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Lightweighting of electric vehicles is an important consideration to improve range and potentially reduce the vehicle price by downsizing expensive battery and motor components. Aluminum alloys have a combination of light weight, high electrical conductivity and strength that are required in e-motor applications to achieve high power output and efficiency. In this research, Al–Ce based high pressure die casting alloys were investigated in different heat treatment tempers to maximize mechanical properties while maintaining a high electrical conductivity. Testing of tensile properties and electrical conductivity were performed in the as-cast and heat-treated conditions, while microstructural characterization and solidification analysis were performed using scanning electron microscopy and the universal metallurgical simulator and analyzer, respectively. The results suggest that the Al–Ce–Si–Mg alloy had yield strength (YS) exceeding 110 MPa and electrical conductivity of at least 49 pct IACS (28.5 MS/m) in the T5 and T6 conditions, with elevated Fe levels causing a slight reduction in YS and conductivity. This combination of properties makes this alloy a promising alternative to the near pure Al or Cu-based alloys that are currently used in electric induction motors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) powered by electricity are becoming increasingly popular for civil, military, and commercial applications. Accurately controlling the brushless direct current (BLDC) motor propeller system is necessary for UAVs to perform complex maneuvers in the air. A field-oriented backstepping control (FOBSC) is proposed for enhancing the speed control performance of the propeller motor drives as per the demand of the flight controller. The FOBSC is designed to minimize input control efforts and dynamically adopts various beneficial characteristics such as high tracking accuracy, quick convergence, and reduced chattering in control input of the BLDC motor propeller drive. For improved overall performance of the propeller motor drive under internal and external disturbances, especially wind gusts, the rotor speed-based MRAS disturbance observer (MRASDO) has been developed and integrated with FOBSC. An MRAS estimator based on stator current is developed to estimate real-time rotor position and speed, removing the need for physical sensors, which is more complex for UAV applications. The sensorless control algorithm adapts variations in stator resistance and rotor magnetic flux of the BLDC motor, which enhances performance and stability and provides information on temperature rise, motor fault detection, and stator/rotor condition monitoring. The closed-loop stability of the MRAS estimator, MRASDO, and FOBSC is carried out using the Lyapunov method to guarantee reliable operation under any operational conditions. Finally, comprehensive numerical and experimental tests demonstrate that the proposed sensorless FOBSC approach is superior to sliding mode control and classical PI control. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Early fault detection in brushless direct current (BLDC) motors used in electric vehicles is crucial for ensuring the reliability, safety, and performance of the vehicle. Cost-effective fault diagnostics and non-invasive techniques help to enhance industrial practices and promote sustainable and efficient technology. The vibration of a BLDC motor is an important feature for diagnosing various faults. The most common causes of BLDC motor failure are mechanical and electrical faults, which can result in expensive maintenance and downtime. The existing methods for diagnosing BLDC motor faults using invasive or non-invasive methods have many limitations. This work proposes a technique for diagnose the BLDC motor faults non-invasively by projecting high-frequency signal onto the motor and recorded using SIGVIEW software. This technology uses portable ultra-wideband (UWB HB-100) radar, high-frequency noise filtering by software phase-locked loops (SPLL), and rational dilation wavelet transforms (RDWT) for signal analysis to identify BLDC motor faults. The RDWT output is divided into 12 sub-bands, and the energy distribution of each sub-band is calculated using MATLAB-R2023b. As the number of bearing faults increases from 2 to 3, the RDWT output sub-band energy at levels 4 and 5 increases by 17.06%–18.59% and 131.73%–179.10%, respectively, indicating a significant increase in energy due to the faults. By detecting motor faults early on, this technique reduces the likelihood of unexpected defects and provides proactive maintenance. Overall, the proposed approach offers an effective method for identifying defects in BLDC motors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

When paralleled inverters operate an electric motor, a circulating current is typically generated due to a device-switching timing error. To mitigate this error, an AC reactor is installed at the output of the inverters to reduce the circulating current. However, unbalanced output currents (UOCs) are produced due to the difference between the resistance and inductance in the AC reactor. When there is a difference in the output currents of the inverters, a single inverter outputs excessive current. As a result, the motor cannot be controlled to its maximum power. In this study, mathematical modeling is performed and the causes for the generation of UOCs in parallel connected electric motor drive systems are analyzed. Furthermore, the unbalanced load is minimized by controlling the current output based on the output status of the inverters in the control algorithms of a motor. The proposed control method is experimentally verified by implementing a system that connects three inverters in parallel. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, research was carried out to assess the possibility of producing rods from magnesium ingots and to study their structure and properties under various geometric and technological parameters of the combined rolling-extrusion (CRE) process. The values of the energy-power parameters of the process were determined. Data were obtained on the forces acting on the rolls and on the die, as well as torques on the rolls with a closed box gauge. The patterns of their changes have been established depending on the heating temperature of the workpiece, drawing ratio during extrusion and various sizes of calibers used on the existing combined processing units CRE-200 and CRE-400. Tools and equipment were selected to carry out experimental research by determining the required power of the drive electric motors of these units. A model has been designed to simulate the CRE process for producing Mg rods of a given chemical composition. Calculation of energy-force parameters using the model using the calculated processing mode showed that the obtained values of forces and moments during the implementation of the CRE process correlate with the results obtained during its analytical assessment. Corresponding experimental studies showed the adequacy of the model and analytical calculations. Pilot batches of rods with a diameter of 5 and 9 mm from cast magnesium ingots are produced. The physical and mechanical properties and structure of the resulting semi-finished products were investigated. Recommendations were given on the choice of metal processing temperature to reduce the size of recrystallized grains obtained at relatively large strain. Based on the research results, it was concluded that it is possible to obtain high-quality deformed semi-finished products from cast magnesium billets with a high level of strength properties and sufficient plastic properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rare earth elements (REEs) are fundamental for various modern technologies and industrial applications. One significant application of REEs is in the production of neodymium-iron-boron (NdFeB) magnets, which are key components in electric vehicles (EVs), wind turbines, and electronic devices. These applications play a crucial role in driving the ecological and digital transition, highlighting the significance of REEs as strategic materials. With the dominance of very few countries in the REEs global supply and the rising of EVs demand, several concerns regarding resource availability, supply chain security, and price volatility have heightened the importance of efficient NdFeB magnet recycling, especially in Europe. This study assessed the elemental recycling potential of REEs from EV components through collaboration with authorized treatment facilities and metal