Search

Abstract In this study, the objective is to understand the causal factors that influence the mental well-being of healthcare workers during the COVID-19 pandemic, using Karasek’s Job Demand Control Social Model (JDCS) as the research framework. For this purpose the database Eurofound’s Living Working and COVID-19 survey is used; it was carried out using sampling design techniques in all 27 countries of the European Union. A sample of 4626 employees in the health sector is used, and structural equation models are specified to analyze causality. The analysis revealed significant associations between several factors: physical and mental work demands (p

Purpose: Ureteroscopy (URS) is considered one of the first-line surgical treatments for urinary stones < 2 cm. Preoperative stenting (PS) employment in URS for urolithiasis remains debated, with evidence differing in terms of outcomes and recommendations. We sought to evaluate the influence of PS on surgical outcomes compared to non-PS (NPS) in patients with renal and ureteral stones undergoing ureteroscopic lithotripsy. Methods: Databases were searched until December 2023 for randomized and non-randomized studies reporting perioperative outcomes for PS and NPS. Pooled data were analyzed through a Random-Effects model when Higgins I2% heterogeneity values were > 50%; otherwise, a Fixed-Effects model was employed. Results were reported as risk ratios (RR), or mean differences (MD) with 95% confidence intervals (CI). Statistical significance was set at p < 0.05. Results: The analysis included 23,668 patients from 25 included studies (5 non-randomized prospective and 20 retrospective studies). Higher stone-free rates (SFR) were observed in kidney and ureteral stones (RR 1.05; 95%CI 1.03–1.08; p ≤ 0.0001), especially if managed with flexible URS (RR 1.05; 95%CI 1.01–1.09) in the PS cohort. Additionally, lower rates of intraoperative (RR 0.70; 95%CI 0.49–0.99; p = 0.04) and postoperative complications (RR 0.82; 95%CI 0.70–0.95; p = 0.008) were seen with PS. Both groups had a comparable operative time, length of stay (LOS), ureteral access sheath (UAS) placement success, and SFR in semi-rigid URS. Conclusion: Higher SFR with PS were seen in kidney and ureteral stones, especially if f-URS was employed. Moreover, perioperative complications did not increase with PS. Future randomized studies, evaluating cost-effectiveness and quality of life are needed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

High-value target strikes–the practice of apprehending or lethally targeting high-ranking members of transnational criminal organizations–has become a frequently used tactic of U.S. and Mexican authorities to combat drug trafficking organizations. The study focuses on the unintentional outcomes of this policy by using an interrupted times-series AutoRegressive Integrative Moving Average (ARIMA) study design combined with a paired sample t-test, to analyze the effect that the arrest of Arellano Felix Organization leader, Luis Fernando Sánchez Arellano, and subsequent arrest of Sinaloa Cartel leader, Joaquín Guzmán (El Chapo), had on levels of homicide in Tijuana, Mexico from 2012 to 2017. Findings revealed that the capture of both cartel leaders led to a statistically significant increase in the number of homicides in Tijuana, as the apprehension of these leaders allowed for the arrival of rival organizations in the Tijuana trafficking corridor. The appearance of competing groups in Tijuana prompted turf battles between organizations to develop. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: By 2030, projections indicate that nearly half of USS adults will be obese, with 29 states exceeding a 50% obesity rate. High Body Mass Index (BMI) presents particular challenges in treating diverticulitis, including worsened symptoms and increased risk of surgical complications. The Robotic Natural orifice Intracorporeal Anastomosis with Transrectal Extraction (NICE) procedure has been developed for colorectal surgeries to tackle these challenges. This study evaluates the efficacy of the Robotic NICE procedure in achieving comparable surgical outcomes in patients with both high and normal BMI. Methods: This retrospective cohort study assessed the outcomes of robotic-assisted colectomy utilizing the NICE technique in patients with diverticulitis, dividing them into two groups based on BMI: high BMI (≥ 30 kg/m^2) and non-high BMI (< 30 kg/m^2). Results: Among the 194 patients analyzed, the incidence of complicated diverticulitis was significantly higher in the high BMI group (60.5%) compared to the non-high BMI group (39%; p = 0.003).The high BMI group had higher ASA scores, indicating sicker patients. The high BMI group also had a significantly higher rate of unplanned operations within 30 days (7.9% vs. 1.7%, p = 0.034). However, no significant differences were observed in the length of hospital stay, time to first flatus, or ICU admission rates between the two groups. Binary logistic regression highlighted the length of stay as a significant predictor of postoperative complications (Odds Ratio: 1.9686, 95% CI: 1.372–2.825, p < 0.001). Other factors, including age, operative time, and gender, did not significantly predict complications. Conclusion: The findings suggest that the Robotic NICE procedure can mitigate some of the challenges typically associated with conventional minimally invasive surgery in which abdominal wall incision is made, providing consistent outcomes regardless of BMI. Further research is needed to explore long-term benefits, aiming to establish this approach as a standard for managing diverticulitis in our patient population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To determine whether endorsement patterns of psychosocial symptoms revealed distinct subgroups, or latent classes, of people living with HIV who use substances (PLWH-SU), and to assess whether these classes demonstrated differential health outcomes over time. This study uses data from 801 PLWH-SU initially enrolled across 11 US hospitals during 2012–2014 and followed up in 2017. Latent class analysis included 28 psychosocial items. Regression analysis examined class membership as a predictor of