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In the present day, water treatment has emerged as a significant global concern, particularly due to the proliferation of pollution sources. The utilization of dyes, such as Evans blue, in several industries is among the most significant contributors to these pollutants. Forsterite nanoparticles were synthesized by the sol-gel technique and calcined at different temperatures to determine the optimum temperature at which pure nanoforsterite was obtained. Then, it was analyzed using X-ray diffraction (XRD), atomic force microscope (AFM), transmission electron microscope (TEM), Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) , contact angle, and zero-point charge. The adsorption capability of forsterite nanoparticles (Nps) was evaluated by a batch adsorption experimental method to remove Evans blue dye (EBD). Parameters such as agitation speed, dosage of forsterite Nps, pH, and contact time were considered at ambient temperature. At pH = 3, dose of Nps = 1 g/L, and 600 rpm within 10 min, the results indicated a removal rate of around 100%. Furthermore, it was shown that the material may be employed for 3 cycles with a removal rate of 90%. Multiple kinetic and isotherm models, including Langmuir, Temkin, and Freundlich models, were used to analyze the results and clarify the mechanism of the adsorption phenomena. The findings from the isotherm and kinetic studies indicated that the system conforms to Langmuir and pseudo-second-order, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Membrane isolation, ion exchange, precipitation, transformation, and biosorption are all viable methods for pollutant removal. Adsorption is a common commercial method to concentrate precious molecules or eliminate contaminants, and it is a cost-effective method of treating industrial wastewater. A novel method for increasing their removal effectiveness has been developed for this purpose, using a low-cost biosorbent made from durian husk and Evans blue (EB) dye as a subject. The EB dye adsorption percentage was determined to be 95.95% with 72.0 mg/g adsorption amount at optimal conditions of pH 2 and 40 °C. The second-order kinetic model fit the experimental data the best. Additionally, the results indicated that the Sips isotherm model fits the experimental data better and that the experiment involved single-layer adsorption on the adsorbent surface. A non-linear regression of the van't Hoff plot gave negative values of Gibbs free energy (−39.38 to −41.48 kJ/mol) at all the temperatures studied (from 20 to 60 °C), indicating that the adsorption process is spontaneous and feasible. A negative value for the enthalpy (ΔHo=−23.37kJ/mol) indicated that the adsorption was exothermic, and the positive value of (ΔSo=54.55kJ/mol·K) concludes the nature of adsorption of Evans blue dye by Durian husk likely to follow a physisorption adsorption mechanism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract—The Miles assay using Evans Blue dye is a conventional method to assess vascular permeability. The penetration Evans dye into intestinal tissue was studied in the early reperfusion phase of ischemia–reperfusion injury to the small intestine. Significant destruction of villus microvessels and an increase in vascular permeability to plasma proteins were observed in the early reperfusion phase, impairing the blood flow at the microvasculature level based on evidence from histology and laser Doppler flowmetry. Evans Blue accumulated to the highest concentration in intestinal tissue after being injected into the bloodstream prior to 60-min ischemia; the lowest level was detected when the dye was injected after 15-min reperfusion. Changes in the dye content in intestinal tissue therefore depended on the number of vessels that remain intact at the time of dye injection at various stages of ischemia–reperfusion. Evans Blue observed in tissue was assumed to reflect the degree of vessel preservation in a study of ischemia–reperfusion injury of the small intestine, rather than reporting the degree of vascular permeability, as commonly believed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The popularity of contemporary microsurgical techniques in treatment of lower-limb lymphedema calls for better visualization of the lymphatic system, both preoperatively and intra-operatively. The aim of this prospective study was to investigate the feasibility of a novel combination of Ga-NEB positron emission tomography (PET) with magnetic resonance lymphography (MRL) in evaluating lymphedema and guiding surgical intervention. Methods: A total of 11 patients (F 9, M 2, age range 29-69 y) with lower-limb lymphedema classified into stage I to III were recruited. PET acquisition was performed at 30, 60 and 90 min after subcutaneous injection of the albumin-binding radiotracer Ga-NEB into the bilateral first web spaces of the feet. All the patients were also subjected to Tc-sulfur colloid (SC) lymphoscintigraphy for comparison. Gd-DTPA-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was performed using sequences specialized for lymphatic vessel scans. All the patients underwent surgical interventions within a week. The surgical approach includes the use of a linear marker for edema localization and indocyanine green (ICG) lymphography with a near-infrared surgical navigation