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We reconcile the steep decline in fertility rates during the demographic transition with the fertility rebound observed in recent decades in high-income countries. The micro-foundations of the optimal choice of agents in our expanded model include endogenous childcare costs and social externalities stemming from human capital, consumption, and fertility norms. Combining these factors with the quality-quantity trade-off in fertility choice explains the inverse J-shaped relationship between fertility and economic development. Moreover, the simulated average fertility rates based on the model are reasonably consistent with the observed pattern of the evolution of the cohort fertility rates in high-income countries. Sensitivity analyses show that the model fits historical cohort fertility rates only when it includes the effects of social externalities and endogenous childcare costs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We investigate the major factors which drive income inequality in the OECD countries, using long panel data which span the period from 1870 to 2016. We consider two measures of inequality: the Gini coefficient and the income share of the top 10% of the population. Employing the panel vector auto-regression method, we show that a positive shock to the real interest rate and government spending is negatively and significantly associated with income inequality in the middle, as well as at the top end of the income distribution. An increase in real GDP per capita leads to an increase in income inequality, measured by the Gini coefficient, whereas an advance in financial development reduces it. We find that income inequality responds negatively to positive innovation shocks initially, but this effect becomes positive with some time lag for top-income inequality. Educational attainment significantly reduces top-income inequality. Our results are robust to alternative specifications, including the local projection method and estimations based on different samples. We also capture the time dynamics in our series using a time-varying nonparametric panel data model and show that the real interest rate and financial development are negatively associated with income inequality for most of the period in the post-World War II era, while the effect of real GDP per capita is positive and significant over the same period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates whether changes in income inequality affect carbon dioxide ( CO 2 ) emissions in OECD countries. We examine the relationship between economic growth and CO 2 emissions by considering the role of income inequality in carbon emissions function. To do so, we use a new source of data on top income inequality measured by the share of pretax income earned by the richest 10% of the population in OECD countries. We also use Gini coefficients, as the two measures capture different features of income distribution. Using recently innovated panel data estimation techniques, we find that an increase in top income inequality is positively associated with CO 2 emissions. Further, our findings reveal a nonlinear relationship between economic growth and CO 2 emissions, consistent with environmental Kuznets curve. We find that an increase in the Gini index of inequality is associated with a decrease in carbon emissions, consistent with the marginal propensity to emit approach. Our results are robust to various alternative specifications. Importantly, from a policy perspective, our findings suggest that policies designed to reduce top income inequality can reduce carbon emissions and improve environmental quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]