recyclers in Italy. The study focused on three representative electric vehicles: a compact car, a van, and a hybrid vehicle. NdFeB magnets were found in various components, including the electric drive motor, air conditioning system, electric power steering, alternator, and electric gear box. The content of NdFeB magnets and REEs inside these components has been determined and economic feasibility of their recycling has been estimated by considering the intrinsic value of the raw materials contained. Despite being preliminary results, the economic value of REEs and Cu recoverable attested a promising potential for recycling, while the direct dismantling of magnets from the engine proves economically unviable for the studied components. Therefore, the study emphasizes the need for the development of specific recycling processes such as demagnetization and mechanical processing of the motors. The study also analysed the dismantling times of the target components from the vehicle and their relative economic impact on the potential for recovery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Harmonic distortions in DC third rail systems can cause overheating of electric motors and transformers. Single-tuned filters and shunt active harmonic filters (SAHFs) are often used to mitigate the harmonic distortions. However, there is a lack of studies on the effects of train dynamics on harmonic distortions. This paper aims to investigate the influence of dynamic train behaviors for a DC third rail system and provide recommendations for the design of single-tuned filters and SAHFs to mitigate the harmonic distortions. The traction power supply system of a DC third rail system in Malaysia is modeled using ETAP-eTraX and MATLAB-Simulink software for the investigation. The ETAP-eTraX software is used to accurately compute the dynamic behavior of the train, while MATLAB-Simulink allows for the assessment of the impact of train behavior on the rail track, as well as the harmonic effect of the railway power network on the train. The findings showed that the SAHF exhibits strong adaptability and superior filtering performance compared to the single-tuned filter in addressing dynamic harmonic distortion in traction power supply systems. This study emphasizes the significance of incorporating harmonic mitigation devices, particularly for managing dynamic harmonic distortion based on actual train consumption patterns. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electric motors with high-power densities are required for the implementation of electromobility. To achieve this, direct liquid cooling methods are increasingly being considered, in which oil is injected into the motor compartment. This results in a two-phase flow that can be used for efficient cooling. However, the oil, which can also penetrate the air gap between the rotor and stator, can also lead to additional losses due to increased friction. Since little is known about the two-phase flow in such systems, especially in the air gap, it is investigated by means of simple optical visualizations and high-speed laser-induced fluorescence imaging as well as torque measurements. The measurements are carried out in the air gap of an optically accessible generic model of a directly cooled electric motor. Speed variations were performed from 100 to 2000 rpm, and three different two-phase flow regimes were observed. At low speeds (Flow Regime 1), the air gap is filled locally with oil in radial direction, in the medium speed range (Flow Regime 2) with foam, while at high speeds (Flow Regime 3) separated films were observed on the rotor and stator. The torque difference between the two-phase and single-phase operation, which quantifies the mechanical losses due to the injected oil, increased continuously due to the oil in the air gap until it reached a maximum in Flow Regime 2 due to foam formation. In Flow Regime 3, the torque difference was negative. This was attributed to the fact that the grooves in the stator were filled with oil, thus reducing the turbulence generation of the air flow. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electric vehicles are recently prosperous due to decarbonization and electrification in transportation. However, manufacturing their motor windings with stable high quality is challenging, especially in hairpin laser welding. This study introduces a novel interpolator using polar angles as primary indicators, achieving process flexibility and high-performance synchronization between positions and powers. The interpolator is well-designed theoretically, more advantageous compared to those traditional ones in hairpin welding, while also compatible with them. Four speed planning modes are available depending on whether the speed is angular or linear, constant or variable. Additionally, energy distributions based on polar-angle power profiles can be adjusted and optimized according to practicality. Both the speed and power profiles, as two critical welding parameters, facilitate precise in-process modification dramatically. In the end, two groups of comparative experiments are performed to positively validate the interpolator's feasibility and effectivity to improve weld quality. Significantly, this work establishes a fundamental framework linking diverse paths and hairpin welding processes which is essential for weld quality control and optimization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates hall sensor signal unbalancing faults in sensored Brushless Direct Current (BLDC) motor drives and presents a fault effect minimization scheme for implementation in motor controller without any modification in system architecture, or core commutation method. In the proposed scheme detection, classification, and estimation of fault extent are carried out separately at the start of controller itself for subsequent corrections without involving issue of repetitive error estimation and finding valid reference signal separately for correcting inverter switching mistiming, as required in classical methods. The categorization part of scheme maps the faults with corresponding hall sensors. The proposed scheme is validated in MATLAB/Simulink model. It is tested on experimental test bench of controller and 1 kW BLDC motor of an electric rickshaw, along with another technique based on least square method (LSM) for performance comparison. Results show reduction of peak-to-peak value by 30% and ripple content by 50% in phase currents, and peak-to-peak reduction of 47% with 29% lesser ripple content in DC link current by using the presented scheme. The observed increment in efficiency is 0.8% and 2% in nominal torque/ampere at 30% load. At 100% load, increase of 2.2% efficiency and 9% nominal torque/ampere are observed. The increased memory loading of controller is estimated to be 1.25 times as compared to normal run without any correction scheme. Approximately 24% of this additional loading is utilized for repetitive calculations as compared to 63% in the other LSM based scheme, resulting in lesser run time loading of controller. The transient response with sudden load change shows better response with implementation of the proposed scheme in controller. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work experimentally addresses damage calibration of an unmanned aerial vehicle in operational condition. A wide range of damage level and types are simulated and controlled by an electric motor via pulse width modulation in this regard. The measurement is carried out via established protocols of using a piezo-patch on one of the 8 arms, utilising the vibration sensitivity and flexibility of the arms, demonstrating repeatability of such protocol. Subsequently, recurrence analysis on the voltage time series data is performed for detection of damage. Quantifiers of damage extent are then created for the full range of damage conditions, including the extreme case of complete loss of power. Experimental baseline condition for no damage condition is also established in this regard. Both diagonal-line and vertical-line based indicators from recurrence analysis are sensitive to the quantitative estimates of damage levels and a statistical test of significance analysis confirms that it is possible to automate distinguishing the levels of damage. The damage quantifiers proposed in this paper are useful for rapid monitoring of unmanned aerial vehicle operations of connection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To improve the quality of protection for mains and electric motors, it is expedient to additionally control the electromagnetic time constant. The necessary