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Background: Extravasation is a potentially severe complication that can occur during the administration of chemotherapy. The scarcity of evidence available makes it difficult to develop an optimal management scheme. The purpose of this guideline is to review the relevant scientific literature on the prevention, management, and treatment of extravasation occurring during the administration of chemotherapy to cancer patients. Method: A scientific literature review was conducted using the PubMed search tool. The period covered was from database inception to April 2014, inclusively. Since the literature on extravasation treatment is often empirical, anecdotal, and controversial, the review also identified clinical practice guidelines and expert consensuses published by relevant international organizations and cancer agencies. Results: Identification of potential risk factors and preventive measures can reduce the risk of extravasation. Recognition and management of symptoms are crucial in patients with this complication. Provision of adequate instruction to personnel responsible for administering chemotherapy and to patients on recognizing symptoms, preventing, and managing extravasation is essential. Extravasation can be treated with dry warm or cold compresses and various antidotes such as dimethyl sulfoxide, dexrazoxane, hyaluronidase, or sodium thiosulfate, depending on the agent that has caused extravasation. Patient monitoring to assess the progression or regression of symptoms and to thus take the appropriate measures is necessary. Conclusion: Several strategies must be established to ensure that extravasation is recognized and properly managed. Given the evidence available at this time, the Comité de l'évolution des pratiques en oncologie (CEPO) has made recommendations for clinical practice in Quebec. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The structure of the neutron-rich nucleus 47Ar has been investigated through the d( 46Ar, 47Ar)p transfer reaction. The radioactive beam of 46Ar at 10 A·MeV was provided by the SPIRAL facility at GANIL. The protons corresponding to a neutron pick-up on bound or unbound states mechanism in 47Ar nuclei were detected at backward angles by the position-sensitive Si array-detector MUST. The transfer-like ejectiles were detected in the SPEG spectrometer. Level scheme, spin assignments and spectroscopic factors have been deduced for 47Ar and compared to shell model predictions. They suggest a slight erosion of the N = 28 shell gap from the weakening of the spin-orbit interaction arising from the f and p orbitals. These spectroscopic information are subsequently used to infer ( n,γ) reaction rates in the Ar isotopic chain to understand the origin of the 48Ca/ 46Ca abnormal isotopic ratio observed in certain inclusions of meteorites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Experimental signatures of the dynamical correlations of a core with a single-particle neutron have been found in light neutron-rich nuclei investigated via the ( 7Li, 7Be) charge-exchange reactions at around 8MeV/u. Of particular astrophysical relevance are low-lying narrow resonances ( Γ ∼ 200keV FWHM) BSEC (Bound States Embedded in the Continuum). Because of their long lifetime BSEC states are likely to effect the capture rates in any scenario for nucleosynthesis in neutron-rich environment. They have been observed in the continuum of 11Be and 15C nuclei. A microscopic nuclear structure model based on QRPA theory, which takes into account Dynamical Core Polarisation (DCP) correlations, gives a suitable description of these resonances as well as single-particle states of the studied systems. In this context, high-energy narrow structures populated in nuclei having an integer number of α-particles plus three neutrons are good BSEC candidates and can be systematically investigated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A search for proton radioactivity inAs,Br andY, produced as residues of fusion reactions, was carried out at the Orsay Tandem accelerator. The residues were collected at the image point of the spectrometer Soleno and implanted into the gaseous medium of an ionization chamber which was also used to detect the radioactivity protons. No such protons have been observed in the energy range of 250-600 keV and in the half-life interval of 10 μs-100 ms, within a production cross section sensitivity of 1 μb. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]