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The rice root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne graminicolais an important pathogen, impacting rice, wheat and possibly vegetable production in South-East Asia. Ten isolates of M. graminicolafrom broad geographic areas were compared using traditional and molecular methods. Total body length, oesophageal length, maximum body width and tail length were measured in 40 juveniles and the perineal patterns of 10 females per isolate were compared. Pathogenicity was determined on a variety of hosts. The internally transcribed spacer (ITS) region was amplified and sequenced to confirm the identity and phylogenetic relationships of the isolates. Substantial variation observed in morphometric measurements among and within isolates did not correlate with the geographic source of the isolates. All the isolates were similar in host range, but the M. graminicola-Florida isolate differed from the other nine isolates in that it was not pathogenic to rice cvv. Labelle, LA 110, Cocodrie, BR 11 or Mansuli, suggesting that M. graminicolaconsists of more than one race. ITS sequences of all 10 isolates matched with those of M. graminicolain GenBank and formed a single clade in the phylogenetic analysis with minor variations among and within isolates. Multiple ITS sequences occurred within individual juveniles in some of the isolates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effects of arsenate, Fe2+, and phosphate on amount and composition of Fe-oxide plaque at the rice-root surface and on the yield and arsenic accumulation in rice (cv. BRRI dhan33) were studied in a replicated pot-culture experiment. Arsenic in the form of Na2HAsO4 was applied at concentrations of 0, 15 and 30 mg kg−1 in combination with P and/or Fe at 0 and 50 mg kg−1, from KH2PO4 and FeSO4, respectively. Root, grain and straw yields and their As, Fe and P concentrations were determined. The Fe-oxide plaque was extracted from the plant roots using dithionite-citrate-bicarbonate (DCB) and NH4-oxalate extractions. The addition of Fe2+ reduced the toxic effect of As in flooded-rice culture and resulted in reduced grain-As accumulation and increased grain yields. The effect of applied phosphate was the opposite, in that it resulted in higher As concentrations in both grain and straw and lower grain yields. The effects of both Fe and P can be explained based on their impacts on adsorption of As onto soil and rice-plaque Fe-oxides and the subsequent As solubility and availability for uptake by rice. These reactions have important implications to rice-crop management and the natural variability in soils and irrigation-water characteristics that might impact As uptake by rice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: To examine the experience of being an outreach teacher of undergraduate restorative dentistry; to describe the desirable characteristics of such teachers; and to consider the management of outreach teaching. Design: A three year pilot of an outreach course in fourth year restorative dentistry began in 2001. Students spent one day per week treating adults in NHS community dental clinics, run by Primary Care Trusts (PCTs). Action research involved monitoring meetings with students, clinic staff (dental teachers and nurses), and PCT clinical service managers. These data are supplemented by an independent evaluation involving interviews with dental school academic staff, and an account by an outreach teacher. Results: Outreach is a different and more demanding context for teaching restorative dentistry than the dental hospital, characterised by isolation, management responsibility, pressure, a steep learning curve, and stress. The desirable characteristics of outreach teachers are those which enable them to cope in this environment, together with a student-centred teaching style, and the appropriate knowledge. Management of teaching passed to the PCTs and this created an additional workload for them in relation to staffing, risk, and service-based issues. Four teaching surgeries were the maximum for a satisfactory level of patient care and student supervision. A key issue for the dental school is quality. The changes to teaching and the teaching environment introduced during and after the pilot to address problems identified are described. Conclusion: In developing facilities to enable students to benefit from the advantages of outreach, dental schools should recognise that the characteristics of the outreach environment need to be taken into account during planning, that staff selection is a critical success factor, and that an ongoing proactive approach to organisational arrangements and to the support of teaching staff is necessary. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Technologies to reduce net emissions of carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous oxide within the agriculture sector were reviewed to estimate the global potential for mitigation of these radiatively active greenhouse gases. Our estimates of the potential reduction of radiative forcing by the agricultural sector range from 1.15-3.3 Gt C equivalents per year. Of the total potential reduction, approximately 32% could result from reduction in CO2 emissions, 42% of carbon offsets by biofuel production on 15% of existing croplands, 16% from reduced CH4 emissions and 10% from reduced emissions of N2O. Agriculture encompasses large regional differences in management practices and rates of potential adoption of mitigation practices. Acceptability of mitigation options will depend on the extent to which sustainable production will be achieved or maintained and benefits will accrue to farmers. Technologies such as no-till farming and strategic fertilizer placement and timing are now being adopted for reasons other than concern for climate change issues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Myeloma is a disease of the bone marrow in which there is malignant proliferation of plasma cells. Myeloma is usually associated with the accumulation of a monoclonal immunoglobulin or light chains in plasma and subsequently an increase in light chains in the urine (Bence-Jones proteins). Renal failure can occur and bone destruction in the axial skeleton may ensue with pain and fractures. Amyloidosis associated with multiple myeloma is a relatively common finding. The most frequently reported oral sign of amyloidosis is macroglossia. There are numerous cases in the literature of amyloid deposition in tongues related to multiple myeloma. However, none of these cases describe amyloid deposition surrounding arteries in the oral cavity. We therefore report a case of an innocuous lower labial swelling, which subsequently led to the diagnosis of amyloid deposition surrounding an artery, the cause of which was later shown to be multiple myeloma. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]