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Purpose: Studies on iron status in infancy and early childhood have shown contradicting results concerning prolonged breast-feeding and cow's milk intake. The aim of the present study was to investigate associations between iron status among one-year-olds and feeding, with focus on the type of milk. Methods: Randomly selected healthy infants were prospectively investigated until 1 year of age in two cohorts born 1995-1996 ( n = 114) and 2005 ( n = 140). Information on birth data, feeding and growth until 12 months and iron status at 12 months was collected. Data from the two cohorts were pooled and the infants categorized into three groups according to their predominant milk consumption at 9 months of age, that is, breast milk, cow's milk or follow-on formula. Results: The prevalence of iron deficiency was highest in the cow's milk group and lowest in the follow-on formula group. According to a linear model, adjusted for gender, birth weight and exclusive breast-feeding duration, cow's milk consumption was negatively associated with serum ferritin (SF) and formula positively, but breast milk not. Predicted SF (μg/l) = 11.652(intercept) − 5.362(boy) + 0.005 × birth weight (g) + 2.826(exclusively breastfed ≥ 4 months) + 0.027 × formula (ml) − 0.022 × cow's milk (ml) + 0.005 × breast milk (ml). Correction for other dietary factors did not change these results. Conclusion: In this pooled analysis, cow's milk intake in late infancy associated negatively, and follow-on formula positively, with iron status. Prolonged partial breast-feeding does not seem to be of importance for iron status. Fortified food seems to improve iron status in late infancy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Enterococcus spp. from powdered infant formula and follow-on formulas were identified and characterized for antibiotic susceptibility to confirm the enterococcal safety. Seventy-three Enterococcus from 96 powdered infant formulas and 26 strains from 33 follow-on formulas were isolated. More than 90% of Enterococcus in the foods were E. faecium. E. casseliflavus, and E. faecalis were also isolated. All Enterococcus were sensitive to ampicillin, penicillin, tetracycline, and vancomycin. However, 2 E. casseliflavus showed low resistance to vacomycin by minimum inhibitory concentration 4.0 μg/mL. Multiplex PCR indicated no existence of highly hazardous vancomycinresistant vanA and vanB genes. The isolates also showed the broad susceptibilities to erythromycin, ripampin, and streptomycin. Major strains of about 60% were intermediately and highly resistant to erythromycin and streptomycin, respectively. However, Enterococcus resistances to those antibiotics were not high and similar to those of Enterococcus from the other evaluated foods. Therefore, it appeared that powdered infant formula and follow-on formula might be safe to Enterococcus with regard to vancomycin and the antibiotics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]