system intra-operatively. Results: Lymph transport in lymphatic channels was clearly observed by visualization of Ga-NEB activity in the lymphatic vessels and within lymph nodes for all 11 patients as well as the visualization of the edema section plane with dermal backflow (DB), abnormally increased and disconnected uptake along the lymphatic channels. Preoperative Ga-NEB PET combined with MRL provides advantageous three-dimensional images, higher temporal resolution, significantly shorter time lapse before image acquisition after tracer injection and more accurate pathological lymphatic vessel distribution than Tc-SC lymphoscintigraphy combined with MRI. Conclusion: This study documented an effective imaging pattern to combine Ga-NEB PET and MRL in patients with lower-limb lymphedema. This strategy demonstrated significant advantage over Tc-SC lymphoscintigraphy/MRL in the evaluation of lymphedema severity, staging and pathological location of lymph vessels to make an individualized treatment plan. Dual Ga-NEB PET/MRL is thus recommended before the operation for staging and therapy planning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The genetic defect in the cardiomyopathic (CM) hamster is a mutation in the glycoprotein-sarcoglycan (a component of the dystrophin-glycoprotein complex). Apoptosis has been identified in skeletal muscle of dystrophin-deficient mice, and therefore the role of myocardial apoptosis in relation to oncosis in causing myocardial necrosis was assessed at the onset of left ventricular (LV) dysfunction in CM hamsters. LV size and function were evaluated in normal and CM hamsters (CHF147 line) by echocardiography at 1, 2, 3, and 5 months (mo) of age. The decrease of LV fractional shortening was found to be most marked (45 %) between 1 and 2 mo of age. Apoptotic nuclei were identified at each time point using in situ end-labeling of DNA strand breaks (TUNEL), together with immunolabeling of myocytes; DNA fragmentation (laddering) and nuclear morphology were also assessed. Myocyte oncotic necrosis was assessed at 2 mo by Evans blue dye (EBD), wheat germ agglutinin, hematoxylin/eosin staining, and electron microscopy. Apoptotic nuclei were not detected in age-matched normal hamsters. In the CM hamsters apoptotic myocyte nuclei comprised an average of 0.041 % of myocyte nuclei between 1 and 5 mo, an increase at 2 mo (to 0.076 %) was not significant, and DNA laddering was not detected. The number of myocyte nuclei per unit area decreased by 32 % between 1 and 2 mo, and in 2 mo old CM hamsters myocardial staining with EBD was positive in 9.82 % of the myocardial cross sectional areas examined, most of which was consistent with sarcolemmal rupture and oncosis with inflammatory cell infiltration. It is concluded that myocyte oncosis provides the major mechanism for the decreased number of myocyte nuclei and the early decrease of cardiac function between 1 and 2 mo of age in the CM hamster, with only a small contribution of myocyte apoptosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tumor cell invasion surrounding intracerebrally implanted tumors in rats was studied by comparing the results of cerebral microangiography, fluorescence imaging of blood-brain barrier (BBB) disruption and histopathology. Each comparison was on subsequent sections taken from an initial 1 mm coronal slice of brain taken through the cell injection site containing tumor using the RT 2 glioma model. Tumor extension was assessed at 3, 5, 7 and 9 days after tumor implantation. Analysis of the brain adjacent to tumor shows that the actual tumor cell invasion area is greater than the area of BBB disruption at later stages of tumor growth and the extent of tumor vascularization lies well within the area defined by the extent of tumor cell invasion. Furthermore, this study found that the size of the area of tumor cell invasion remains relatively stable in proportion to the solid tumor mass at various stages of growth such that the area of tumor invaded brain was approximately 2.5 times greater than the area outlined by solid tumor mass. We conclude that measurement of the solid tumor mass, tumor vascular area and region of blood-brain barrier disruption due to tumor, grossly underestimate the total tumor volume. Therapies aimed at controlling glial tumor growth must, therefore, include normal appearing regions of brain peripheral to the abnormal region defined as tumor and tumor invaded brain as defined by radiographic and imaging studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vascular permeability and proliferative activity of ethylnitrosourea (ENU)-induced rat brain tumours were studied by intravenous injection of Evans blue dye (EB) and by bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) uptake examinations. Tumours induced by ENU showed various histologial types, and they were oligodendrogliomas, mixed oligo-astrocytomas, mixed oligo-ependymomas, astrocytomas, anaplastic astrocytomas, polymorphic gliomas, and ependymomas. The labelling indexes (LIs: the ratio of BrdU-labelled cells to total cells) of tumour and vascular component cells in the tumour were high in anaplastic astrocytomas, polymorphic gliomas and ependymomas, but low in oligodendrogliomas. EB stained anaplastic astrocytomas, polymorphic gliomas and ependymomas deeply, but did not penetrate oligodendrogliomas. In