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Axial ultrasonic vibration-assisted micro-milling (UVAM) has emerged as an advanced technique that can be tailored to improve the machinability of difficult-to-machine materials such as 316L stainless steel. This article sets out to meticulously compare and analyze the cutting performance of conventional milling (CM) and UVAM techniques in the side milling of 316L stainless steel. The cutting separation characteristics of UVAM of 316L stainless steel are elucidated, and the air-cutting ratio in UVAM is introduced. The relationship between the air cutting ratio and spindle speed is also derived. Based on theory, the finite element simulation and experiments are compared under both milling conditions. An analysis of the results for these two sections is presented to validate the theoretical derivation. The results show that the trend and analysis of the experimental cutting forces are aligned with those in the simulation. The cutting forces also confirm the reliability of the simulation results. Due to factors such as tool wear, there is a deviation of 5–20% between the experimental values and the simulation results. A chip variation analysis in the simulation also corresponds to the trend in cutting temperature. An evaluation of the surface morphology and roughness of the experimental samples reveals that the surface quality and smoothness under UVAM are superior to those under CM. Tool wear analysis indicates that the carbide tool undergoes severe wear in the side milling of 316L stainless steel. In summary, the simulation and experiments convincingly demonstrate the advantages of UVAM technology and provide a reference for optimizing the milling process of challenging materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The diesel engine is the power source and core equipment of large mechanical systems such as ships. Thus, the engine must be maintained in good working conditions for the smooth operation of the mechanical system. Vibration signals of diesel engines are caused by the actions of piston slapping and valves, from which fault information can be obtained. As the vibration characteristics are more obvious during acceleration or deceleration, the signals can be used for speedily and accurately diagnosing the fault state of the diesel engine. In this study, vibration signal diagnosis methods for the diesel engine were developed. The methods were based on the convolutional autoencoder. The autoencoder was trained using the vibration signals from normal working states, and the reconstruction error was used for fault diagnosis. Subsequently, the performances of three autoencoders and stacked autoencoders for fault detection and classification were analyzed and compared. The results showed that the stacked autoencoder was the most effective in fault diagnosis and classification. The proposed method can be applied to fault detection and classification for diesel engines using vibration signals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

CRISPR arrays form the physical memory of CRISPR adaptive immune systems by incorporating foreign DNA as spacers that are often AT-rich and derived from viruses. As promoter elements such as the TATA-box are AT-rich, CRISPR arrays are prone to harbouring cryptic promoters. Sulfolobales harbour extremely long CRISPR arrays spanning several kilobases, a feature that is accompanied by the CRISPR-specific transcription factor Cbp1. Aberrant Cbp1 expression modulates CRISPR array transcription, but the molecular mechanisms underlying this regulation are unknown. Here, we characterise the genome-wide Cbp1 binding at nucleotide resolution and characterise the binding motifs on distinct CRISPR arrays, as well as on unexpected non-canonical binding sites associated with transposons. Cbp1 recruits Cren7 forming together ‘chimeric’ chromatin-like structures at CRISPR arrays. We dissect Cbp1 function in vitro and in vivo and show that the third helix-turn-helix domain is responsible for Cren7 recruitment, and that Cbp1-Cren7 chromatinization plays a dual role in the transcription of CRISPR arrays. It suppresses spurious transcription from cryptic promoters within CRISPR arrays but enhances CRISPR RNA transcription directed from their cognate promoters in their leader region. Our results show that Cbp1-Cren7 chromatinization drives the productive expression of long CRISPR arrays.CRISPR arrays form the physical memory of prokaryotic adaptive immune systems by incorporating viral DNA sequences as spacers. Here, Blombach et al. show that transcription factor Cbp1 recruits chromatin protein Cren7 at CRISPR arrays, forming ‘chimeric’ chromatin-like structures that regulate expression of long CRISPR arrays in Sulfolobales archaea. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Integer ambiguity resolution considerable improves the performance of precise point positioning (PPP). With the popularity of multi-frequency observations, multi-frequency PPP ambiguity resolution (PPP-AR) for GPS, BDS and Galileo has been well studied, whereas there is a lack of research on GLONASS triple-frequency PPP-AR. Fortunately, GLONASS currently transmits CDMA signals on the third frequency of two GLONASS-K and four GLONASS-M + satellites, making it possible to investigate the triple-frequency PPP-AR. To fully exploit GLONASS triple-frequency observation, this study proposes a CDMA + FMDA combined multi-frequency PPP-AR model with the careful consideration of GLONASS phase inter-frequency clock bias (IFCB) errors. The characteristics of GLONASS IFCBs and EWL UPDs are also well investigated. To verify our proposed model, tracking data of 14 stations is used to estimate uncalibrated phase delay (UPD) and another 6 stations are selected as users to perform PPP-AR. A time- and satellite-dependent IFCB of about 0.2 ~ 0.5 m is identified for GLONASS-M + triple-frequency observations. After the removal of the IFCB, the EWL, WL and NL UPDs of GLONASS satellites show remarkable stabilities at several hours. About 99.9% EWL, 98.7% WL and 99.4% NL residuals are within 0.15 cycles, which shows comparable accuracy compared with GPS. Based on the precise UPD products, GLONASS triple-frequency PPP-AR can be achieved. Compared with PPP float estimates, GLONASS triple-frequency PPP-AR improves the convergence time and 1-hourly positioning errors in the E, N and U directions from 14.5 min and [4.6 20.7 39.9] mm to 11.5 min and [3.1 4.6 14.1] mm, with an improvement of about 20.7% and [32.6% 77.8% 64.7%], respectively. However, limited by the number of datasets under current conditions, GLONASS triple-frequency PPP-AR exhibits insignificant improvement compared with the dual-frequency solution. After integrating GPS triple-frequency observations, results indicate that GLONASS + GPS triple-frequency PPP-AR exhibits significantly better positioning performance than the dual-frequency solution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) has a high recurrence rate even after radical surgery. Postoperative adjuvant transhepatic arterial chemoembolization (PA-TACE), postoperative adjuvant hepatic arterial infusion chemotherapy (PA-HAIC), postoperative adjuvant radiotherapy (PA-RT), and postoperative adjuvant molecular targeted therapy