information is obtained from analyzing the sum of squared instant phase currents or the sum of instant phase powers. The determination of the time constant makes it possible to control the temperature of windings of electric motors, preventing them from overheating at direct frequent starts, and block network protection when starting electric motors, which allows implementing long-range redundancy protection and protection from remote short circuits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electric motor is a critical component of an electric vehicle, and proper thermal management is essential for its efficient and reliable operation. As the electric vehicle industry continues to evolve, there is a growing demand for electric motors that can deliver superior performance and high efficiency. These motors are expected to be more powerful and provide higher torque, speed, and power density to meet the performance requirements of electric vehicles; therefore, effective cooling is essential to maintain optimal motor temperature. Improper thermal management causes several issues in electric motors, including demagnetization of magnets, insulation materials aging, reduced efficiency, shorter lifespan, and motor burnout. This article presents a brief review of cooling techniques for electric motors through both numerical and experimental investigations. The researchers have evaluated various cooling techniques for electric motors, which can be broadly categorized as active cooling, passive cooling, and hybrid cooling techniques. This review highlights the temperature variations in different motor components when these cooling techniques are employed, along with the methods used to analyze the motor under different operating conditions and parameters. In conclusion, the paper recommends the most effective cooling techniques for electric motor components based on the analysis performed, providing reasons for their selection. Liquid cooling and passive cooling techniques are found to be efficient thermal management techniques for which the findings are elaborated in detail. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hydrodynamic couplings help transfer power from electric motors to rotating equipment. The continuous operation of hydrodynamic couplings causes the temperature of the oil inside them to increase over time, degrading its properties. The performance of hydrodynamic couplings can be greatly improved by implementing an effective cooling system that significantly lowers the oil temperature. This paper proposes a new heat sink design for the external cooling of hydrodynamic couplings, using functionally graded materials with variable thickness fins. The first step is to derive an energy balance equation for the hydrodynamic coupling and determine the relationship between the temperature of the coupling's oil and the heat loss from the heat sink. After that, a thermal differential equation is derived to analyze the proposed heat sink. Because hydrodynamic couplings operate rotationally, the convection coefficient is expressed as a function of temperature and location. The resulting differential equation has a high degree of nonlinearity. To solve this equation, a new analytical method called the differential transformation method is applied, with validation done using the finite element method. The analytical solution evaluates various parameters that affect the heat sink's performance and the hydrodynamic coupling. The results show a significant decrease in oil temperature, improving the performance of the hydrodynamic coupling. The analytical model of the new heat sink allows appropriate designs to be selected for different couplings without needing numerical solutions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The commutation points of the Brushless DC motor in the sensored mode of operation are synchronized with discrete rotor position detection signals from three Hall effect sensors. Therefore, any delay in the hall sensor signals results in delayed commutation, which disturbs synchronization with the motor Back Electromotive Force (BEMF) profile. The classical methods to correct this commutation delay include phase advancing schemes that utilize BEMF profiling, zero crossing detection, virtual neutral point creation, and system architecture or control scheme modifications. This paper presents a method for estimating the commutation delay in electrical degrees using the proposed estimation relation with DC link current for fault effect minimization. The proposed method can be easily implemented in actual controllers without hardware change requirements. The proposed method is established and tested using MATLAB Simulink models for two motors with different delay angle values. The proposed method is tested on the experimental test bench of a controller with a 1 kW BLDC motor of an electric rickshaw under different load conditions. Simulation and hardware test results show the mean estimated commutation delay lying within ± 1° electrical of the actual value under various error and load conditions. The corrections implemented according to the estimated delay angles result in reduction of peak-to-peak DC link current, increase in the nominal torque generated per ampere, and reduction in the DC current ripple content. Simulation and experimental results confirm reduction in the effect of commutation delay and verify the effectiveness of the proposed method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electric motors are widely applied as electrical equipment that rotates at high speeds in high-temperature and high-voltage environments, with epoxy resin being the main material used to reinforce the structure of the motor. Taking epoxy resin as the research object in this work, comprehensive analysis was carried out to investigate its various physical properties. The frequency conversion dielectric performance of epoxy resin was tested and its perforation morphology was analyzed. The test results were used as corresponding parameters to establish a combined model of electrical and thermal breakdown for the reinforced structure. The dynamic performance, static mechanical performance, and stress relaxation performance of the epoxy resin at different temperatures were also tested, and a viscoelastic constitutive model of epoxy-reinforced structures was established and verified through stress relaxation tests. The research results of the breakdown and viscoelastic models can serve as a reference for the application of epoxy resin-reinforced structures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The environmental impact of electric scooters has been the subject of critical debate in the scientific community for the past 5 years. The data published so far are very inhomogeneous and partly methodologically incomplete. Most of the data available in the literature suffer from an average bias of 34%, because end-of-life (EOL) impacts have not been modelled, reported or specified. In addition, the average lifetime mileage of shared fleets of e-scooters, as they are operated in cities around the world, has recently turned out to be much lower than expected. This casts the scooters in an unfavourable light for the necessary mobility transition. Data on impact categories other than the global warming potential (GWP) are scarce. This paper aims to quantify the strengths and weaknesses of e-scooters in terms of their contribution to sustainable transport by more specifically defining and extending the life cycle assessment (LCA) modelling conditions: the modelling is based on two genuine material inventories obtained by dismantling two different e-scooters, one based on a traditional aluminium frame and another, for the first time, based on plastic material. Results: This study provides complete inventory data to facilitate further LCA modelling of electric kick scooters. The plastic scooter had a 26% lower lifetime GWP than the aluminium vehicle. A favourable choice of electric motor promises a further reduction in GWP. In addition to GWP, the scooter's life cycles were assessed across seven other impact categories and showed no critical environmental or health impacts compared to a passenger car. On the other hand, only the resource extraction impact revealed clear advantages for electric scooters compared to passenger cars. Conclusions: Under certain conditions, scooters can still be an important element of the desired mobility transition. To assure a lifetime long enough is the crucial factor to make the electric scooter a favourable or even competitive vehicle in a future sustainable mobility system. A scooter mileage of more than 5400 km is required to achieve lower CO2eq/pkm emissions compared to passenger cars, which seems unlikely in today's standard use case of shared scooter fleets. In contrast, a widespread use of e-scooters as a commuting tool is modelled to be able to save 4% of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions across the German mobility sector. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recently, the permanent magnet synchronous motors (PMSMs) are considered to be one of the best options for electrical motor due to their high power density and efficiency for various applications including industrial robot and smart mobility. However, the safety and reliability of the PMSM have not been verified sufficiently when compared to the conventional induction motor. The failure of electric motor can lead to catastrophic failure of entire system, so it is important to detect potential failure modes or signs in advance. In this paper, an accelerated life test was carried out to induce and investigate the failure modes of PMSM and various signals were monitored to detect the types of failure modes during the test. The shaft of the motor was radially loaded to accelerate the failure of PMSM. The phase current, temperature, displacement of the shaft, and vibration were monitored to estimate the health state of the motor. As a result, the bearing and the shaft were the most vulnerable components under radially loaded condition. Also, it is proved that the different failure modes can be successfully detected and classified by monitoring the phase current and vibration signal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Shrinkage porosity is one of the most common defects leading to rejection in high-pressure die-casting (HPDC). As the metal solidifies, it contracts and shrinks in volume. If the cooling rate is too rapid or the metal is not sufficiently fluid, the shrinkage rate can exceed the rate of metal flow into the cavity, resulting in the formation of porosity. Shrinkage porosity appears as a network of small voids or pores, which can reduce the strength and integrity of the final product. This study aims to investigate the comparative effects of process parameters on shrinkage defects in HPDC. Our methodology focuses on examining four distinct casting models under various casting conditions, such as changes in molten metal injection temperature, injection speed. Despite the identified influence of these process parameters, it was observed that the part geometry plays a significant role in dictating the degree of shrinkage. While our results validate the effects of process parameters on shrinkage defects, it demonstrates the predominant role of the casting geometry. We employ the secondary dendrite arm spacing and dimensionless Niyama criteria for predicting shrinkage defects, verifying our simulation data with empirical evidence from an in-process-embedding sensor-equipped casting machine. The results reveal a clear correlation between the processing parameters and shrinkage once a specific geometry is established. Within a given geometry, the extent of shrinkage defects follows a pattern determined by the processing conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper proposed modeling, designing and battery management system for a three-wheeled electric vehicle for the Indian road under different conditions. The system consists of a lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxide cell-based lithium-ion battery with a managing system known as battery management system (BMS) described here. The process for modeling the vehicle, choosing the motor, developing the controller with a programmable circuit and developing the DC–DC buck converter, and battery pack of the lithium-ion cell with an effective BMS is discussed. According to the study, a prototype programmable controller circuit board, including the PWM-controlled driver circuit, is built for the proper flow of electricity on urban roads in India and has been tested successfully on road. This developed electric prototype travels the range of 100 km with an average speed of 32 km/h, while the maximum current drawn from the battery is 30_amp. The efficiency increased by 2% compared to the market-available PWM square wave controller. MATLAB simulation is done to compare the effectiveness of the modeled system with the suggested prototype control system. To verify the system, a small-scale prototype is developed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a two-dimensional analytical model for brushless double-rotor flux-switching permanent magnet machines (BDRPFSPMM) with yokeless stator recognized as a type of partitioned-structure flux-switching permanent magnet that is an appropriate machine to be employed as the electric motor in industry. The most salient advantages of the proposed machine are low iron loss due to volume of iron in stator and high space of stator slot for winding. The radial and tangential components of the magnetic flux density due to permanent magnets and armature currents in each active domain of the machine, electromagnetic torque, self- and mutual inductance, unbalanced magnetic force (UMF), and local traction are calculated based on the subdomain method. Teethes on both rotor and stator structures are effective on magnetic quantities, so interactions of rotor and stator saliency are considered. The method is general for the magnetic field calculation with any combination of rotor- and stator-pole number. To validate the proposed model, the analytical outputs are compared with those obtained from the finite element method (FEM). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recently, more power in a smaller volume is demanded from electric motors for next-generation applications. For this reason, permanent magnets are preferred in motor design. Although the use of magnets provides some advantages, it also has disadvantages such as designing difficulty and not starting directly from the line. However, by placing permanent magnets in the rotor of induction motors, which are widely used in the industry, line start Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motors (PMSMs) that can start from the line and continue to operate at a constant speed can be designed, in addition to their robustness and simplicity. With these motors which allow more power and higher efficiency to be obtained from the unit volume, the load and speed requirements of applications such as fans, pumps, and conveyor systems, which are widely used in the industry, can be provided without costly drivers. In addition, with the axial flux and radial flux topologies obtained by changing the flux direction for these motors, superior operating performance can be achieved, and material consumption can be minimized. In this study, the performances of two line start PMSMs with axial flux and radial flux, which have been prototyped and tested with a 4-pole 5.5 kW shaft power that can be driven directly from the line, are experimentally compared. The motor design parameters of both motors are also included in the comparison and the results are presented in detail. Both motors compared are prototyped motors for the first time, especially the axial flux structure is a structure that has been experimentally tested for the first time in the literature with the line start feature of the axial flux structure PMSM. The radial flux PMSM, on the other hand, has a hybrid slot structure, which has been applied for the first time in this field. The experimental comparison of these original structures for the first time in the literature constitutes the originality of this study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The study aimed to evaluate temporary fillings using Biodentine™ in asymptomatic deep carious lesions after 12, 24, and 36 months in school children from the remote village of Kerung, Nepal. Methods: From November 2018 to November 2019, 91 temporary fillings were placed using Biodentine™ (a hydraulic calcium silicate cement) in permanent molars with deep carious lesions of schoolchildren in the remote district of Kerung, Nepal. These restorations were performed after selective caries removal in a non-dental setting with hand instruments and cotton roll isolation, as electric motors and saliva ejection systems were unavailable. In total, 78 single-surface and 13 multi-surface fillings were placed. Clinical and radiographic follow-up periods encompassed 12, 21, and 33 months, respectively. Results: After 12 months, all single-surface fillings (100%) survived, whilst all multi-surface fillings were partially or entirely lost. The survival rate of single-surface restorations after 21 and 33 months was 67.6% and 50%, respectively. Radiographically, no pathology was observed. Conclusion: This study showed that Biodentine could be used in deep carious lesions as a temporary filling in single-surface lesions for at least up to 1 year and in a substantial number of cases for up to 21 and 33 months. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The brushless direct current motor is gaining attention due to its dynamic characteristics, such as high density, power, and efficiency, but the vibration and noise resonance levels are high during various real-time driving conditions. Methods: This research describes a novel approach to analysing the various noise and vibration sources of the BLDC motor for electric vehicle applications. This study integrates model-based simulation and experimental analysis under real-time driving conditions. Further, various vibroacoustic noise sources are examined through transient model-based multiphysics analysis. Results: From the experimental results, greater noise and vibration levels are observed at different frequencies of 265.6, 620.2, 750.4, 1170.2, 1510.3, and 1790.5 Hz of the BLDC motor due to the uneven electromagnetic forces. To verify the presence of experimental vibro-acoustic noise resonance levels at different frequencies, the model-based transient analysis is investigated. The simulation results reveal an identical trend in frequency levels compared to experimentation. Conclusion: Finally, the overall observation of simulation and experimental results revealed that electromagnetic forces, load current changes, flux density, cogging torque fluctuations, etc. are the significant reasons for developing maximal vibro-acoustic noise amplitudes in the BLDC motor under different real-time driving conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Modern industrial processes make extensive use of electric induction motors; timely fault diagnosis of such equipment is a critical phase that allows planning effective predictive maintenance which can significantly reduce downtime and optimize productivity. In this study, we present a novel technique for the diagnosis of both simple mechanical and electrical defects as well as their combination in an asynchronous motor based on current signal measurements using various operating states. The suggested technique implements the fault detection mechanism by mapping stator signals recorded from a three-phase induction motor in a steady state. These signals are used to indicate a healthy condition as well as failed states, which are mapped onto a 3D point cloud using a voxelization approach. The use of this data structure aids in the generation of rich features that keep intact the spatial relationship between the three stator currents, which is then utilized to train a 3D convolutional neural network with the produced voxels (3D CNN). The proposed method surpasses the classical deep learning diagnosis-based method by projecting the stator currents into 2D RGB images because our method prevents data collapsing. The suggested technique for real-time monitoring of the operational state of an induction motor is resilient and fast, according to experimental results acquired by utilizing data from a real test bed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electric motors are used globally, especially in industrial applications, and achieving high energy efficiency is a major problem. Variable transmissions are effective in reducing the energy consumption of motors, but practical variable transmissions are bulky and heavy, making them unsuitable for robots. To overcome this problem, two motor-driven mechanisms have been proposed. The two motors are operated independently and assigned to the high-speed drive and high-torque drive, and one motor always becomes dead weight. Therefore, we propose a coupled-driven switchable transmission system that can switch the high-speed and high-torque drives by combining the rotation directions and utilizing the output of both motors. The developed device uses two 22-W motors and can switch the reduction ratio from 1/15 to 1/375. The maximum torque, maximum rotation speed, and weight are 10 Nm, 500 rpm, and 905 g, respectively. The experimental results show that the relative speeds of two motors are significant for the coupled drive; nevertheless, this device can be controlled by conventional voltage control without precise speed control. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The vibration and noise caused by electric motors in hybrid and electric vehicles (EVs) generate complex signals with a mid-frequency band, which causes uncomfortable vibration and noise. In order to isolate the vibration and noise, active engine mounting systems based on smart structures have attracted attention. Thus, in this study, the vibration attenuation performance was validated through simulation and feasibility experiments by applying an active mounting system using a piezoelectric stack actuator. A plate structure with three paths, consisting of two passive paths and one active path, was modeled using the lumped parameter method. The source part was excited by a sinusoidal and modulated signal with a mid-frequency band to validate the vibration attenuation performance. Furthermore, (1) mathematical modeling with a source-path-receiver structure was proposed based on lumped parameter modeling, (2) normalized least mean square (NLMS) and multi-NLMS algorithms were applied to implement motion control, and (3) a principal experimental setup was designed to validate the simulation results. Through this process, the vibration attenuation performance of the proposed active mount structure was validated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electric motors in electric and hybrid vehicles generate mid-frequency noise and vibration. These factors cause drivers to experience discomfort while traveling. Active mounting techniques have been extensively researched and developed to effectively address this issue. The optimal placement of an active mounting system is essential for enhancing NVH performance when an active mounting system is utilized. In order to propose optimal location criteria for active paths, this paper concentrates on developing an analytical model based on both dynamic and static analysis. The secondary forces along active trajectories are mathematically determined when a structure is subjected to an excitation force. These locations are considered optimal for the active mounting system if the secondary forces are comparatively minimal. Simulations and feasibility experiments are also conducted in order to validate the proposed method. In addition, the results are compared with the case of beam structure. It has been determined through this procedure that the active path's control performance will be enhanced if it is positioned in the optimal location and less control force is required than in the case of beam. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Remote control of electric motors of mechanism drives from a control panel in automatic, semi-automatic, and manual modes of operation, as well as local start and stop of electric motors for repair or removal of automatic locking are considered. The instrumentation and automatic devices used must provide blocking, control, and signaling of the operation of electrical equipment, levels of product filling of bunkers and heat and mass exchangers, temperature of the drying agent, moisture content of the dried material, indication of the position of valves and slide gates, operation of the furnace and the condition of its fuel- and air-supply systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The electric drive system is usually composed of an electric motor and gear transmission system, and widely used for industrial applications. However, the dynamic behaviors of the coupled electromechanical system are still not well understood, especially when there are faults in the system. Purpose: The faults such as gear spalling fault of the mechanical system or inter-turn short-circuit fault of electrical device will threaten the operation safety of the electric vehicle. Thus, the faulty dynamic analysis for the electric drive system is crucial for avoiding fatal catastrophes. Method: In this paper, the permeance network motor model with inter-turn short-circuit fault and the dynamic planetary gear transmission model considering spalling faults are proposed, respectively. The electromechanical dynamic model integrating two models mentioned above is employed to acquire the