mixed gliomas, EB staining and the LIs of tumour cells were not uniform. After intracarotid infusion of hyperosmolar mannitol into tumour-bearing rats, tumour staining with EB and the LIs of tumour cells were not increased, whereas the penetration of EB into the normal brain was drastically increased. Therefore it is not likely that the delivery of chemotherapeutic drugs to the tumour could be increased by intracarotid infusion of hyperosmolar manitol. Our data suggest that the vascular permeability of tumour vessels is highly correlated with the high proliferative activity of tumour and its vascular cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A comparison of oedema formation, as measured by leakage of the dye Evans blue from the circulation, was carried out in the laboratory rat employing standardized lesions on the anterior abdominal wall by various regimens of CO laser, Nd-YAG laser and cryosurgery over a 4 h period. The CO laser at high power produced significantly less oedema than any other modality ( p<0.05) while the Nd-YAG laser at high power produced significantly more ( p<0.05) than any other. Nd-YAG low power, cryosurgery in one of two freezes and the CO laser at low power all produced a moderate degree of oedema (no significant difference). These findings have particular clinical relevance in sites where oedema may cause major functional or cosmetic problems as in the oro-facial region. The animals remained sedated over the period of observation so that any possible discomfort was eliminated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study was to quantify pulmonary water compartments of total, intravascular, and extravascular lung water in excised and perfused sheep lungs with the use of magnetic resonance imaging techniques. Total lung water was measured by proton density maps calculated from multi-spin-echo images. Intravascular lung water was evaluated by magnetic resonance angiography before and after injection of gadolinium diethylenetriamine penta-acetic acid polylysine, a macromolecular paramagnetic contrast agent. Intravascular lung water was calculated from signal intensity histogram changes comparing pre- and postcontrast angiograms. Extravascular water was calculated as the difference between total and intravascular lung water. Quantities of total and intravascular lung water measured by magnetic resonance techniques were compared to reference results obtained from wet/dry weight gravimetry and Evans blue dilution performed after imaging. Magnetic resonance and reference results correlated significantly (total lung water: r=0.93, p<0.001; intravascular lung water: r=0.80, p<0.001; extravascular lung water: r=0.89, p<0.001). Therefore, we conclude that quantitative magnetic resonance techniques are potentially useful for the clinical evaluation of pulmonary water compartments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effect of dilazep dihydrochloride (dilazep) against ischemia and reperfusion-induced disruption of blood-brain barrier (BBB) was quantitatively investigated in Slc:Wistar strain rats using Evans blue dye as a BBB destruction indicator. The forebrain of sham-operated animal had a small amount of the dye. A treatment of 3.5-h ischemia plus 2-h reflow extravasated the dye into the brain and markedly increased the dye content as compared with that of sham group ( P < 0.01 vs. sham group). Continuous infusion (i.v.) of dilazep during cerebral ischemia dose-dependently reduced the increase of the dye content, and a significant reduction was found at 3 mg/kg/h ( P < 0.05 vs. control group). Evans blue dye extravasation after ischemia was also greatly reduced in saline-perfused brains by the treatment with dilazep. Dilazep has been reported to inhibit edema formation in cerebral ischemia model of spontaneously hypertensive rats. These results suggest that dilazep prevents the ischemic damage of BBB, which may contribute to reduction of the brain edema. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work focuses on studying the removal of Evans Blue dye, which is a water pollutant, using Cu-Al-CO3 anionic clay known also as layered double hydroxide (LDH) and its phase calcined at 500∘C (Cu-Al-500). LDH is easy to synthesize by a coprecipitation method at a constant pH; it is non-toxic and non-expensive, constituted of plane sheets containing alternating octahedral stack M(OH)6 formed by divalent (Cu2+) and trivalent (Al3+) cations and carbonate anions (CO32-) in the interfoliar space. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) pattern of the formed solids shows that the synthesized phase is the LDH type, and was confirmed by infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) shows that the decarbonation of LDH begins at 500∘C, thus this temperature is chosen for the calcination of this clay. XRD and FT-IR of the calcined phase confirm the obtaining of copper and aluminium oxides. The UV-visible study of the adsorption of Evans Blue is performed by varying different parameters such as the weight of LDH and its calcined phase, the concentration of the dye and the pH of the solution. The obtained isotherms from this kinetic study show that the adsorption of Evans Blue dye is more efficient in the calcined phase compared with the as-synthesized LDH. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]