have been demonstrated to be effective in reducing the postoperative recurrence rate. The present network meta-analysis was conducted to compare the effects of PA-TACE, PA-HAIC, PA-RT and postoperative adjuvant molecular targeted therapy on the overall survival (OS) and disease-free survival (DFS) in HCC patients after radical resection and to determine the optimal treatment strategy. Methods: Network meta-analysis was conducted according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines. PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, and Web of Science were used to collect eligible studies up to December 25, 2022. Studies related to PA-TACE, PA-HAIC, and postoperative adjuvant molecular targeted therapy after radical HCC resection was included. The endpoints were OS and DFS, and the effect size was determined using hazard ratio with a 95% confidence interval. R software and "gemtc" package were employed to analyze the results. Results: A total of 38 studies involving 7079 patients with HCC after radical resection were ultimately enrolled to be analyzed. Four postoperative adjuvant therapy measures and two oncology indicators were evaluated. In this study, OS-related investigations validated that PA-Sorafenib and PA-RT markedly enhanced the OS rates in patients after radical resection when compared to PA-TACE and PA-HAIC. However, statistical analysis revealed no significant difference between PA-Sorafenib and PA-RT, as well as PA-TACE and PA-HAIC. In the DFS-related investigations, PA-RT demonstrated superior efficacy over PA-Sorafenib, PA-TACE, and PA-HAIC. Additionally, PA-Sorafenib displayed better efficacy than PA-TACE. Nevertheless, there was no statistical significance between PA-Sorafenib and PA-HAIC, as well as PA-TACE and PA-HAIC. We also performed a subgroup analysis of studies focusing on HCC complicated by microvascular invasion after radical resection. In terms of OS, both PA-RT and PA-Sorafenib demonstrated a noteworthy improvement over PA-TACE, whereas no statistical significance was detected between PA-RT and PA-Sorafenib. Likewise, for DFS, both PA-Sorafenib and PA-RT exhibited superior efficacy compared to PA-TACE. Conclusion: In patients with HCC after radical resection and a high risk of recurrence, both PA-Sorafenib and PA-RT significantly improved OS and DFS when compared to PA-TACE and PA-HAIC. Notably, PA-RT exhibited superior efficacy over PA-Sorafenib, PA-TACE, and PA-HAIC in terms of DFS. Similarly, PA-Sorafenib appeared to be more effective than PA-TACE for DFS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Visualizing viscoelastic waves in materials and tissues through noninvasive imaging is valuable for analyzing their mechanical properties and detecting internal anomalies. However, traditional elastography techniques have been limited by a maximum wave frequency below 1-10 kHz, which hampers temporal and spatial resolution. Here, we introduce an optical coherence elastography technique that overcomes the limitation by extending the frequency range to MHz. Our system can measure the stiffness of hard materials including bones and extract viscoelastic shear moduli for polymers and hydrogels in conventionally inaccessible ranges between 100 Hz and 1 MHz. The dispersion of Rayleigh surface waves across the ultrawide band allowed us to profile depth-dependent shear modulus in cartilages ex vivo and human skin in vivo with sub-mm anatomical resolution. This technique holds immense potential as a noninvasive measurement tool for material sciences, tissue engineering, and medical diagnostics. Understanding the mechanical properties of materials is critical in many fields, from soft hydrogels to biological tissues, yet current measurement methods lack the spatial and time resolution to characterize samples with complex structures. Here, the authors show non-invasive elastography technique offering advancements in resolution, sensitivity, and measurement frequencies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Large temperature difference is reported to be a risk factor for human health. However, little evidence has reported the effects of temperature fluctuation on sarcopenia, a senile disease characterized by loss of muscle mass and function. Here, we demonstrate that higher diurnal temperature range in humans has a positive correlation with the prevalence of sarcopenia. Fluctuated temperature exposure (10–25 °C) accelerates muscle atrophy and dampens exercise performance in mid-aged male mice. Interestingly, fluctuated temperature alters the microbiota composition with increased levels of Parabacteroides_distasonis, Duncaniella_dubosii and decreased levels of Candidatus_Amulumruptor, Roseburia, Eubacterium. Transplantation of fluctuated temperature-shaped microbiota replays the adverse effects on muscle function. Mechanically, we find that altered microbiota increases circulating aminoadipic acid, a lysine degradation product. Aminoadipic acid damages mitochondrial function through inhibiting mitophagy in vitro. And Eubacterium supplementation alleviates muscle atrophy and dysfunction induced by fluctuated temperature. Our results uncover the detrimental impact of fluctuated temperature on muscle function and provide a new clue for gut-muscle axis. Higher diurnal temperature range in humans correlates with the prevalence of sarcopenia. Here, the authors show that fluctuated temperature exposure accelerates muscle atrophy and dampens exercise performance via altering microbiota composition in aged mice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: To explore the association between uric acid (UA) levels and vascular dementia (VaD) and Parkinson's disease dementia (PDD), a meta-analysis was conducted. Methods: The relevant studies were identified by searching PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and Cochrane Collaboration Database up to May 2022. Pooled analysis, sensitivity analysis, and publication bias examination were all conducted. All analyses were performed by using STATA 16. Results: Twelve studies with a total of 2097 subjects were included. The pooled analysis showed that UA levels were not associated with VaD (WMD = - 10.99 μmol/L, 95% CI (- 48.05, 26.07), P = 0.561) but were associated with PDD (WMD = - 25.22 μmol/L, 95% CI (- 43.47, - 6.97), P = 0.007). The statistical stability and reliability were evaluated using sensitivity analysis and publication bias outcomes. Conclusion: UA levels are associated with PDD but not with VaD. This study will help to strengthen our knowledge of the pathophysiologies of VaD and PDD, and promote the development of prevention and treatment strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Brown adipose tissue (BAT)-mediated thermogenesis declines with age. However, the underlying mechanism remains unclear. Here we reveal that bone marrow-derived pro-inflammatory and senescent S100A8+ immune cells, mainly T cells and neutrophils, invade the BAT of male rats and mice during aging. These S100A8+ immune cells, coupled with adipocytes and sympathetic nerves, compromise axonal networks. Mechanistically, these senescent immune cells secrete abundant S100A8 to inhibit adipose RNA-binding motif protein 3 expression. This downregulation results in the dysregulation of axon