viral suppression. Survival analysis examined class as a predictor of all-cause mortality. The selected model identified five unique classes. Individuals in classes characterized by more severe and more numerous psychosocial symptoms at baseline had lower likelihoods of viral suppression and survival. The study demonstrated the importance of considering patterns of overlapping psychosocial symptoms to identify subgroups of PLWH-SU and reveal their risks for adverse outcomes. Integration of primary, mental health, and substance use care is essential to address the needs of this population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD; also known as nonalcoholic fatty liver disease) is a chronic condition associated with metabolic syndrome, a group of conditions that includes obesity, insulin resistance, hyperlipidaemia and cardiovascular disease. Primary growth hormone (GH) deficiency is associated with MASLD, and the decline in circulating levels of GH with weight gain might contribute to the development of MASLD. Raising endogenous GH secretion or administering GH replacement therapy in the context of MASLD enhances insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1) production and reduces steatosis and the severity of liver injury. GH and IGF1 indirectly control MASLD progression by regulating systemic metabolic function. Evidence supports the proposal that GH and IGF1 also have a direct role in regulating liver metabolism and health. This Review focuses on how GH acts on the hepatocyte in a sex-dependent manner to limit lipid accumulation, reduce stress, and promote survival and regeneration. In addition, we discuss how GH and IGF1 might regulate non-parenchymal cells of the liver to control inflammation and fibrosis, which have a major effect on hepatocyte survival and regeneration. Development of a better understanding of how GH and IGF1 coordinate the functions of specific, individual liver cell types might provide insight into the aetiology of MASLD initiation and progression and suggest novel approaches for the treatment of MASLD. Key points: Growth hormone deficiency (GHD) is associated with metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD), and therapies that raise GH levels reduce steatosis and liver injury in patients with MASLD, in part mediated by the systemic metabolic actions of GH and insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1). The sex-dependent temporal patterns of pituitary release of GH are in part regulated by gonadal steroids and translate into sex-dependent patterns of activation of the hepatocyte transcription factor STAT5, which might help to explain the reduced risk of MASLD in women in premenopause. GH acts directly on hepatocytes to prevent excess lipid accumulation by shifting nutrient utilization from de novo lipogenesis to lipid oxidation, which is partly dependent on STAT5 signalling. GH–GH receptor (GHR)–STAT5 signalling regulates hepatocyte detoxification programmes that can prevent or ameliorate hepatocyte stress and death. GH–GHR-mediated STAT5-dependent and STAT5-independent pathways directly support hepatocyte survival and regeneration, including regulation of factors that modify the immune response. GH and IGF1 act on liver non-parenchymal cells to modify the inflammatory response, regenerative programmes and fibrosis progression. This Review discusses the roles of growth hormone (GH) and insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1) signalling in reducing the risk of metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD). Sex-dependent differences in MASLD susceptibility and the effects of GH and IGF1 on hepatocytes and non-parenchymal cells are considered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Insect proteins, such as the common cricket (Acheta domesticus), are becoming popular as a potential substitute for fishmeal in aquaculture feed and have bioactive properties. Its cultivation has a lower use of land resources, although its industrial processing requires energy for grinding and drying. In two experiments, all at four inclusion levels and three replicates. The first experiment (Exp I) compares a whole cricket meal (CM) vs cricket acid silage (CAS), replacing 25% of CM with CAS to estimate the growth and digestibility of Litopenaeus vannamei. A significant trend towards increased growth was observed with higher amounts of CAS, and dry matter digestibility was significantly improved through an orthogonal analysis. In the second experiment (Exp II), the 15.5% fishmeal was replaced with different proportions of CAS (to maintain a similar protein content). Although digestibility remained above 70%, overall shrimp performance decrease with increasing CAS. Chitin content in cricket exceeded 25%, and changes in fatty acid composition were noted, with greater accumulation of oleic acid (18:1n9), while the decrease in linolenic acid (18:2n6) occurred as CAS increased. Hemolymph analysis revealed significant differences in glucose levels but not in total proteins or cholesterol. The study concludes that using acid silage from crickets could improve the circular economy, making crickets more digestible without the need for drying or cold storage in aquaculture. However, it is recommended to research further on a more appropriate amount of CAS or possibly using a chitinase in the procedure of acid silage to decrease the amount of chitin. Also, the possibility to standardize the insect feeds to have a better condition index (protein-fat-chitin) and more homogeneous raw material, particularly the fatty acids, was discussed. Further, when using insect meal, it is recommended to quantify the non-protein nitrogen from the chitin to adjust the crude protein in diets to avoid overestimation. It is concluded that despite our results not favoring the overall performance when substituting fish meal, the acidification of crickets to become acid silage could enhance the circular economy by improving apparent dry matter digestibility without the need for drying or low-temperature storage. However, further studies are needed to determine the amount in diets to result in growth benefits. Further, optimal insect culture methods to enhance the protein-to-chitin ratio are needed to improve its nutrient content. