclusions: Sonication can substantially accelerate solute crystallization in the freeze-concentrate. Ultrasonication may be useful in assessing the crystallization tendency of formulation constituents used in long term frozen storage and freeze-drying. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The difference between paraffin-embedded and frozen skin sections is always questionable. Ten patients of early stage mycosis fungoides, ten patients with psoriasis and ten normal controls were included in this study. Aim of this study is to differentiate between paraffin-embedded and frozen skin sections in inflammatory and malignant dermatoses using synchrotron infrared microspectroscopy (SIRM). It was found that epidermal beta sheets in paraffin-embedded sections were higher in a highly significant manner than frozen sections ( P < 0.001). Also, epidermal nucleic acids in paraffin-embedded sections were lower in a highly significant manner than frozen sections ( P < 0.001). However, when various skin diseases were compared with the control. It was found that the difference between paraffin-embedded and frozen skin sections were almost similar. In conclusion SIRM is a unique promising diagnostic technique and it seems that frozen processing preserve skin tissue more, this was represented by less apoptosis (beta sheets) and more nucleic acids than paraffin processing. However, there are still many advantages of both approaches over the other depending on the goal of the study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pomegranate juice's valuable nutritional components may be reduced during its processing or storage. This work examined the effect of frozen storage at −25 °C on some chemical characteristics of pomegranate juice. Total anthocyanin content of pomegranate juice, which was measured using the pH differential method, decreased by 11% after 20 days of frozen storage. Phenolic components, measured using a Folin and Ciocalteu assay by means of a UV-vis spectrophotometer, decreased by 29% after 20 days of frozen storage. Antioxidant activity, measured based on the radical scavenging properties of the juice using the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl method, decreased by 50% after 20 days of frozen storage. Pomegranate juice has 5 major anthocyanins, including Cyanidin 3-glucoside, Cyanidin 3,5-diglucoside, Delphinidin 3-glucoside, Pelargonidin 3-glucoside and Pelargonidin 3,5-diglucoside are 5 major anthocyanins of pomegranate juice. They were measured using the LC-MS method and results showed that Pelargonidin 3,5- diglucoside had the greatest decrease. Also, the LC-MS method showed that ellagic acid decreased by 15%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To determine embryo and cycle-specific parameters associated with twin live birth in day 3 cryopreserved double embryo transfer (DET) cycles, and to propose a new prediction model for external validation. Methods: All cycles with autologous or donor cryopreserved DET of day 3 embryos from 2002 to 2011 at a single academic institution with a singleton or twin live birth were included ( n = 207). Patient characteristics, post-thaw embryo morphology and freeze-thaw parameters were compared between patients with a single and twin live birth. Results: Demographic characteristics were similar, except that patients delivering twins were younger at age of cryopreserved embryo transfer (CET), fewer were parous and more were anovulatory. Duration of embryo storage, time in culture post-thaw, endometrial thickness and use of assisted hatching were comparable. Six predictors of twin delivery were identified: patient age <35 year at CET, intact survival of the lead embryo, resumption of mitosis, 7-8 viable cells in the non-lead embryo, transfer of a lead embryo with ≥7 cells and a sum of ≥14 viable cells in the two transferred embryos. Regression modeling predicted a step-wise increase in the probability of twins with addition of each predictor; with all six present, the risk of twins was predicted to be 53 % and with none present, the risk decreased to 6 %. Conclusions: The six identified variables associated with twin live birth following day 3 cryopreserved DET have been applied to derive a prediction model for estimating the risk of twin delivery. External validation of the model is required prior to clinical application. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) has been recently adopted as a diagnostic marker of type 2 diabetes. However, its usage is currently limited to fresh blood samples. To allow retrospective HbA1c measurement in blood banks developed in large epidemic studies, here, we contribute to validate HbA1c assessment in frozen versus fresh blood samples from a cohort of diabetic/nondiabetic adult subjects. HbA1c was measured by HPLC in 237 fresh whole blood samples and on the same samples after a 12-month storage and a further 6-month-refrozen storage. Mean HbA1c ± SD in fresh, frozen, and refrozen samples was 6.9 ± 1.2, 6.6 ± 1.1, and 6.4 ± 1.0 % for the Diabetes Control and Complications Trial and 52 ± 13, 49 ± 12, and 46 ± 11 mmol/mol for the International Federation of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine reference, respectively. A significant correlation was found between fresh/frozen and fresh/refrozen ( R = 0.994 and 0.993, P < 0.001) samples. HbA1c relative error ratio (%RER) between frozen/refrozen and fresh samples significantly correlated with HbA1c and depended on fresh value range, increasing in the five HbA1c classes (<6.0, 6.0-6.5, 6.5-7, 7-8, ≥8 %, corresponding to <42, 42-48, 48-53, 53-64, ≥64 mmol/mol, P < 0.001). In particular, the 6.5 % (48 mmol/mol) HbA1c diagnostic cutoff of fresh samples identified two classes reflecting significant differences in %RER (2.8 ± 2.0 and 3.3 ± 1.7; P < 0.05) between frozen and fresh samples. In conclusion, our results demonstrate a high correlation between data from fresh and frozen samples, with a very limited %RER between the two measurements, which increases with baseline HbA1c levels. Accordingly, when analyzing biobank frozen specimens for diagnostic purpose, the effect of the HbA1c range should be taken into account. [Figure not available: see fulltext.] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of tomato and garlic extracts on lipid oxidation in fish croquette during frozen storage. The fish for croquette was purchased from the main fish market in Antalya, Turkey. Commercial tomato and garlic extracts were added into the croquette formulation. Lipid quality of frozen croquettes was analyzed at monthly intervals. There was no difference in free fatty acids and UV absorbance values of treatment groups. Treatment of tomato and garlic extracts kept oxidation at low levels. The results for thiobarbutiric acid, para-anisidine, and conjugated-diene values showed that tomato extract was the most effective in delaying lipid oxidation than garlic extract. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Kinetics of texture development during frying of snacks subjected to different initial conditions such as frozen, frozen-thawed, and unfrozen was investigated. The temperature dependency of the changes in the form of reaction constants was explained by Arrhenius equation. The increase in hardness and decrease in cohesiveness followed first-order reaction kinetics ( R = 0.94-0.99) in all the samples. Frozen samples showed induction (phase I) and development/degradation (phase II) periods for textural parameters during frying. The activation energies for hardness were 33.81, 25.63, 19.09, and 20.13 kJ/mole for frozen (phase I and II), frozen-thawed, and unfrozen samples, respectively with the R = 0.96-0.99. Frozen samples showed high activation energies for textural parameters during frying as compared to the frozen-thawed and unfrozen samples. The increase in chewiness was found to follow the kinetics of zero-order reaction for all the samples. Temperature and time were found to have a significant effect ( P < 0.01) on the changes in textural profile during frying. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Over the past 57 years, 17 recipients of frozen bone have been infected with: HIV (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in Morb Mortal Wkly Rep MMWR 37(39):597-599, ; Li et al. in J Formos Med Assoc 100(5):350-351, ; Simonds et al. in NEJM 326(11):726-732, ; Schratt et al. in Unfallchirurg 99(9):679-684, ); HCV (Eggen and Nordbo in NEJM 326(6):411, ; Conrad et al. in J Bone Joint Surg Am 77:214-224, ; Trotter in J Bone Joint Surg Am 851(11):2215-2217, ; Tugwell et al. in Ann of Internal Med 143(9):648-654, ); or HBV (Shutkin in J Bone Joint Surg Am 36:160-162, ). However, bone, lyophilized and stored at room temperature, has never transmitted these viral diseases. A literature review was undertaken to determine whether there is any evidence that lyophilized bone is capable of transmitting HIV, HCV and HBV. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The changes in the contents of adenosine 5’-triphosphate (ATP) and its related breakdown compounds were investigated in the adductor muscle, mantle, gill and body trunk of oyster ( Crassostrea gigas) during frozen storage at −20°C and −30°C and compared with that of the fresh oyster. The investigation was performed using an HPLC system. Different extents of ATP decomposition were found in various tissues frozen at the two temperatures. The K, K’ and A.E.C values were calculated as the chemical freshness indices. Considering the results of sensory evaluation, the A.E.C. value in body trunk at −20°C and −30°C could be used as the best freshness index for frozen oyster. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Atlantic salmon ( Salmo salar) was grown in sea cages from 700 g to a market size of 3.2 kg on diets containing either 29% Peruvian high polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) fish oil (FO) or 29% soybean oil (SO) as oil source. Chemical analyses and a triangular consumer test were performed on fresh muscle, while colour, texture and liquid holding capacity (LHC) analyses were performed on both fresh muscle, frozen muscle (stored for 3 months) and smoked salmon. The growth and chemical composition of flesh was not affected by the dietary treatment. The muscle fatty acid (FA) profile was reflected by the dietary oil source, and the amount of malondialdehyde (MDA) was threefold higher in the salmon fed FO than SO. Muscle pigment concentration was significantly different ( p < 0.01) with 7.9 mg kg−1 for FO and 5.6 mg kg−1 for SO fed salmon, respectively. This result was also significantly ( p < 0.05) reflected in the difference between the instrumentally measured colour of fresh, frozen and smoked muscle, and visual impressions of fresh and frozen muscle. Gaping, texture and liquid holding capacity was not affected by the dietary treatment, and the consumer panel did not detect any differences between the dietary groups. SO can be used as a dietary oil source in the grow-out phase of salmon production without sacrificing product quality in terms of texture, liquid holding capacity and consumer preference. However, a total substitution of high PUFA fish oil by SO in diets for salmon grown to market size, affects muscle colour and the FA profile significantly. ( p < 0.05). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose. To characterize the phase transitions in a multicomponent system during the various stages of the freeze-drying process and to evaluate the crystallization behavior below Tg′ (glass transition temperature of maximally freeze-concentrated amorphous phase) in frozen aqueous solutions and during freeze-drying. Methods. X-ray powder diffractometry (XRD) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) were used to study frozen aqueous solutions of mannitol with or without trehalose. By attaching a vacuum pump to the low-temperature stage of the diffractometer, it was possible to simulate the freeze-drying process in situ in the sample chamber of the XRD. This enabled real-time monitoring of the solid state of the solutes during the process. Results. In rapidly cooled aqueous solutions containing only mannitol (10% w/w), the solute was retained amorphous. Annealing of frozen solutions or primary drying, both below Tg′, resulted in crystallization of mannitol hydrate. Similar effects were observed in the presence of trehalose (2% w/w). At higher concentrations (≥5% w/w) of this noncrystallizing sugar, annealing below Tg′ led to nucleation but not crystallization. However, during primary drying, crystallization of mannitol hydrate was observed. Conclusions. The combination of in situ XRD and DSC has given a unique insight into phase transitions during freeze-drying as a function of processing conditions and formulation variables. In the presence of trehalose, mannitol crystallization was inhibited in frozen solutions but not during primary drying. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose. To study the effect of cooling rate, the influence of phosphate buffers and polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) on the crystallization behavior of mannitol in frozen aqueous solutions. Methods. Low-temperature differential scanning calorimetry and powder X-ray diffractometry were used to characterize the frozen solutions. Results. Rapid cooling (20°C/min) inhibited mannitol crystallization, whereas at slower cooling rates (10°C and 5°C/min) partial crystallization was observed. The amorphous freeze-concentrate was characterized by two glass transitions at -32°C and -25°C. When the frozen solutions were heated past the two glass transition temperatures, the solute crystallized as mannitol hydrate. An increase in the concentration of PVP increased the induction time for the crystallization of mannitol hydrate. At concentrations of ≥100 mM, the buffer salts significantly inhibited mannitol crystallization. Conclusions. The crystallization behavior of mannitol in frozen solutions was influenced by the cooling rate and the presence of phosphate buffers and PVP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose. To study the solid-state and phase transitions of glycine, (i) in frozen aqueous solutions, and (ii) during freeze-drying. Methods. X-ray powder diffractometry (XRD) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) were used to analyze the frozen systems. In situ freeze-drying in the sample chamber of the diffractometer enabled characterization of phase transitions during freeze-drying. Results. Transitions in frozen systems. Rapid (20°C/min) or slow (2°C/min) cooling of aqueous solutions of glycine (15% w/w) to −70°C resulted in crystallization of β-glycine. Annealing at −10°C led to an increase in the amount of the crystalline phase. When quench-cooled by immersing in liquid nitrogen, glycine formed an amorphous freeze-concentrate. On heating, crystallization of an unidentified phase of glycine occurred at ∼ \-65°C which disappeared at ∼ −55°C, and the peaks of β-glycine appeared. Annealing caused a transition of β- to the γ- form. The extent of this conversion was a function of the annealing temperature. Slower cooling rates and annealing in frozen solutions increased the crystalline β-glycine content in the lyophile. Freeze-drying of quench-cooled