guidance-related genes, leading to impaired sympathetic innervation and thermogenic function. Xenotransplantation experiments show that human S100A8+ immune cells infiltrate mice BAT and are sufficient to induce aging-like BAT dysfunction. Notably, treatment with S100A8 inhibitor paquinimod rejuvenates BAT axon networks and thermogenic function in aged male mice. Our study suggests that targeting the bone marrow-derived senescent immune cells presents an avenue to improve BAT aging and related metabolic disorders. With increasing age, brown adipose tissue (BAT) becomes characterized by increased adiposity and immune cell infiltration but reduced thermogenic capacity. Here the authors report that bone marrow-derived pro-inflammatory and senescent S100A8+ immune cells accumulate in BAT of male rats and mice during aging and contribute to BAT dysfunction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper focuses on the enhancement of flow boiling heat transfer and improvement of flow instability due to the porous surface modification and channel section expansion, which is a hot research issue. The two-phase cooling system offers a potential solution for dissipating a large amount of heat at a very small area. There are too many articles on enhancing flow boiling heat transfer on smooth (non-coating) straight and divergent heat exchangers, however, all of them ignored the effect of the surface characterizations such as micro porous coating which is very significant parameter when presented and discussed the flow boiling results. Therefore, the major novelty of the current work is to improve the heat transfer performance of the heat exchanger by applying micro porous coatings on the linear and divergent heat exchangers as well as it aims at further understanding the effect of micro porous coatings under low and high heat flux conditions. The micro porous coatings were fabricated by spraying method with average particle size of 25 µm and having optimum thickness of 150 µm using FC-72 as a working fluid. The test results show that the micro porous coatings increase the active cavities, decrease the required vapour superheat, enhance the liquid replenishment to the heating surface, delay the dry-out phenomena, and decrease the vapour release resistance, and therefore, better enhancement in the performance of the system and critical heat flux up to 20% and 61% respectively. It was also observed that applying micro porous coating led to decrease thermal resistance by 35%. Moreover, the results depict that for the straight channel micro-micro-heat exchanger, the geometry of the flow path is very simple, and therefore, the pressure drop is very small compared to the divergent heat exchanger. For the divergent micro-heat exchanger, the pressure drops are higher than that of the straight channel micro-heat exchanger at varies vapor qualities since the fluid is distributed in the different flow channels, and this leads to higher pressure drops loss compared with the straight flow channels. In addition, the test results show that the flow boiling HTC and CHF are affected by the geometric configurations, i.e. the ability of increasing the heat transfer area, the ability to release the bubbles to the outlet of the channels, reducing the back flow, and delaying the dryness phenomena (CHF). For linear flow-channel surface, a stratified flow state of vapour in the upper layer and the liquid in the lower layer under low and high heat fluxes conditions dominates. For the divergent flow-channel surface, the results show that under low heat flux condition, the bubbles generated are easy to move downstream of the flow channel, and there is no bubbles backflow phenomenon, but under high heat flux condition, the backflow phenomena occurs on the uncoated divergent-flow channel surface. However, attributing to the capillary action on the micro porous layer surface, the liquid can rewet the surface, and this enhances the flow boiling HTC as well as this delay the CHF. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development of tourism and society has made people's travel routes under complex and uncertain information an important issue. In this paper, we introduce a novel Pythagorean hesitant fuzzy linguistic term set (PHFLTS) to describe the information in more detail and unify the Pythagorean fuzzy linguistic term set (PFLTS) and hesitant fuzzy linguistic term set (HFLTS) to make the calculation more convenient. To help travelers consider time, distance, economic cost, and other factors, the Pythagorean hesitant fuzzy linguistic (PHFL) aggregation operators are proposed. Based on this, the PHFL route recommendation dynamic programming model is established to find the optimal route considering multiple factors, and the PHFL Dijkstra's algorithm is studied to find the shortest directed route. Different travelers value different factors when choosing a route, so the weights of each factor are uncertain. By combining the PHFL aggregation operator and the PHFL Dijkstra's algorithm, a route intelligent recommendation algorithm (RIRA) is proposed to help travelers choose the most suitable route according to their intentions. Finally, a numerical example is given to illustrate the effectiveness and practicality of the dynamic programming model and algorithm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To comprehensively compare the efficacy of different antiplatelet therapies for secondary prevention of lacunar stroke (LS). Methods: The relevant studies were identified by searching PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science, and Cochrane Collaboration Database up to May 2022. Cardiovascular and cerebrovascular events were chosen to evaluate the efficacy of antiplatelet therapy for secondary prevention. Loop-specific approach and node-splitting analysis were used to evaluate consistency and inconsistency, respectively. The value of the surface under the cumulative ranking (SUCRA) was calculated and ranked. Funnel-plot symmetry was used to evaluate publication bias. The meta-analysis was performed by using STATA 16.0. Results: Thirteen studies with a total of 33,011 subjects were included in this network meta-analysis. Compared with placebo, aspirin, clopidogrel, cilostazol, ticlopidine, aspirin plus dipyridamole, and aspirin plus clopidogrel were associated with reducing cardiovascular and cerebrovascular events. The SUCRA estimated relative ranking of treatments showed that cilostazol may be the most effective (RR 0.56, 95% CI 0.42–0.74, SUCRA 95.8). No significant inconsistency or publication bias was found in the study. Conclusions: This meta-analysis suggests that cilostazol may be a priority option for secondary prevention of patients with LS. These findings still need further study in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A numerical study of supercritical CO2 two-phase flow in the ejector was carried out by computational fluid dynamics (CFD) methods. Through the comparison of simulation results and available experimental data in the literature, the accuracy of the three-dimensional CFD model was verified. A comparison of the effects of four turbulence models on the simulation calculation results was also presented. The distributions of pressure, velocity, two-phase volume