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of American Journal of Potato Research is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Dispersion of potentially toxic elements associated with efflorescent crusts and mine tailings materials from historical mine sites threaten the environment and human health. Limited research has been done on traceability from historical mining sites in arid and semi-arid regions. Pb isotope systematics was applied to decipher the importance of identifying the mixing of lead sources involved in forming efflorescent salts and the repercussions on traceability. This research assessed mine waste (sulfide-rich and oxide-rich tailings material and efflorescent salts) and street dust from surrounding settlements at a historical mining site in northwestern Mexico, focusing on Pb isotope composition. The isotope data of tailings materials defined a trending line (R2 = 0.9); the sulfide-rich tailings materials and respective efflorescent salts yielded less radiogenic Pb composition, whereas the oxide-rich tailings and respective efflorescent salts yielded relatively more radiogenic compositions, similar to the geogenic component. The isotope composition of street dust suggests the dispersion of tailings materials into the surroundings. This investigation found that the variability of Pb isotope composition in tailings materials because of the geochemical heterogeneity, ranging from less radiogenic to more radiogenic, can add complexity during environmental assessments because the composition of oxidized materials and efflorescent salts can mask the geogenic component, potentially underestimating the influence on the environmental media. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a complex multifactorial progressive neurodegenerative disease characterized by locomotor alteration due to the specific deterioration of dopaminergic (DAergic) neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc). Mounting evidence shows that human LRRK2 (hLRRK2) kinase activity is involved in oxidative stress (OS)-induced neurodegeneration, suggesting LRRK2 inhibition as a potential therapeutic target. We report that the hLRRK2 inhibitor PF-06447475 (PF-475) prolonged lifespan, increased locomotor activity, maintained DAergic neuronal integrity, and reduced lipid peroxidation (LPO) in female Drosophila melanogaster flies chronically exposed to paraquat (PQ), a redox cycling compound, compared to flies treated with vehicle only. Since LRRK2 is an evolutionary conserved kinase, the present findings reinforce the idea that either reduction or inhibition of the LRRK2 kinase might decrease OS and locomotor alterations associated with PD. Our observations highlight the importance of uncovering the function of the hLRRK2 orthologue dLrrk2 in D. melanogaster as an excellent model for pharmacological screenings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Emotions and behavior can be affected by social chemosignals from conspecifics. For instance, olfactory signals from stressed individuals induce stress-like physiological and synaptic changes in naïve partners. Direct stress also alters cognition, but the impact of socially transmitted stress on memory processes is currently unknown. Here we show that exposure to chemosignals produced by stressed individuals is sufficient to impair memory retrieval in unstressed male mice. This requires astrocyte control of information in the olfactory bulb mediated by mitochondria-associated CB1 receptors (mtCB1). Targeted genetic manipulations, in vivo Ca2+ imaging and behavioral analyses reveal that mtCB1-dependent control of mitochondrial Ca2+ dynamics is necessary to process olfactory information from stressed partners and to define their cognitive consequences. Thus, olfactory bulb astrocytes provide a link between social odors and their behavioral meaning. By focusing attention to potential dangers, social transmission of stress is key for animal survival. Here the authors show that CB1-dependent control of astrocyte mitochondria is necessary to assign cognitive value to odorants from stressed conspecifics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The aim of this paper is to critically re-appraise the published trials assessing propranolol for migraine prophylaxis. Methods: We report methods and results following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews (PRISMA), by searching MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cochrane CENTRAL, and ClinicalTrials.gov for randomized trials of pharmacologic treatments for migraine prophylaxis. We included randomized trials that compared propranolol with placebo for migraine prophylaxis in adults. The outcomes of interest were informed by the Core outcome set for preventive intervention trials in chronic and episodic migraine (COSMIG) and include the proportion of patients who experience a 50% or more reduction in monthly migraine days, the reduction of monthly migraine days, and the number of adverse events leading to discontinuation. We assessed risk of bias by using a modified Cochrane RoB (risk of bias) 2.0 tool and the certainty of evidence by using the GRADE approach. Results: Our search yielded twenty trials (n = 1291 patients) eligible for data synthesis and analysis. The analysis revealed a moderate certainty evidence that propranolol leads to a reduction in monthly migraine days versus placebo (-1.27; 95% CI: -2.25 to -0.3). We found moderate certainty evidence that propranolol increases the proportion of patients who experience a 50% or more reduction in monthly migraine days, compared to placebo with a relative risk of 1.65 (95% CI 1.41 to 1.93); absolute risk difference: 179 more per 1,000 (95% CI 113 to 256). We found high certainty evidence that propranolol increases the proportion of patients who discontinue due to adverse events compared to placebo with a risk difference of 0.02 (95% CI 0.00 to 0.03); absolute risk difference: 20 more per 1,000 (95% CI 0 to 30). Conclusions: The present meta-analysis shows that propranolol has a prophylactic role in migraine, with an overall acceptable tolerability