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Nuclear medicine is an integral part of modern healthcare. It uses biomolecules tagged with radioactive isotopes that can recognize different molecular targets in the body or seek out hallmarks of malignant and benign conditions. The distribution of trace amounts of a radioactively labelled molecule, known as a radiotracer, can be mapped and followed noninvasively anywhere in the human body using a dedicated system, such as a single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) system or a positron emission tomography (PET) system. This trace approach provides longitudinal sets of volumetric and quantitative images that can be used to diagnose a wide range of diseases and/or assess response to disease-specific treatments. Replacing these diagnostic radionuclides with alternative nuclides that emit a different type of radiation converts imaging tracers into drugs that deliver potent and targeted molecular treatment. Recent advances have extended the range of molecular radiotherapies, which are now applied across a broad spectrum of diseases from arthritis and benign thyroid diseases to many types of cancer. As such, nuclear medicine is in a key position to bring personalized or image-guided therapy into routine clinical practice. This key position is supported by the rapidly expanding fields of radiochemistry and radiopharmacy with novel kitlike or cassette-type labelling techniques which allow shorter turn-aroundtimesfromtheidentificationoftherapeutictargets to the design and evaluation of associated radiotracers, resulting in lower development costs. Over the past 5 years, significant technological breakthroughs in imaging hardware and image processing algorithms have also been introduced, enabling specific radiotracer imaging for improved characterization of targeted cellular and functional processes in clinical