fraction, shock wave and exergy flux inside the ejector were analyzed. The effects of the mixing section geometry on the performance of the ejector were obtained. Then, the entrained performance of the ejector was investigated by changing the area ratio between the constant-area mixing chamber and the outlet of the motive nozzle (AR) and the ratio between the length and the diameter of the constant-area mixing chamber (LDR). Finally, the optimum AR and LDR were determined to be 8.3 and 8.1, respectively based on the maximum entrained ratio and the minimum exergy destruction. Through optimizing the mixing chamber geometry, the minimum total exergy destruction and the maximum mass entrainment ratio (MER) of the ejector can attain 0.33 J/(kg·K) and 0.698 respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To investigate the etiology of intracranial artery stenosis and the distribution characteristics of intracranial artery atherosclerotic stenosis using high-resolution magnetic resonance imaging (HR-MRI). Methods: A total of 262 patients with intracranial artery stenosis that underwent HR-MRI from November 2019 to December 2020 were retrospectively enrolled. The etiology of intracranial anterior and posterior circulation artery stenosis was analyzed, and the relationship between the location of plaques and the distribution characteristics of plaques and the occurrence of ischemic stroke was summarized. Results: A total of 276 plaques were identified with HR-MRI. There were 101 cases (36.59%) in the middle cerebral artery (MCA), 14 cases (5.07%) in the posterior cerebral artery (PCA), 90 cases (32.62%) in vertebral artery (VA), and 71 cases (25.72%) in the basilar artery (BA). The infarct rate of ventral and superior wall MCA plaques was higher than that of dorsal and inferior wall (63.33% vs 31.25% P = 0.021) (100.00% vs 50% P = 0.022). MCA with plaques throughout the course had the greatest degree of stenosis (P < 0.001). Sphenoid segment (M1) of MCA was most susceptible (85 cases, 84.16%), MCA plaques were most common in the proximal M1 segment (35 cases, 34.65%), and most BA plaques were found in the distal segment (28 cases, 39.44%). PCA plaques were most frequently involved in traffic anterior segment (P1) (7 cases, 50.00%). Conclusion: HR-MRI could provide accurate imaging reference for clinical evaluation of intracranial arterial stenosis and formulation of treatment plans. The intracranial arterial plates mostly appeared in the middle cerebral artery and vertebral artery. Middle cerebral arteries with atherosclerotic plaques are more likely to narrow. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Anticancer drugs, such as camptothecin (CPT), trap topoisomerase I (TOP1) on DNA and form TOP1 cleavage complexes (TOP1cc). Alternative repair pathways have been suggested in the repair of TOP1cc. However, how these pathways work with TDP1, a key repair enzyme that specifically hydrolyze the covalent bond between TOP1 catalytic tyrosine and the 3'-end of DNA and contribute to the repair of TOP1cc is poorly understood. Here, using unbiased whole-genome CRISPR screens and generation of co-deficient cells with TDP1 and other genes, we demonstrate that MUS81 is an important factor that mediates the generation of excess double-strand breaks (DSBs) in TDP1 KO cells. APEX1/2 are synthetic lethal with TDP1. However, deficiency of APEX1/2 does not reduce DSB formation in TDP1 KO cells. Together, our data suggest that TOP1cc can be either resolved directly by TDP1 or be converted into DSBs and repaired further by the Homologous Recombination (HR) pathway. Here the authors find that MUS81 mediates excess DNA double strand break (DSB) generation in TDP1 KO cells after camptothecin treatment. They show that TOP1 cleavage complexes can be either resolved directly by TDP1 or be converted into DSBs and repaired further by the Homologous Recombination pathway. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper studies mobile edge computing (MEC) networks where multiple wireless devices (WDs) choose to offload their computation tasks to an edge server. To conserve energy and maintain quality of service for WDs, the optimization of joint offloading decision and bandwidth allocation is formulated as a mixed integer programming problem. However, the problem is computationally limited by the curse of dimensionality, which cannot be solved by general optimization tools in an effective and efficient way, especially for large-scale WDs. In this paper, we propose a distributed deep learning-based offloading (DDLO) algorithm for MEC networks, where multiple parallel DNNs are used to generate offloading decisions. We adopt a shared replay memory to store newly generated offloading decisions which are further to train and improve all DNNs. Extensive numerical results show that the proposed DDLO algorithm can generate near-optimal offloading decisions in less than one second. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Stanniocalcin-2 (STC2) has been proved to regulate a variety of signaling pathways including cell growth, metastasis, and therapeutic resistance. However, the role of STC2 in the regulation of nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) remains poorly understood. In this study, we investigated the regulatory function of STC2 on epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and glycolysis traits in NPC and revealed the underlying molecular mechanisms. We found that STC2 was highly expressed in primary nasopharyngeal carcinoma tissues and lymph node metastatic tissues. Silencing of STC2 inhibited cell proliferation, invasion, and glycolysis. Further analyses for the clinical samples demonstrated that STC2 expression was associated with the poor clinical progression. Moreover, we demonstrated the interaction of ITGB2 with STC2 and its involvement in STC2-mediated ITGB2/FAK/SOX6 axis. Collectively, our results provide new insights into understanding the regulatory mechanism of STC2 and suggest that the STC2/ITGB2/FAK/SOX6 signaling axis may be a potential therapeutic target for NPC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Underground low-background laboratories have a very large demand for radon reduction in their working environments. Therefore, in this paper, we have constructed a system for low-temperature activated carbon adsorption of radon by using air cooler and measured the dynamic adsorption coefficients of activated carbon on radon at room temperature and at a low temperature below − 50 °C. The experimental results show that the activated carbon dynamic adsorption coefficient reaches 688.79 L/g at a temperature of − 63.35 °C and a pressure of 3.5 atmospheres, which is more than 70 times higher than that at room temperature. During the experiments, problems of effective regulation were identified that need to be further addressed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Currently, four GLONASS-M+ satellites and two GLONASS-K1 satellites transmit CDMA signals on the G3 frequency. It is important to understand the inconsistency between the new G3 and traditional FDMA G1 and G2 signals, wherein inter-frequency clock bias (IFCB) is one of the important indexes to find the difference of triple-frequency carrier phase hardware delays. Using the