fault characteristics. Then, the vibration characteristics of the electric drive system with and without gear fault or inter-turn fault under the effects of time-varying mesh stiffness, slot effect and magnetic saturation are distinguished at different operation conditions. Results: The results show that the inter-turn short-circuit fault can trigger conspicuous harmonics within the low frequency domain of the mesh force components, which will predicatively obstruct the detection or diagnosis of the spalling fault. Moreover, the vibration characteristics and vibration mechanism concerning these faults are revealed by the frequency and statistical analysis, which facilitates the condition monitoring for the gear transmission system when the tooth spalling and inter-turn faults are coupled. Conclusion: The research results bring theoretical reference for the dynamic analysis and vibration-based condition monitoring of the vehicles' integrated electric drive system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We consider a "tank with liquid–electric motor of limited power" dynamical system. In some cases, the mathematical model of this system can be described by a nonlinear system of ordinary differential equations of the fifth order. We construct nonisolated limit sets (maximal attractors) of these systems. The implementation of the scenario of generalized intermittency in the transitions between different types of chaotic maximal attractors is confirmed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 2021, sales of electric bicycles in Germany increased compared to the previous year, leading to a 43% share of electric bicycles in the total German bicycle market. The German Bicycle Industry Association (ZIV) expects this growth to continue and that by 2025 every second bicycle sold in Germany will have an electric motor. Therefore, due to the increasing number of sales, both the built-in resources and the possible treatments after the use phase need to be considered regarding sustainable market development. In this context, remanufacturing is one promising end-of-life strategy that enables a new life cycle of products and components, thus reducing the consumption of natural resources and minimizing waste production. The used products are restored to their original conditions by disassembling, cleaning, sorting, reworking, and reassembling. Disassembly is a decisive process step as it creates the prerequisites for all further steps in the process chain and significantly determines the economic feasibility of a remanufacturing process. Therefore, this paper aims to evaluate the ease of disassembly of electric bicycle motors and thus determine their suitability for remanufacturing. To evaluate the disassemblability, the ease of Disassembly Metric (eDiM), a quantitative assessment method for evaluating disassembly effort, was adapted to the needs of the electric bicycle motors. The method was finally applied to five electric bicycle motors from established manufacturers and assessed their ease of disassembly. The results show that the electric bicycle motors can be disassembled without significant damage and classified as suitable for remanufacturing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: One of the most popular electric motors for traction drive applications is permanent magnet synchronous machine (PMSM). This is due to the high energy and power density of the PMSM. Also, assembly costs of the PMSM are moderate. However, temperature monitoring of the PMSM is very difficult to achieve due to complicated measurement devices for internal components of the PMSM. Materials and methods: Therefore, the main goal of the study was to establish regression models for estimation of the optimal parameters for the temperature prediction. The regression models will be created by input/output data pairs so there is no need-to-know internal physical knowledge of the PMSM. The main aim is to achieve predictive capable models for the temperature. Results: Also, according to the regression model's precision one can determine the input parameters influence on the temperatures of the internal components of the PMSM. Hence one king of ranking process will be performed in order to select which factors have the most influence on the temperatures. Conclusion: The repression models will be created by neuro fuzzy logic procedure since the procedure could handle high nonlinearity between input and output data pairs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We consider the nonideal Sommerfeld–Kononenko mechanical system formed by a spherical pendulum and an electric motor of finite power and described by a nonlinear system of differential equations of the fifth order. We reveal the existence of so-called maximal attractors of this system, both regular and chaotic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Parallel-in-time (PinT) methods were developed to accelerate time-domain solution of evolutionary problems using modern parallel computer architectures. In this paper we incorporate one of the efficient PinT approaches, in particular, the asynchronous truncated multigrid-reduction-in-time algorithm, into a bound constrained optimization procedure applied to an induction machine. Calculation of an optimal motor geometry with respect to its efficiency in the steady state is thus parallelized at each iteration of the optimization algorithm. As a result, a more efficient motor model is obtained about 11 times faster compared to optimization using the standard sequential time stepping. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the convolutional neural network (CNN) architecture of deep learning was used to diagnose a demagnetization fault that occurred in permanent magnet synchronous motors (PMSM) under stationary speed conditions. Faults in the motor increase the maintenance costs and decrease the production capacity. At first, it was tried to prevent faults with periodic maintenance, but it was not enough to prevent disruptions in production because of faults. For this reason, condition monitoring methods in electric motors have recently replaced periodic maintenance. PMSMs are widely used in industry due to their advantages, such as high efficiency and high power-to-weight ratio. Nowadays, the CNN, one of the deep learning architectures, is widely used due to its success in classification. In the study, a new CNN architecture was created for the detection of demagnetization faults in PMSM. The signals used in the CNN architecture in this study are the current signals of the PMSM. As a result of the study, the proposed CNN model achieved a high success rate of 99.92% on average in diagnosing the demagnetization fault in PMSM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Technological mergers and acquisitions (M&A) have been major strategic options for firm growth. However, it is not a rudimentary task to build a long list of target firms among a vast number of candidates. Technological relatedness measurement based on patent information is expected to support such a task. Although different measurement indicators have been proposed, there is still room to explore their functionality in regards to M&A. Therefore, we aim to quantify the technological relatedness between acquirers and acquired firms by investigating the cases in the Japanese electric motor industry. Our results showed that the common-IPC mode can efficiently eliminate the effects of irrelevant elements and effectively focus on the novelty level of the technologies in M&A. The measure is expected to help extract potential acquired firms for acquiring firms, construct exit strategies for startups, and monitor the dynamic capability of the focal firm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Exploring the chemical micro- and nanostructure of metal alloys is essential to understand their physical properties, such as magnetism or hardness. Additively manufactured (AM) materials, e.g. via laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) followed by various heat treatments, can raise further questions concerning the printed material. For the in-situ alloyed, spinodal Fe54Cr31Co15 system, the macroscopic magnetic behaviour is greatly influenced by subsequent homogenisation and heat treatment steps. Here we show that the decomposition takes place on the nanometre scale, resulting in ferromagnetic FeCo-rich particles embedded in a Cr-rich matrix. By studying phenomena like chemical homogeneity, grain structure, and texture of the in-situ alloyed material at different scales, we reveal correlations between the heat treatment and the resulting nanostructure and its ferromagnetic properties. We found that the isothermal heating conditions determine the degree of phase segregation and that a homogenization step can be omitted for additively manufactured, in-situ alloyed FeCrCo alloys. The approach thereby offers insight and a path for also tailoring specific manufacturing parameters to provide the right quality printed materials with desired functionalities. For example, magnetic FeCrCo alloys are often used in electric motors or magnetic sensors, and the flexibility of the presented approach can lead to optimal use of the material. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Exploring the chemical micro- and nanostructure of metal alloys is essential to understand their physical properties, such as magnetism or hardness. Additively manufactured (AM) materials, e.g. via laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) followed by various heat treatments, can raise further questions concerning the printed material. For the in-situ alloyed, spinodal Fe54Cr31Co15 system, the macroscopic magnetic behaviour is greatly influenced by subsequent homogenisation and heat treatment steps. Here we show that the decomposition takes place on the nanometre scale, resulting in ferromagnetic FeCo-rich particles embedded in a Cr-rich matrix. By studying phenomena like chemical homogeneity, grain structure, and texture of the in-situ alloyed material at different scales, we reveal correlations between the heat treatment and the resulting nanostructure and its ferromagnetic properties. We found that the isothermal heating conditions determine the degree of phase segregation and that a homogenization step can be omitted for additively manufactured, in-situ alloyed FeCrCo alloys. The approach thereby offers insight and a path for also tailoring specific manufacturing parameters to provide the right quality printed materials with desired functionalities. For example, magnetic FeCrCo alloys are often used in electric motors or magnetic sensors, and the flexibility of the presented approach can lead to optimal use of the material. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Improving the properties of permanent magnets is essential for the advancement of electric motors in reducing energy consumption and carbon emissions. This study investigated the effect of V and N addition to FeCo foils on the stability of tetragonally distorted FeCo-based bulk magnets. The incorporation of these two elements stabilised the body-centred tetragonal structure in thin-film and bulk systems. Fe–Co–V ingots were rolled and nitrided by ammonia gas at 650 °C for 5 h. A body-centred tetragonal lattice with an axial ratio of c/a ≈ 1.1 was observed by transmission electron microscopy, and the collected data suggested the induction of a large uniaxial magnetic anisotropy. This study is expected to improve our understanding of rare-earth-free magnets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The digital Hall-effect sensors are widely used for the rotor position estimation in permanent magnet synchronous motors (PMSMs) for light electric vehicles. Many scholars have discovered that the inevitable misalignment in the sensor mounting due to technical limitations has a negative impact on motor torque and vibration, but the characteristics of the torque ripple and torsional vibration remain unsolved. The analysis of the torque ripple and torsional vibration considering Hall mounting errors is carried out in this work, which makes the vibration-based diagnosis of Hall mounting errors possible and lays a foundation for improving the torque and vibration quality of electric motors. The harmonic characteristic analysis of PMSMs is firstly carried out, which lays a foundation for analyzing the phase current caused by the rotor position error. Subsequently, the order characteristics of the phase current and motor torque considering the rotor position error are derived. Then, the rotor position error caused by Hall mounting errors is analyzed, and the consequential order characteristics of the phase current and torque ripple are derived. Finally, simulated and experimental results are presented to validate the theoretical analysis. It is found that the rotor position error will induce voltage harmonics in PMSMs, resulting in the corresponding current harmonics and torque ripples. The rotor position error caused by Hall mounting errors contains dc component and even order harmonics, which will mainly produce new even order torque ripple and torsional vibration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We study parallel operation of electric motors that cooperatively drive a rotational load. In parallel operation, it is necessary to ensure speed regulation and load torque sharing characteristics. Further a fail-safe feature is desirable so that even if a single motor fails, the overall system can continue to operate. To achieve the three characteristics, we propose a parallel operation strategy in which electric motors share their torque current value through communication and adjust the reference input for their speed controller according to current value deviation. We show that the proposed method ensures speed regulation, load torque sharing, and fail-safe characteristics. Further we provide a design procedure for the proposed parallel operation system. We validate the proposed method based simulation and experiment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nowadays BLDC motors are very popular in applications, such as Automobiles, Water pumping which uses solar energy as a main source of energy along with a battery. Wide speed range operation of BLDC motor is very important in Electric vehicle applications. In this work Zeta converter is used to track the maximum power from the PV panel. In order to attain the high efficiency, the PV should be operated at the maximum power point. To track the optimum power from the PV panel, this work uses optimization algorithms such as particle swarm optimization and teaching learning-based optimization to vary the duty cycle of the Zeta converter. Since the solar power is not available throughout the day a battery is connected in parallel through the bidirectional DC–DC converter. Therefore, the battery gets charged through the bidirectional buck boost converter when the solar power is more than the demand. The battery discharges when solar power is lesser than the need. The characteristics of wide speed range of BLDC motor are very much useful in electric vehicle applications. PI controller controls the speed of the BLDC motor. This research work focuses on modelling of PV panel, Optimization algorithms for the tuning of MPPT controller, Battery, Charge controller, Zeta converter, design of Multilevel inverter and an FPGA-based control of BLDC motor for an Electric vehicle application. MATLAB–SIMULINK software is used to carry out the simulation. Real-time hardware integration is developed, tested and the results are verified. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Several scientists are interested in recent developments in nanotechnology and nanoscience. Grease is an essential component of many machines and engines because it helps keep them cool by reducing friction between their various elements. In sealed life applications including centralized lubrication systems, electrical motors, bearings, logging and mining machinery, truck wheel hubs, construction, landscaping, and gearboxes, greases are also utilized. Nanoparticles are added to convectional grease to improve its cooling and lubricating properties. More specifically, the current study goal is to investigate open channel flow while taking grease into account as a Maxwell fluid with MoS2 nanoparticles suspended in it. The Caputo-Fabrizio time-fractional derivative is used to convert the issue from a linked classical order PDE to a local fractional model. To determine the precise solutions for the velocity, temperature, and concentration distributions, two integral transform techniques the finite Fourier sine and the Laplace transform technique are jointly utilized. The resultant answers are physically explored and displayed using various graphs. It is important to note that the fractional model, which offers a variety of integral curves, more accurately depicts the flow behavior than the classical model. Skin friction, the Nusselt number, and the Sherwood number are engineering-related numbers that are quantitatively determined and displayed in tabular form. It is determined that adding MoS2 nanoparticles to grease causes a 19.1146% increase in heat transmission and a 2.5122% decrease in mass transfer. The results obtained in this work are compared with published literature for the accuracy purpose. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Nowadays, propulsion materials are receiving increased attention as an important component in electric motors. So, awareness of their chemical reactivity and geometric and electronic structures can help to make materials with higher quality and efficiency. In this study, we have proposed novel glycidyl nitrate copolymers (GNCOPs) and meta-substituted derivatives as propulsion materials. Method: Based on density functional theory (DFT) method, chemical reactivity indices have been calculated for predicting their behavior in burning process. Result and disscussion: Adding functional groups changes reactivity of the GNCOP compound, especially, in the –CN functional group, chemical potential, chemical hardness, and electrophilicity change −0.374, +0.007, and +1.342eV, respectively. In addition, these compounds have dual properties in interaction with oxygen molecule. Optoelectronic study in time-dependent DFT framework shows that there are three peaks with significant excitations. Conclusion: In conclusion, adding functional group into the GNCOPs can introduce new materials with high energetic properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Condition monitoring of industrial equipment has become a critical aspect in Industry 4.0. This paper shows the design, implementation and testing of a low-cost Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) system designed to monitor electric motors in real-time. This system can be used to detect operating anomalies and paves the way for building predictive maintenance models. The system is built using low-cost hardware components (wireless multi-sensor modules and single-board computers as gateways), open-source software and open cloud services, where all the relevant information is stored. The module collects real-time vibration data from electric motors. Vibration analyses in the temporal and frequency domains were carried out in both modules and gateways to compare their capabilities. This approach is also a springboard to using edge/fog computing to save cloud resources. A system prototype has been tested in the laboratory and in an industrial dairy plant. The results show that the proposed system can be used for continuous monitoring of any rotatory machine with similar accuracy to professional monitoring devices but at a significantly lower cost. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An anti-lock control strategy for electric-hydraulic compound braking is proposed to improve the emergency braking safety of a hub motor electric vehicle. Based on the half-vehicle braking longitudinal dynamics model, the optimal control is solved to obtain the total braking torque corresponding to each wheel. A fuzzy algorithm is used to determine the proportion coefficient of the motor based on the battery state of charge coefficient (SOC) and the motor speed constraints on the motor braking, and the total braking torque is distributed. The hydraulic and motor braking torques obtained from the allocation are input as reference values to the electric-hydraulic compound braking system, and the output braking torque is fed back into the CarSim vehicle model. The proposed electric-hydraulic compound ABS control strategy is also validated in the co-simulation of CarSim and MATLAB/Simulink on high, medium and low adhesion road surfaces. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study is to compare the axial flux induction motors (AFIM) used in electric vehicles by analyzing them with finite element method in different poles, number of slots and topologies. According to comparison, the most suitable one is determined as the drive motor for the reference electric vehicle. Output power of propulsion motor of an electric vehicle has been determined by considering different driving conditions. The dimensions and slot sizes of the induction motor that can provide the obtained output power have been calculated analytically. Double Rotor Axial Flux Induction Motors (DR-AFIM) calculations are presented as an example. Double Stator Axial Flux Induction Motors (DS-AFIM) and DR-AFIM topologies of 6-8-10 pole motors were analyzed using 3D models with combinations of 36, 48, 60 stator slot numbers and 52 rotor slot numbers in each motor. Copper is used in the rotor cage. In the stator windings, double-layer full pitch windings are used in each motor. Output powers, stator currents, efficiencies, power factors and current densities of the analyzed motors were compared at the same slip values. According to these comparisons, 8-pole DR-AFIM motors stand out in terms of the reference electric vehicle's ability to provide output power. The core saturations of the selected motor are shown on the quarter model, half axial 3D model of the motor. According to results, it is seen that the motor can be operated efficiently at an output power of nominal 50 kW, peak 75 kW and a rotor speed of 4000 rpm. In this study, AFIM in electric vehicles with double air-gap topologies were compared with different pole numbers and stator slot numbers. Accordingly, the most suitable one was chosen among them. The study will contribute to the researchers in terms of comparison of AFIM both in terms of double gap topologies and different pole and slot numbers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates the environmental impact of agricultural systems used to convert sugarcane into non-centrifugal cane sugar (NCS) in the region of the Hoya del Río Suárez (HRS) at an average sugarcane mill in the region through a life cycle analysis (LCA). Based on an operational approach from crop to production, LCA considers the scenarios of different transportation methods (traditional beasts of burden and the newfangled gravity aerial ropeway based as well as self-propelled areal ropeway systems). This paper, to be best of our knowledge, is one of the first that deals to analyze LCA in the transportation systems of process of NCS production. Primarily, the LCA approach identifies the impact of each NCS production process using the Umberto NTX Software, and the environmental footprint 2.0 Midpoint as well as ReCiPe Endpoint Impact Assessment Methods, which help sugarcane producers understand the area being significantly affected. For example, it determines whether the human health, ecosystem, or natural resources are affected by comparing the possible sugarcane transportation systems used for panela production. The LCA conducted on NCS industry in HRS revealed that electric motors significantly affect human health in long term. This is associated with elements, such as selenium, barium, and manganese, which can remain in the environment over time due to the high demand of energy they consume. This study also demonstrates that the transportation system exhibits similar environmental burdens (the traditional beasts of burden: 54.56 points; the self-propelled aerial cableway system: 54.77 points; and the gravity-based aerial cableway system: 54.61 points), which indicates that sugarcane mill' technology and logistics must be improved. The identification of production points where the environmental burdens are more significant accelerated the discussions toward the best practices in the sugarcane and NCS industry, thus providing producers with process guidance toward prospective development lines within the industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Adjustable speed drives (ASDs) are widely used in industry for controlling electric motors in applications such as rolling mills, compressors, fans, and pumps. Condition monitoring of ASD-fed induction machines is very critical for preventing failures. Motor current signature analysis offers a non-invasive approach to assess motor condition. Application of conventional convolutional neural networks provides good results in detecting and classifying fault types for utility line-fed motors, but the accuracy drops considerably in the case of ASD-fed motors. This work introduces the use of self-organized operational neural networks to enhance the accuracy of detecting and classifying bearing faults in ASD-fed induction machines. Our approach leverages the nonlinear neurons and self-organizing capabilities of self-organized operational neural networks to better handle the non-stationary nature of ASD operations, providing more reliable fault detection and classification with minimal preprocessing and low complexity, using raw motor current data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]