solutions led to the formation of γ-glycine during primary drying resulting in a lyophile consisting of a mixture of β- and γ-glycine. The primary drying temperature as well as the initial solute concentration significantly influenced the solid-state of freeze-dried glycine only in quench-cooled systems. Conclusions. The cooling rate, annealing conditions and the primary drying temperature influenced the solid-state composition of freeze-dried glycine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A multiple measurement system for assessing sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) Ca-ATPase activity and Ca-uptake was used to examine the effects of SR fractionation and quick freezing on rat white (WG) and red (RG) gastrocnemius muscle. In vitro measurements were performed on whole muscle homogenates (HOM) and crude microsomal fractions (CM) enriched in SR vesicles before and after quick freezing in liquid nitrogen. Isolation of the CM fraction resulted in protein yields of 0.96±0.1 and 0.99±0.1 mg/g in WG and RG, respectively. The percent Ca-ATPase recovery for CM compared to HOM was 14.5% (WG) and 10.1% (RG). SR Ca-activated Ca-ATPase activity was not affected by quick freezing of HOM or CM, but basal ATPase was reduced (P<0.05) in frozen HOM (5.12±0.18-3.98±0.20 mole/g tissue/min in WG and from 5.39±0.20-4.48±0.24 μmole/g tissue/min in RG). Ca-uptake was measured at a range of physiological free [Ca] using the Ca fluorescent dye Indo-1. Maximum Ca-uptake rates when corrected for initial [Ca] were not altered in HOM or CM by quick freezing but uptake between 300 and 400nM free Ca was reduced (P<0.05) in quick frozen HOM (1.30±0.1-0.66±0.1 μmole/g tissue/min in WG and 1.04±0.2-0.60±0.1 μmole/g tissue/min in RG). Linear correlations between Ca-uptake and Ca-ATPase activity measured in the presence of the Ca ionophore A23187 were r=+0.25, (P<0.05) and r=+0.74 (P<0.05) in HOM and CM preparations, respectively, and were not altered by freezing. The linear relationships between HOM and CM maximum Ca-uptake (r=+0.44, P<0.05) and between HOM and CM Ca-ATPase activity (r=+0.34, P<0.05) were also not altered by tissue freezing. These data suggest that alterations in maximal SR Ca-uptake function and maximal Ca-ATPase activity may be measured in both HOM and CM fractions following freezing and short term storage. (Mol Cell Biochem 139, 41-52, 1994) [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Energy dispersive X-ray microanalysis was applied to freeze-dried blocks of enamel organ tissue to determine levels of calcium in various celular regions. The tissue blocks were dissected free from adjacent forming enamel following injection of cobalt or fluoride ions, both of which temporarily inhibit enamel mineralization. In all control and experimental specimens there was an increasing gradient of calcium from the stratum intermedium cells to the distal ends of the ameloblasts. Calcium levels were significantly reduced near the distal ends of the ameloblasts following cobalt or fluoride injection as compared with controls. It is suggested that evidence of an intercellular buildup of calcium near the distal ends of the ameloblast supports a controlling function of these cells. The changes in calcium levels are correlated with alterations in mineralization known to occur in the adjacent enamel of the model systems employed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To compare the effects of three modalities of pain management i.e. SSNB (suprascapular nerve block) with NIR (non invasive rehabilitation), IAI (intra articular injection) with NIR and, NIR alone in idiopathic frozen shoulder patients., Methods: A double blinded randomized clinical trial was conducted. 60 cases of idiopathic frozen shoulder were selected and randomly divided into three treatment groups; group 1: NIR, group 2: NIR + SSNB, group 3: NIR +IAI. Range of motion, pain score and disability (SPADI: shoulder pain and disability index) score were evaluated pre-treatment and at 12 weeks follow up., Results: All three groups were homogenous and comparable regarding their age, sex ratio, pretreatment pain score, disability score and range of motion. There was significant improvement ( p  < 0.05) post treatment in all three groups with respect to pain score, disability score and range of motion. SSNB with NIR group patients demonstrated better improvement in all parameters examined, which was statistically significant in pain score, disability score and internal rotation but was statistically equivalent for total range of motion and external rotation as compared to shoulder injection group., Conclusion: SSNB in combination with non invasive rehabilitation is an effective and safe mode of treatment for idiopathic frozen shoulder. Present study also proves that SSNB with NIR is a more effective mode of treatment for idiopathic frozen shoulder as compared to NIR alone or in combination with IAI.Level of evidence: Level 1., Competing Interests: Conflict of interestThe authors declare that they have no conflict of interest., (© Indian Orthopaedics Association 2020.)