geometry-free and ionospheric-free (GFIF) phase combinations and an epoch-differenced method, we use 152 globally distributed MGEX stations spanning 30 days to estimate GLONASS IFCB. GLONASS-K1 satellite R09 and GLONASS-M+ satellite R21 are selected for analysis in the experiment owing to enough G3 observations. Results indicate that the magnitudes of the multipath error and SNR on G3 frequency are noticeably smaller than those of the other two frequencies. A satellite-induced multipath error seems to exist on the G3 frequency of R21, whereas R09 has none, which needs to be quantized and modeled further. The intra-day peak-peak amplitudes of R09 and R21 IFCBs are about 0.01 and 0.2 m, while inter-day amplitudes are about 0.03 and 0.3 m, respectively; R21 is even larger than that of GPS Block-IIF satellites (about 0.2 m). The RMS and STD of the IFCB series of R09 and R21 are 0.90, 0.89 cm, and 10.56, 10.53 cm, respectively. Therefore, the IFCB errors must be carefully corrected in GLONASS G3-frequency applications. Fortunately, the IFCBs of R21 present both intra-day and inter-day sine-wave periodic variations, which may be modeled, and even well predicted in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As the incidence of peripheral neurological diseases increases, the precise display of nerves becomes important in imaging examinations. Among them, the pain caused by brachial plexus neuropathy is very prominent, and the magnetic resonance imaging of nerve is quite complex and messy. This paper will systematically elaborate from the aspects of brachial plexus neuropathy, morphological and functional imaging, and post-processing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fine-grained image classification aims at classifying the image subclass under a certain category. It is a challenging task due to the similar features, different gestures and background interference of the images. A key issue in fine-grained image classification is to extract the discriminative regions of images accurately. This paper proposed a multilayer feature fusion (MFF) network with parallel convolutional block (PCB) mechanism to solve this problem. We use the bilinear matrix product to mix different layers' feature matrixes and then add them to the fully connection layer and the softmax function. In addition, the original convolutional blocks are replaced by the proposed PCB, which has more effective residual connection ability in extracting the region of interest (ROI) and the parallel convolutions with different sizes of kernels. Experimental results on three international available fine-grained datasets demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed model. Quantitative and visualized experimental results show that our model has higher classification precision compared with the state-of-the-arts ones. Our classification accuracy reaches 87.1%, 91.4% and 93.4% on the dataset CUB-200-2011, FGVC Aircraft and Stanford Cars, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Lepton scattering is an established ideal tool for studying inner structure of small particles such as nucleons as well as nuclei. As a future high energy nuclear physics project, an Electron-ion collider in China (EicC) has been proposed. It will be constructed based on an upgraded heavy-ion accelerator, High Intensity heavy-ion Accelerator Facility (HIAF) which is currently under construction, together with a new electron ring. The proposed collider will provide highly polarized electrons (with a polarization of ∼80%) and protons (with a polarization of ∼70%) with variable center of mass energies from 15 to 20 GeV and the luminosity of (2–3) × 1033 cm−2 · s−1. Polarized deuterons and Helium-3, as well as unpolarized ion beams from Carbon to Uranium, will be also available at the EicC. The main foci of the EicC will be precision measurements of the structure of the nucleon in the sea quark region, including 3D tomography of nucleon; the partonic structure of nuclei and the parton interaction with the nuclear environment; the exotic states, especially those with heavy flavor quark contents. In addition, issues fundamental to understanding the origin of mass could be addressed by measurements of heavy quarkonia near-threshold production at the EicC. In order to achieve the above-mentioned physics goals, a hermetical detector system will be constructed with cutting-edge technologies. This document is the result of collective contributions and valuable inputs from experts across the globe. The EicC physics program complements the ongoing scientific programs at the Jefferson Laboratory and the future EIC project in the United States. The success of this project will also advance both nuclear and particle physics as well as accelerator and detector technology in China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to the continuous growth of the world's population, the development and utilization of marine resources have received great attention. At present, marine fishing relies heavily on divers for underwater operations, which have the disadvantages of high risk, low efficiency, and high cost. Therefore, the development of underwater capture robot which can automatically detect, locate, and capture targets is of great significance for the development of marine economy. Underwater robot is an indispensable equipment for deep-sea operation and plays an irreplaceable role in the development of the ocean. When autonomous underwater vehicles perform underwater operations, they can use computer vision system to obtain clear underwater images and accurate target category information, which can help the manipulator select different grasping parts for different shapes and categories and improve work efficiency. The current underwater vision technology includes "acoustic vision" and "light vision." Due to the influence of multichannel effect and blind area, the acoustic vision research in detecting and tracking underwater targets is not deep enough. Compared with the acoustic image processing system, the underwater optical vision system has the advantages of image and video capture and has higher real-time performance, which can aim at the target faster and more conveniently. Underwater vision optical system plays an important leading role in the detailed research of underwater vehicle sensing system, which can further improve the autonomous performance of underwater vehicle. In addition, considering the nature of underwater image imaging, we are developing an underwater image segmentation and recognition system based on image processing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The presence of clinically significant portal hypertension (CSPH) remains a relative contraindication to liver resection for patients with resectable hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The goal of this study was to explore whether a laparoscopic approach could extend the indications for hepatectomy to patients with PH.Method: Patients who underwent laparoscopic liver resection (LLR) from February 2016 to September 2019 performed by a single medical team were included in this study. We analyzed the surgical and oncological outcomes between groups with and without CSPH before and after propensity score matching (PSM).Result: We enrolled 