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Aim: Urine concentration measured via osmolality ( U ) and specific gravity ( U ) reflects the adequacy of daily fluid intake, which has important relationships to health in pregnant (PREG) and lactating (LACT) women. Urine color ( U ) may be a practical, surrogate marker for whole-body hydration status. Purpose: To determine whether U was a valid measure of urine concentration in PREG and LACT, and pair-matched non-pregnant, non-lactating control women (CON). Methods: Eighteen PREG/LACT (age 31 ± 1 years, pre-pregnancy BMI 24.3 ± 5.9 kg m) and eighteen CON (age 29 ± 4 years, BMI 24.1 ± 3.7 kg m) collected 24-h and single-urine samples on specified daily voids at five time points (15 ± 2, 26 ± 1, and 37 ± 1 weeks gestation, 3 ± 1 and 9 ± 1 weeks postpartum during lactation; CON visits were separated by similar time intervals) for measurement of 24-h U , U , and U and single-sample U and U . Results: Twenty-four-hour U was significantly correlated with 24-h U ( r = 0.6085-0.8390, P < 0.0001) and 24-h U ( r = 0.6213-0.8985, P < 0.0001) in all groups. A 24-h U ≥ 4 (AUC = 0.6848-0.9513, P < 0.05) and single-sample U ≥ 4 (AUC = 0.9094-0.9216, P < 0.0001) indicated 24-h U ≥ 500 mOsm kg (representing inadequate fluid intake) in PREG, LACT, and CON. Conclusions: Urine color was a valid marker of urine concentration in all groups. Thus, PREG, LACT, and CON can utilize U to monitor their daily fluid balance. Women who present with a U ≥ 4 likely have a U ≥ 500 mOsm kg and should increase fluid consumption to improve overall hydration status. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Urine colour ( U) is simple to measure, differs between low-volume and high-volume drinkers, and is responsive to changes in daily total fluid intake (TFI). However, to date, no study has quantified the relationship between a change in TFI and the resultant change in U. This analysis aimed to determine the change in TFI needed to adjust 24-h U by 2 shades on an 8-colour scale, and to evaluate whether starting U altered the relationship between the change in TFI and change in U. Methods: We performed a pooled analysis on data from 238 healthy American and European adults (50 % male; age, 28 (sd 6) years; BMI 22.9 (sd 2.6) kg/m), and evaluated the change in TFI, urine volume ( U), and specific gravity ( U) associated with a change in U of 2 shades. Results: The mean [95 % CI] change in TFI and U associated with a decrease in U by 2 shades (lighter) was 1110 [914;1306] and 1011 [851;1172] mL/day, respectively, while increasing U by 2 shades (darker) required a reduction in TFI and U of −1114 [−885;−1343] and −977 [−787;−1166] mL/day. The change in U was accompanied by changes in U (lighter urine: −.008 [−.007;−.010]; darker urine: +.008 [.006;.009]). Starting U did not significantly impact the TFI change required to modify U by 2 shades. Conclusions: Our results suggest a quantifiable relationship between a change in daily TFI and the resultant change in U, providing individuals with a practical means for evaluating and adjusting hydration behaviours. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: We assessed the impact of completing the Hotter'n Hell Hundred (HHH), an annual 164 km road cycling event performed in a hot environment, on hemostatic balance in men. Methods: Sixteen men who completed the ride in <6 h were included in this study. Plasma samples were collected on that morning of the ride (PRE) and immediately on the completion of the ride (IP). Primary hemostasis was assessed by platelet count and von Willebrand factor antigen (vWF:Ag). Coagulation was assessed by measuring prothrombin fragment 1 + 2 (PTF 1 + 2) and thrombin-antithrombin complex (TAT), whereas fibrinolysis was assessed by plasminogen activator inhibitor antigen (PAI-1 Ag), tissue plasminogen activator (tPA Ag), and D-Dimer analyses. Results: Compared to PRE, increases ( p < 0.001) were observed at IP for platelets (39 %), vWF:Ag (65 %), PTF 1 + 2 (47 %), TAT (81 %), tPA Ag (231 %), PAI-1 Ag (148 %), and D-Dimer (54 %). PRE PAI-1 Ag concentrations were directly related to BMI and waist circumference (p < 0.05). D-Dimer concentrations at IP correlated positively with age (p < 0.05). Conclusions: Completing the HHH activated the coagulation and fibrinolytic systems in balance. Age was positively correlated with IP D-Dimer concentrations. Additionally, participants displaying a larger BMI and waist circumference exhibited a positive correlation with PRE PAI-1 Ag concentrations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]