156 patients divided into two groups according to the presence (CSPH, n = 26) or absence (non-CSPH, n = 130) of CSPH. CSPH group was associated with more clinical signs of liver dysfunction (p < 0.05). After PSM (n = 48 patients), the CSPH group tended to have a longer postoperative hospital stay (p = 0.054); however, there was no difference in operation time (p = 0.329), blood loss volume (p = 0.392), transfusion rates (p = 0.701), rate of conversion to open surgery (p = 0.666), surgical margin (p = 0.306), surgical mortality (n = 0), or comprehensive complication index (p = 0.844) between the two groups. The median follow-up time for the entire cohort was 19.6 months (range 0.2-40.6 months). The 3-year overall survival rate was 62.9% in the CSPH group and 84.3% in the non-CSPH group (p = 0.1090), and results were similar after PSM (p = 0.5734).Conclusions: LLR is safe and feasible for HCC with PH. The introduction of minimally invasive surgery, represented by LLR, can appropriately expand the indications for hepatectomy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The safety and efficiency of mining in western coal mining areas of China are threatened by water and sand bursting disasters. In the current study, we determined the possibility of sand bursting via formula of the related norms in China for the weakly cemented Paleogene glutenite aquifer located at the 21–1 coal seam roof within Yili ecological area, Xinjiang, China. We tested the failure characteristics of overburden under different mining thicknesses using a similar material model. Furthermore, we simulated the development process of overburden fractures and the water pressure of a Paleogene aquifer by varying mining thickness (4 m and 8 m) using a three-dimensional model with different working panels via PFC3D. Results demonstrate that at a mining thickness of 4 m, the caving zone does not affect the Paleogene aquifer and the probability of sand break is low. In contrast, at 8 m, the sand break probability is high as the caving zone development height enters the Paleogene. Furthermore, at the same thickness, the water pressure of the aquifer gradually drops to 0 during the later stage of mining. This indicates the entry of the aquifer water through the working panel cracks, and consequently, the probability of water and sand bursting in the working panel is high. When the mining thickness is 4 m, this probability is low due to the normal water inflow during the mining of the working panel. Our results strengthen the theoretical and technical systems required for the prevention and control of water and sand bursting in the western coal mine area of China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The forward calculation of gravity anomalies is a non-negligible aspect contributing to the time consumption of the entire process of basement relief estimation. In this study, we develop a fast hybrid computing scheme to compute the gravity anomaly of a basement. We use the vertical prism source equation in a given region R centered at a certain gravity observation point and the vertical line source equation outside R to derive the gravity anomaly. We observe that the computation with the vertical line source equation is much faster than that of the vertical prism source equation, but the former is slightly inaccurate. Therefore, our method is highly efficient and able to avoid the errors caused by the low accuracy of the vertical line source equation near the observation point. We then derive the general principle of choosing the size of R via a series of prism model tests. Our tests on the gravity anomaly over the Los Angeles Basin confirm the correctness of our proposed forward strategy. We modify Bott's method with an accelerating factor to expedite the inversion procedure and presume that the density contrast between the sediments and the basement in a sedimentary basin varies laterally and can be obtained using the equivalent equation. Synthetic data and real data applications in the Weihe Basin illustrate that our proposed method can accurately and efficiently estimate the basement relief of sedimentary basins. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Trigeminal neuralgia (TN) is a disease of unclear pathogenesis. It has a low incidence and is not fatal, but it can cause afflicted patients' depression or suicide. In the past, neurovascular compression was considered to be the main cause of TN, but recent studies have found that neurovascular contact is also common in asymptomatic patients and the asymptomatic side in symptomatic patients. This indicates that the neurovascular contact is not, or is only to a lesser extent, a factor in the development of TN. Thus, the study of the peripheral branches of the trigeminal nerve is necessary to understand the etiology of TN. With the development of imaging technology and the emergence of various imaging modalities, it is possible to study the etiology of TN and the pathological changes of related structures by magnetic resonance neuroimaging. This article reviews the recent advances in magnetic resonance neuroimaging of the trigeminal nerve. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Suaeglaucin B (7-hydroxy-3-(2-hydroxyphenyl)-5,6-dimethoxy-4H-chromen-4-one, 1), an isoflavone, including seven other known compounds (2–8), was isolated for the first time from the herbs of Suaeda glauca (Bunge) Bunge. In this article, the extraction and isolation of these compounds is carried out, and the structures of eight compounds (1–8) were established using chemical methods including HR-ESI-MS and 1D, 2D NMR spectroscopy. In addition, the antioxidant activity of compound 1, with IC50 value of 1.63 mM, was evaluated by the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl free radical (DPPH) assay. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fully recognize various problems in the observed magnetotelluric (MT) data is the precondition of inverse solutions. In the paper, according to the geomorphological conditions of the observational MT stations in the Guangxi area, we constructed several different kinds of models to conduct a three-dimensional forward simulation of the MT field using the vector finite element method (FEM). First, the variation rule and differences of apparent resistivity ρxy and ρyx in the xy and yx modes were studied and analyzed, and then the geoelectric information reflected by the change of apparent resistivity ρxx and ρyy were discussed. Final, the responses of typical geological structures that cause a static shift problem were presented. The synthetic examples showed that ρxy and ρyx were relevant to the layout of the survey line, for instance, ρxy had different values along the west-east profile compared with that of the south-north profile, Moreover, ρxx and ρyy could subtly show the abnormal body-host rock interface, which could be used to restrict the anomalous domain in the inversion process. In addition to the scale and depth of the top surface of the anomalous body, the widespread rivers and hills, can simulate static shift. Hence, to reduce the influence of static shift on MT data, a reasonable distance between a station and rivers or hills should be considered in accordance with the scale of rivers or hills. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper builds an agent-based model to study the impact of analyst competition on analyst optimism. Two strategies (a catering strategy and a pressure strategy) are used to model analysts conflicts of interest between listed corporations and institutional clients. The finding suggests that the relationship between competition and analyst optimism is nonlinear. Low-level competition generates more analyst unbiased forecasts. However, the condition of no competition or high-level competition generates more analyst optimistic forecasts. The empirical test also confirms that analysts issue less biased earnings forecasts under the condition of low-level competition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We construct several classes of hadronic matrix elements and relate them to the low-energy constants in Chiral Perturbation Theory that describe the electromagnetic effects in the semileptonic beta decay of the pion and the kaon. We propose to calculate them using lattice QCD, and argue that such a calculation will make an immediate impact to a number of interesting topics at the precision frontier, including the outstanding anomalies in |Vus| and the top-row Cabibbo-Kobayashi-Maskawa matrix unitarity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents an experimental investigation on the feasibility and effectiveness of an improved method for dewatering sewage sludge (SS) in landfills. Compared with traditional vacuum preloading with prefabricated vertical drains (PVDs), an improved intermittent vacuum loading with wheat straw vertical drains (WSVDs) was developed and a series of laboratory tests were conducted to evaluate the effects of WSVD type and intermittent loading period on the dewatering properties of SS. Tests results showed that the WSVD has a good elastic deformation characteristic during vacuum loading and unloading over PVD. The vacuum degree transmission tests on three types of WSVD showed that 5 cm crushed wheat straw is the optimum one. The surface settlement and water content of SS after the model test are similar for WSVD and PVD in the traditional vacuum consolidation method. There was a significant improvement when applying intermittent vacuum and optimum daily loading time of 10 hours was obtained. The cracks found in the sludge cake around the drainage body using improved method are suggested as the key factor since they are able to improve the vacuum transmission capacity and the permeability of SS. The improved method is expected to offer a feasible and cost-effective way to deal with high water content SS in landfills. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The gloomy outcome of liver cancer is mainly due to the high rates of metastasis and recurrence, even after curative resection for early stage liver cancer. Our study was conducted to find the animal model suitable for the study of liver cancer metastasis. In our study, two liver cancer cells were obtained from N-nitrosodiethylamine (DEN) and N-nitrosomorpholine (NMOR) induced rats, and they were cultivated, screened and cloning cultivated. Bionomics of cells was analyzed. The results show that 2 cells had different metastatic potentiality. They were named Wrh-f2 and Wrh-s2, and they have the characteristics of Hepatocellular carcinoma cells. The bionomics of 2 cells showed: (1) The chromosome karyotype analysis showed that the mode of Wrh-f2 was 80–83 and Wrh-s2 was 55–57; (2) AFP positive cytoplasmic staining was observed in Wrh-f2 and Wrh-s2. Cytokeratin (CK) 7 and CK8 positive staining was present in Wrh-f2. CK8 positive staining was present in Wrh-s2; (3) The numbers of Wrh-f2 and Wrh-s2 that passed through the Transwells were 98 ± 12 and 55 ± 15;(4) Wrh-f2 had the significant higher colony formation (78%) than Wrh-s2(8%) (P < 0.01). (5) The animal models generated solid tumours when 2 cells were inoculated to nude mouse and rat. And Wrh-f2 developed stable pulmonary metastasis. The established cell lines with different metastatic potential showed obvious advantages over liver cancer in mimicking the biological properties of malignant liver cancer tumors. It provided a suitable model for the mechanism of liver cancer metastasis in vivo and in vitro. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Liver cancer is a kind of high mortality cancer due to the difficulty of early diagnosis. It is necessary to develop the anticancer agents to treat liver cancer. Here, a novel chalcone derivative was synthesized and evaluated for anticancer activity in vitro against liver cancer cell lines (HepG2, SNU-423, SMMC7221, and SNU-398). The chalcone hybrid 9 displayed the antiproliferative effect against HepG2, SNU-423, SMMC7221 and SNU-398 cells with IC50 values of 0.9 μM, 2.7 μM, 6.2 μM and 4.6 μM, respectively. Cellular mechanisms showed that derivative 9 could obviously inhibit HepG2 cells growth and colony formation in a concentration-dependent manner. Analogue 9 inhibited the migration by regulating the expression levels of migration-releated markers and transcription factors (Snail and Slug). Tubulin polymerization inhibition assay illustrated that chalcone hybrid 9 might be a potent tubulin polymerization inhibitor. Importantly, compound 9 displayed the antitumor activity against liver cancer HepG2 cells in vivo with the low toxicity toward mice. Therefore, compound 9 as a novel tubulin polymerization inhibitor deserves further investigation to treat liver cancer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Hyperprolactinemia (HPRL) has been reported in many autoimmune diseases. However, the serum autoantibody profile and peripheral B-cell subset distribution in women with HPRL are largely unknown. The current study aimed to investigate the autoantibody prevalence and cytokine levels as well as to further explore the B-cell subset distribution in women with HPRL. Methods: Sera from 202 women with HPRL and 97 healthy women were included in this study. All sera were examined for prolactin (PRL), anti-nuclear antibody (ANA), rheumatoid factor, anticardiolipin (ACL), immunoglobulin G, immunoglobulin M, complement 3, complement 4, interleukin 4 (IL-4) and interleukin 6 (IL-6). Peripheral blood was collected from 22 women with HPRL and 19 healthy women, and B-cell subsets were measured by flow cytometry. Results: At least one autoantibody was found in 47 out of 202 women with HPRL compared with 9 of 97 healthy women (p < 0.001). The levels of IL-4 (p < 0.0001) and IL-6 (p < 0.0001) were significantly higher in women with HPRL than in healthy women. The percentages of naive IgD+IgM− B cells (BND cells, p < 0.0001), antibody-secreting cells (p = 0.007) and unswitched memory B cells (p = 0.004) among the total B cells from HPRL women were significantly higher than those from healthy women. Conclusions: Women with HPRL had a higher prevalence of autoantibodies, higher serum levels of IL-4 and IL-6, and more BND cells, antibody-secreting B cells and unswitched memory B cells than healthy women. These data imply that a high level of PRL is associated with autoimmune diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Structural modification of echinocystic acid (EA), a pentacyclic triterpenoid with wide spread biological activities was investigated by microbial transformation. Microbe-mediate transformation of EA was carried out by filamentous fungus Cunninghamella blakesleana CGMCC 3.910. Four metabolites 3β, 7β, 16α-trihydroxy-olean-12-en-28-oic acid (EA-2); 3β, 7β, 16β,19β-tetrahydroxy-olean-12-en-28-oic acid (EA-3); 3β, 7β, 16α, 21β-tetrahydroxy-olean-12-en-28-oic acid (EA-4); 3β, 7β, 16α-trihydroxy-olean-11, 13(18)-dien-28-oic acid (EA-5) were produced. Structures of transformed products were elucidated by 1D and 2D NMR and HR-MS data. EA-3 and EA-4 were new compounds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The high-risk of tumor initiation in patients with Turner syndrome (TS) characterized by X chromosome monosomy in women has been well established and aneuploidy, defined as an abnormal number of chromosomes, is a common feature in human cancer. However, the underlying mechanisms of X chromosome aneuploidy promoting tumorigenesis remain obscure. We propose that chromosome-wide gene dosage imbalance (CDI) may serve as an important mechanism. Here, we assess the relative expression ratios of X chromosome and autosomes (expression ratios of X:AA) between tumor samples and adjacent normal samples across 16 tumor types using expression datasets from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) project. Our results show that the expression ratios of X:AA in tumor samples are frequently rebalanced to a lower level compared to those in adjacent normal samples, which is termed chromosome-wide gene dosage rebalance (CDR) thereafter. Gene ontology (GO) analysis of differentially expression genes from X chromosome reveals that downregulation of multicellularity-related genes and upregulation of unicellularity-related genes in tumors form a distinctive feature and enrichment analysis shows that downregulated genes are enriched in tumor suppressor genes, which indicate that CDR benefits tumor progression. Further experimental results prove that disturbance of X chromosome expression by knocking down of XIST in breast cancer cells, which functions in initiation phase of X chromosome inactivation (XCI), inhibits tumor progression. Our results demonstrate that the prevalent CDRs across tumor types serve as an important mechanism in promoting tumor progression, which partially explains the high risk of tumor in patients with TS and also provides a new cancer therapy from the CDR perspective. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present work, a unique gradient cooling heat treatment process (GCHT) for a Mn-Si-Cr-B bainitic cast steel was developed, and microstructure and mechanical properties were examined by OM, SEM, EBSD and a uniaxial tensile test. The results showed that the structural-gradient-material (SGM) with a gradient microstructure from granular bainite to martensite was successfully produced, and it exhibited a good ductility (~13.8%) at one end and an excellent ultimate strength (~1,720 MPa) at the other end. In between the bainite and martensite, a transition region with a superior combination of tensile strength and ductility (1,700 MPa and 11.1%) was obtained, which is different from the normal knowledge of a brittle transition region. Moreover, through changing the gradient of cooling rate, the optimized SGM with a new gradient microstructure from pearlite to martensite showed a more stable structural gradient and an improved ductility (22.8%) at one end. The microstructure variation in the sample was mainly related to the carbon diffusion rate during heat treatment, and the diffusion rate could be controlled by regulating the cooling velocity. Therefore, the SGMs with different gradient microstructures could be designed to meet the needs of different properties. As a result, this work provides a new approach for preparation of the gradient structured steel, which has potential for practical application for dual-property automobile parts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Conformal field theory (CFT) in two dimensions provides a rich source of subfactors. The fact that there are so many subfactors coming from CFT have led people to conjecture that perhaps all finite depth subfactors are related to CFT. In this paper we examine classes of subfactors from known CFT. In particular we identify the so called 3Z2×Z2 subfactor with an intermediate subfactor from conformal inclusion, and construct new subfactors from recent work on holomorphic CFT with central charge 24. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Appropriate management of adult gliomas requires an accurate histopathological diagnosis. However, the heterogeneity of gliomas can lead to misdiagnosis and undergrading, especially with biopsy. We evaluated the role of preoperative relative cerebral blood volume (rCBV) analysis in conjunction with histopathological analysis as a predictor of overall survival and risk of undergrading. We retrospectively identified 146 patients with newly diagnosed gliomas (WHO grade II-IV) that had undergone preoperative MRI with rCBV analysis. We compared overall survival by histopathologically determined WHO tumor grade and by rCBV using Kaplan-Meier survival curves and the Cox proportional hazards model. We also compared preoperative imaging findings and initial histopathological diagnosis in 13 patients who underwent biopsy followed by subsequent resection. Survival curves by WHO grade and rCBV tier similarly separated patients into low, intermediate, and high-risk groups with shorter survival corresponding to higher grade or rCBV tier. The hazard ratio for WHO grade III versus II was 3.91 (p = 0.018) and for grade IV versus II was 11.26 (p < 0.0001) and the hazard ratio for each increase in 1.0 rCBV units was 1.12 (p < 0.002). Additionally, 3 of 13 (23%) patients initially diagnosed by biopsy were upgraded on subsequent resection. Preoperative rCBV was elevated at least one standard deviation above the mean in the 3 upgraded patients, suggestive of undergrading, but not in the ten concordant diagnoses. In conclusion, rCBV can predict overall survival similarly to pathologically determined WHO grade in patients with gliomas. Discordant rCBV analysis and histopathology may help identify patients at higher risk for undergrading. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMP) trigger innate immune response and exacerbate inflammation to combat infection and cellular damage. Identifying DAMPs and revealing their functions are thus of crucial importance. Here we report that two molecules, N-myc and STAT interactor (NMI) and interferon-induced protein 35 (IFP35) act as DAMPs and are released by activated macrophages during lipopolysaccharide-induced septic shock or acetaminophen-induced liver injury. We show that extracellular NMI and IFP35 activate macrophages to release proinflammatory cytokines by activating nuclear factor-κB through the Toll-like receptor 4 pathway. In addition, the serum levels of NMI are increased in patients who succumbed to severe inflammation. NMI deficiency reduces inflammatory responses and mortality in mouse models of sepsis and liver injury. We therefore propose that extracellular NMI and IFP35 exacerbate inflammation as DAMPs, making them potential therapeutic targets for clinical intervention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]