profile. Combining these results with its long-standing use and its global availability at a low cost confirms its role as a first line agent in the prophylaxis of migraine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There are more than 200 species and subspecies of Neotropical Primates of which more than 40% are listed as threatened by the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Both in situ and ex situ conservation programs can benefit from the use of assisted reproductive technologies. The objective of this study was to evaluate, for the first time, cryopreservation techniques for Alouatta caraya semen. Semen samples were collected from five adult males, analyzed, and frozen in either Test-egg yolk or Test-soy lecithin-based extenders containing either 3 or 4% glycerol. Frozen-thawed samples were analyzed at 10, 40, and 80 min post-thaw. Egg yolk-based extenders were overall better than soy lecithin-based extenders. There was no significant difference between 3 and 4% glycerol in any of the parameters analyzed, however, 4% glycerol in egg yolk-based extender produced more favorable results for total motility, intact plasma membrane, lipid peroxidation, and DNA fragmentation index. This study brought novel information on semen characteristics and cryopreservation aspects for A. caraya, which can help shape future experiments to improve the outcome of frozen-thawed sperm for this and other species of Neotropical primates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A task force of the United Italian society of Endocrine Surgery (SIUEC) was commissioned to review the position statement on diagnostic, therapeutic and health‑care management protocol in parathyroid surgery published in 2014, at the light of new technologies, recent oncological concepts, and tailored approaches. The objective of this publication was to support surgeons with modern rational protocols of treatment that can be shared by health-care professionals, taking into account important clinical, healthcare and therapeutic aspects, as well as potential sequelae and complications. The task force consists of 12 members of the SIUEC highly trained and experienced in thyroid and parathyroid surgery. The main topics concern diagnostic test and localization studies, mode of admission and waiting time, therapeutic pathway (patient preparation for surgery, surgical treatment, postoperative management, management of major complications), hospital discharge and patient information, outpatient care and follow-up, outpatient initial management of patients with pHPT. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There exists ample literature on the effect of democracy on innovation, with mix results. The present study includes the variable good governance, to study its potential effect on innovation. The research main goal consists in building upon and going beyond existing research dedicated to fostering innovation by identifying key good governance indicators at a country and supranational level, and their potential synergies and interactions with variables that complete the new model. The methodology used for the statistical analysis is based on Partial Least Square Structural Equation Modelling (PLS-SEM), due to the exploratory nature of the study. The research analyzes interactions between good governance indicators, innovation, education, and democracy, along with gross domestic product per capita as a mediating variable. The findings reveal that good governance, education, and gross domestic product indicators have a positive effect on innovation within EU countries and supranational government-controlled institutions. Furthermore, the research identifies the mediation role of gross domestic product between good governance and innovation as well as between education and innovation and the critical role of management to promote good governance and innovation. Based on these findings and the study limitations, the research proposes specific policies to promote innovation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Parkinson’s disease with dementia (PDD) is a neurological disorder that clinically and neuropathologically overlaps with Parkinson’s disease (PD) and Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Although it is assumed that alpha-synuclein (α -Syn), amyloid beta (A β ), and the protein Tau might synergistically induce cholinergic neuronal degeneration, presently the pathological mechanism of PDD remains unclear. Therefore, it is essential to delve into the cellular and molecular aspects of this neurological entity to identify potential targets for prevention and treatment strategies. Cholinergic-like neurons (ChLNs) were exposed to rotenone (ROT, 10 μ M) for 24 h. ROT provokes loss of Δ Ψ m , generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), phosphorylation of leucine-rich repeated kinase 2 (LRRK2 at Ser935) concomitantly with phosphorylation of α -synuclein (α -Syn, Ser129), induces accumulation of intracellular A β (iA β ), oxidized DJ-1 (Cys106), as well as phosphorylation of TAU (Ser202/Thr205), increases the phosphorylation of c-JUN (Ser63/Ser73), and increases expression of proapoptotic proteins TP53, PUMA, and cleaved caspase 3 (CC3) in ChLNs. These neuropathological features resemble those reproduced in presenilin 1 (PSEN1) E280A ChLNs. Interestingly, anti-oxidant and anti-amyloid cannabidiol (CBD), JNK inhibitor SP600125 (SP), TP53 inhibitor pifithrin- α (PFT), and LRRK2 kinase inhibitor PF-06447475 (PF475) significantly diminish ROT-induced oxidative stress (OS), proteinaceous, and cell death markers in ChLNs compared to naïve ChLNs. In conclusion, ROT induces p- α -Syn, iA β , p-Tau, and cell death in ChLNs, recapitulating the neuropathology findings in PDD. Our report provides an excellent in vitro model to test for potential therapeutic strategies against PDD. Our data suggest that ROT induces a neuropathologic phenotype in ChLNs similar to that caused by the mutation PSEN1 E280A. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Perovskite solar cells promise to be part of the future portfolio of photovoltaic technologies, but their instability is slow down their commercialization. Major stability assessments have been recently achieved but reliable accelerated ageing tests on beyond small-area cells are still poor. Here, we report an industrial encapsulation process based on the lamination of highly viscoelastic semi-solid/highly viscous liquid adhesive atop the perovskite solar cells and modules. Our encapsulant reduces the thermomechanical stresses at the encapsulant/rear electrode interface. The addition of thermally conductive two-dimensional hexagonal boron nitride into the polymeric matrix improves the barrier and thermal management properties of the encapsulant. Without any edge sealant, encapsulated devices withstood multifaceted accelerated ageing tests, retaining >80% of their initial efficiency. Our encapsulation is applicable to the most established cell configurations (direct/inverted, mesoscopic/planar), even with temperature-sensitive materials, and extended to semi-transparent cells for building-integrated photovoltaics and Internet of Things systems. The instability of perovskite solar cells hinders their commercialization. Here, authors report an industrially compatible strain-free encapsulation process based on lamination of highly viscoelastic semi-solid/highly viscous liquid encapsulant adhesive to reduce thermomechanical interfacial stress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Metastases are the major cause of cancer-related death, yet, molecular weaknesses that could be exploited to prevent tumor cells spreading are poorly known. Here, we found that perturbing hydrolase transport to lysosomes by blocking either the expression of IGF2R, the main receptor responsible for their trafficking, or GNPT, a transferase involved in the addition of the specific tag recognized by IGF2R, reduces melanoma invasiveness potential. Mechanistically, we demonstrate that the perturbation of this traffic, leads to a compensatory lysosome neo-biogenesis devoided of degradative enzymes. This regulatory loop relies on the stimulation of TFEB transcription factor expression. Interestingly, the inhibition of this transcription factor playing a key role of lysosome production, restores melanomas' invasive potential in the absence of hydrolase transport. These data implicate that targeting hydrolase transport in melanoma could serve to develop new therapies aiming to prevent metastasis by triggering a physiological response stimulating TFEB expression in melanoma. An in vitro and in vivo study using human melanoma cell lines suggests that perturbing lysosomal function stimulates lysosome biogenesis and decreases invasiveness potential. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This document is a response to a previous article discussing the Wigner's friend experiment and the FR experiment. It introduces a no-go theorem that states that no physical theory can accurately model the FR experiment while following certain reasoning rules. The document also presents a simple experiment called the Learned Prediction Experiment to illustrate these reasoning rules. However, recent works have criticized the validity of these reasoning rules. The text explores the concept of reasoning rules in the context of thought experiments and proposes restrictions on their use. It also suggests a list of criteria for modified reasoning rules and encourages further research using computational and theoretical tools. [Extracted from the article]

Thyroid surgery is characterized by large volumes and typically affects a young female population. Mini-invasive or remote access surgical techniques are born driven by the desire to improve aesthetic outcomes of the traditional technique, following technological advances that have upset the surgical world in the last 20 years. In our multicenter, retrospective observational study, we first compared an endoscopic technique with a robotic one: minimally invasive video-assisted thyroidectomy (MIVAT) and robot-assisted transaxillary thyroidectomy (RATT). We evaluated intraoperative features, complications, and cosmetic outcomes in a cohort of 609 patients. The efficacy and safety of these techniques are proven by a large literature and the comparison made in our study does not show inferiority of one technique compared to the other. Even the aesthetic results tend to be equal in the long term. It is desirable that further prospective and randomized studies are conducted to evaluate the outcomes of these procedures and the cost–benefit ratio. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hypodermosis in Cervus elaphus was studied in the Riaño Regional Hunting Reserve, Province of León, north-western Spain. One hundred and ten red deer were examined for the presence of warble fly larvae. They were analyzed by PCR analysis of the COI region of mt-DNA and identified as Hypoderma actaeon. The prevalence of larvae was 42.7% with a mean intensity of 12.5 ± 18 (range 1–80) warbles/deer infested. The distribution of larvae in the infested animals showed an aggregated/overdispersed pattern (aggregation index = 25.84), where the larvae are not randomly or uniformly distributed, but strongly aggregated among their hosts. Larvae were found in all three states. First and second-instars were observed mainly in the autumn until the end of winter (November-March) and third-instars in late winter until mid-spring (March–May). The adult animals and the males had a higher prevalence than the young and the females, finding statistically significant differences only according to the sex of the animals. Seasonal variations were observed in the prevalence with the highest number of infested animals in winter and autumn, but not in terms of the mean intensity of parasites. Additionally, we assessed the presence of anti-Hypoderma antibodies in serum by means of indirect ELISA tests, using a crude larval extract (CLE) and a purified fraction the hypodermin C (HyC) obtained from first instars of Spanish isolates of Hypoderma lineatum (cattle). These findings confirm that H. actaeon is widely distributed in northern Spain, and provide new information about its chronobiology in mountainous Atlantic ecosystems from southwestern Europe. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the objective is to understand the causal factors that influence the mental well-being of healthcare workers during the COVID-19 pandemic, using Karasek's Job Demand Control Social Model (JDCS) as the research framework. For this purpose the database Eurofound's Living Working and COVID-19 survey is used; it was carried out using sampling design techniques in all 27 countries of the European Union. A sample of 4626 employees in the health sector is used, and structural equation models are specified to analyze causality. The analysis revealed significant associations between several factors: physical and mental work demands (p < 0.001), availability of personal protective equipment (p = 0.035), support from supervisors (p < 0.001), support from peers (p < 0.001), and age (p < 0.007). These findings, offering valuable insights into understanding and improving the management of health institutions, can serve as a foundation for developing strategies to support and enhance the mental health of healthcare professionals. Ultimately, this benefits both the workforce and the quality of healthcare services provided, particularly in preparing for potential future crises. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There are many different kinds of 'phantom' percepts but it is unknown whether they are united by common mechanisms. For example, synaesthesia (e.g., numbers evoking colour) and hallucinations appear conceptually and phenomenologically similar: both result in a percept that does not have an environmental correlate. Here, people with synaesthesia (n = 66) performed a conditioned hallucinations paradigm known to be sensitive to hallucination susceptibility, and we asked whether synaesthetes would show the same behavioural profile as hallucinators in this task. Repeated pairing of checkerboards with tones, and gratings with colours encourages the participant to draw on prior knowledge when asked to report on the presence of the difficult-to-detect target stimulus. Synaesthetes show increased modelled expectancies for the stimulus association across the board, resulting in a higher number of detections at all stimulus intensities. This is in contrast to the pattern observed in hallucinators, who weigh their prior beliefs more strongly than controls, giving rise to more conditioned hallucinations. Results indicate that fundamentally different perceptual processes may be at the core of these seemingly similar experiences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The presence of a companion can reduce fear, but the neural mechanisms underlying this social buffering of fear are incompletely known. We studied social buffering of fear in male and female, and its encoding in the amygdala of male, auditory fear-conditioned rats. Pharmacological, opto,- and/or chemogenetic interventions showed that oxytocin signaling from hypothalamus-to-central amygdala projections underlied fear reduction acutely with a companion and social buffering retention 24 h later without a companion. Single-unit recordings with optetrodes in the central amygdala revealed fear-encoding neurons (showing increased conditioned stimulus-responses after fear conditioning) inhibited by social buffering and blue light-stimulated oxytocinergic hypothalamic projections. Other central amygdala neurons showed baseline activity enhanced by blue light and companion exposure, with increased conditioned stimulus responses that persisted without the companion. Social buffering of fear thus switches the conditioned stimulus from encoding “fear” to “safety” by oxytocin-mediated recruitment of a distinct group of central amygdala “buffer neurons”.After rats were trained to fear a sound, they showed less fear when another rat was nearby and this calming effect lasted when the other rat was removed. Both reductions required oxytocin signaling from the hypothalamus to the central amygdala. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A comparative craniometric analysis among maned wolves (Chrysocyon brachyurus, n = 9), crab-eating foxes (Cerdocyon thous, n = 8) and domestic dogs (Canis lupus familiaris, n = 124) was performed. A total of 18 craniometric measurements were taken from these specimens, and eight craniometric indices were further computed from those measurements. Using correlation analysis, we found that the 26 variables could be clustered into four groups, namely: (1) indicators of rostro-caudal length; (2) ventro-dorsal height and latero-lateral width; (3) cranial indices; and (4) dimensions of the foramen magnum. Consequently, multivariate techniques were applied to the data in order to reduce dimensionality and thus facilitate the comparisons among domestic and wild species. The projection of the data into the lower-dimensional space created by a principal component analysis showed that skulls of crab-eating foxes resembled small mesaticephalic skulls of domestic dogs, whereas the skulls of maned wolves were closer to those of larger dolichocephalic dogs. However, both species shared similarities with the mesaticephalic and dolichocephalic morphotypes of domestic dogs when variables were considered individually. Importantly, the variation in skull morphology found in the wild specimens was significantly smaller than that found in domestic dogs. These findings suggest an evolutionary constraint to skull shape diversity in maned wolves and crab-eating foxes, which seems consistent with adaptation to a generalist omnivorous diet. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Novel wireless-based technologies can easily record pulse oximetry at home. One of the main parameters that are recorded in sleep studies is the time under 90% of SpO2 (T90%) and the oxygen desaturation index 3% (ODI-3%). We assessed the association of T90% and/or ODI-3% in two different scenarios (a community-based study and a clinical setting) with all-cause mortality (primary outcome). Methods: We included all individuals from the Sleep Heart Health Study (SHHS, community-based cohort) and Santiago Obstructive Sleep Apnea (SantOSA, clinical cohort) with complete data at baseline and follow-up. Two measures of hypoxemia (T90% and ODI-3%) were our primary exposures. The adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) per standard deviation (pSD) between T90% and incident all-cause mortality (primary outcome) were determined by adjusted Cox regression models. In the secondary analysis, to assess whether T90% varies across clinical factors, anthropometrics, abdominal obesity, metabolic rate, and SpO2, we conducted linear regression models. Incremental changes in R2 were conducted to test the hypothesis. Results: A total of 4323 (56% male, median 64 years old, follow-up: 12 years, 23% events) and 1345 (77% male, median 55 years old, follow-up: 6 years, 11.6% events) patients were included in SHHS and SantOSA, respectively. Every 1 SD increase in T90% was associated with an adjusted HR of 1.18 [95% CI: 1.10–1.26] (p value < 0.001) in SHHS and HR 1.34 [95% CI: 1.04–1.71] (p value = 0.021) for all-cause mortality in SantOSA. Conversely, ODI-3% was not associated with worse outcomes. R2 explains 62% of the variability in T90%. The main contributors were baseline-mean change in SpO2, baseline SpO2, respiratory events, and age. Conclusion: The findings suggest that T90% may be an important marker of wellness in clinical and community-based scenarios. Although this nonspecific metric varies across the populations, ventilatory changes during sleep rather than other physiological or comorbidity variables explain their variability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hepatic and pulmonary lesions are common in cetaceans, despite their poorly understood viral etiology. Herpesviruses (HV), adenoviruses (AdV) and hepatitis E virus (HEV) are emerging agents in cetaceans, associated with liver and/or pulmonary damage in mammals. We isolated and molecularly tested DNA for HV and AdV (n = 218 individuals; 187 liver and 108 lung samples) and RNA for HEV (n = 147 animals; 147 liver samples) from six cetacean families. All animals stranded or were bycaught in Brazil between 2001 and 2021. Positive-animals were analyzed by histopathology. Statistical analyses assessed if the prevalence of viral infection could be associated with the variables: species, family, habitat, region, sex, and age group. All samples were negative for AdV and HEV. Overall, 8.7% (19/218) of the cetaceans were HV-positive (4.8% [9/187] liver and 11.1% [12/108] lung), without HV-associated lesions. HV-prevalence was statistically significant higher in Pontoporiidae (19.2%, 10/52) when compared to Delphinidae (4.1%, 5/121), and in southeastern (17.1%, 13/76)—the most industrialized Brazilian region—when compared to the northeastern region (2.4%, 3/126). This study broadens the herpesvirus host range in cetaceans, including its description in pygmy sperm whales (Kogia breviceps) and humpback whales (Megaptera novaeangliae). Further studies must elucidate herpesvirus drivers in cetaceans. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nacozari de García situated in Mexico's second most significant porphyry Cu district hosts the largest urban historical mine tailings in Sonora. This study aimed to comprehensively evaluate mineralogy, bioaccessibility (Al, Mn, Cu, Zn, and Cd), and associated risks in this region. Three distinct mine tailings, their corresponding efflorescent crusts, and street dust were subjected to thorough investigation. X-ray diffraction analysis unveiled the presence of silicates originating from neighboring lithologies. In the mine tailings, secondary minerals like jarosite and gypsum indicated extensive oxidation due to environmental exposure. Efflorescent minerals, including chalcanthite, hexahydrate, szomolnokite, poitevinite, and halotrichite, were identified, reflecting the influence of the semiarid climate. Among the samples analyzed, the highest elemental concentrations emerged within the efflorescent crusts (Al = 55,584 μg/g; Mn = 36,619 μg/g; Cu = 90,366 μg/g; Zn = 35,391 μg/g; Cd = 137 μg/g). Subsequently, the 10 μm fraction of mine tailings displayed lower concentrations (Al = 19,651 μg/g; Mn = 914 μg/g; Cu = 5626 μg/g; Zn = 936 μg/g; Cd = 3.2 μg/g). Regarding bioaccessibility, the efflorescent crusts exhibited notably high oral bioaccessibility percentages (> 80%) for Cu, Zn, and Mn, potentially leading to non-carcinogenic effects upon oral exposure. However, lung exposure did not present significant risks for the studied elements. Despite generally low Cd concentrations, the enrichment of Cd in efflorescent crusts raised concerns about possible carcinogenic effects. These results underscore the potential human health hazards associated with efflorescent crusts, emphasizing the urgency of implementing appropriate measures to mitigate potential risks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We report SnO2, CdS, and ZnS multilayer thin films structure synthesized on glass substrates using the SILAR method to produce an n–n homopolar junction as an emitter layer. A reaction mechanism is proposed to explain the several interactions between the precursors on each film layer. Scanning electron microscopy, Raman spectroscopy, and Grazing incidence X-ray diffraction determinate a polycrystalline nature, uniform substrate coverage, and a reasonable number of imperfections. The optical transmittance data obtained in addition with the I–V curve analysis give necessary information about optoelectrical properties of the material growth made on the substrate as a n–n homopolar junction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: We introduced the robotic NICE procedure for left-sided colorectal resection in 2018 in which the entire procedure is performed without loss of pneumoperitoneum and without an abdominal wall incision by performing natural orifice-assisted transrectal extraction of the specimen and intracorporeal anastomosis. We compare the results of the NICE procedure versus conventional laparoscopic resection, which was our standard approach prior to 2018. Methods: A matched pair case–control study compared patients following the NICE procedure versus those who underwent laparoscopic left-sided colorectal resection with conventional extracorporeal-assisted technique. Cases were performed at an Academic Medical Center and recorded in a prospective database to analyze perioperative outcomes. Results: From a total cohort of 352 patients, 83 were matched in each group. When comparing the NICE procedure vs. the Extracorporeal-Assisted laparoscopic group, there were no significant differences in age (58.5 vs. 59.3 years old), sex (47 vs. 42 Female), body mass index (27.4 vs. 27.5 kg/m2), ASA, diagnosis, or type of surgery. Operative time (198.8 vs. 197.7 min), blood loss (56.0 vs. 53.3 ml), intraoperative complications (0.0% vs. 0.0%), and conversion rates (0.0% vs. 0.0%) were similar in both groups. The NICE procedure was associated with significantly earlier return of bowel function (40.7 vs. 23.6 h), shorter length of stay (3.1 vs. 2.2 days), and lower total opioid use (94.6 vs. 70.5 morphine milligram equivalents). Overall, there were no differences in postoperative abscess formation, complications, readmission, or reoperation rates. Conclusion: When compared to conventional laparoscopic resection, the NICE procedure is associated with short-term benefits including earlier recovery and less opioid use without increased operative time or increased risk of complications. Multicenter studies are recommended to validate benefits and limitations of this technique. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Suboptimal vaccine response is a significant concern in patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD) receiving biologic drugs. This single-center observational study involved 754 patients with IBD. In Phase I (October 2020-April 2021), 754 IBD participants who had not previously received the SARS-CoV-2 vaccine, underwent blood extraction to assess the seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 infection and IBD-related factors. Phase II (May 2021-October 2021) included a subgroup of 52 IBD participants with confirmed previous SARS-CoV-2 infection, who were studied for humoral and cellular response to the SARS-CoV-2 vaccine. In Phase I, treatment with anti-TNF was associated with lower rates of seroconversion (aOR 0.25 95% CI [0.10–0.61]). In Phase II, a significant increase in post-vaccination IgG levels was observed regardless of biologic treatment. However, patients treated with anti-TNF exhibited significantly lower IgG levels compared to those without IBD therapy (5.32 ± 2.47 vs. 7.99 ± 2.59 U/ml, p = 0.042). Following vaccination, a lymphocyte, monocyte, and NK cell activation pattern was observed, with no significant differences between patients receiving biologic drugs and those without IBD treatment. Despite lower seroprevalence and humoral response to the SARS-CoV-2 vaccine in patients treated with anti-TNF, the cellular response to the vaccine did not differ significantly from that patients without IBD therapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The protective role of bariatric surgery (BS) against COVID-19 has been reported by several studies, showing, in the first pandemic waves, better outcome of the infection in patients that had undergone BS. With the virus progressive endemicity, BS benefits on COVID-19 clinical course could appear less evident, while COVID-19 effects on BS outcomes must be investigated. In this national multicentric cross-sectional study, we compared COVID-19 incidence and clinical course between a cohort of patients that had undergone BS (OP) and a cohort of candidates to BS (WS); moreover, we analyzed BS outcomes based on SARS-CoV-2 positivity/negativity. Methods: From June to December 2021, 522 patients from five Italian referral centers were administered an 87-item telephonic questionnaire completing the analysis of electronic medical records. Demographics, COVID-19 "tested" incidence, suggestive symptoms and clinical outcome parameters of OP and WS were compared. BS outcomes parameters were compared between OP that developed the disease or not. Results: COVID-19 incidence was the same in OP and WS, while symptoms and clinical course seemed milder in OP, with no data individually reaching statistical significance. OP who developed SARS-CoV-2 infection had higher excess weight loss than negative OP (66.8% ± 22.1 vs. 57.7% ± 22.8, p = 0.029). Positive OP had had gastric-bypass (RYGB/OAGB) more frequently than negative ones (38.4% vs. 18.2%, p = 0.025). Conclusion: With the disease becoming endemic, BS protective role against COVID-19 seems clinically less relevant. BS outcomes can be affected by COVID-19, thus imposing careful follow-up for positive patients, especially if undergoing gastric-bypass. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Constructivist epistemology posits that all truths are knowable. One might ask to what extent constructivism is compatible with naturalized epistemology and knowledge obtained from inference-making using successful scientific theories. If quantum theory correctly describes the structure of the physical world, and if quantum theoretic inferences about which measurement outcomes will be observed with unit probability count as knowledge, we demonstrate that constructivism cannot be upheld. Our derivation is compatible with both intuitionistic and quantum propositional logic. This result is implied by the Frauchiger-Renner theorem, though it is of independent importance as well. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Familial Alzheimer's disease (FAD) is a complex neurodegenerative disorder for which there are no therapeutics to date. Several mutations in presenilin 1 (PSEN 1), which is the catalytic component of γ-secretase complex, are causal of FAD. Recently, the p.Ile416Thr (I416T) PSEN 1 mutation has been reported in large kindred in Colombia. However, cell and molecular information from I416T mutation is scarce. Here, we demonstrate that menstrual stromal cells (MenSCs)-derived planar (2D) PSEN 1 I416T cholinergic-like cells (ChLNS) and (3D) cerebral spheroids (CSs) reproduce the typical neuropathological markers of FAD in 4 post-transdifferentiating or 11 days of transdifferentiating, respectively. The models produce intracellular aggregation of APPβ fragments (at day 4 and 11) and phosphorylated protein TAU at residue Ser202/Thr205 (at day 11) suggesting that iAPPβ fragments precede p-TAU. Mutant ChLNs and CSs displayed DJ-1 Cys106-SO3 (sulfonic acid), failure of mitochondria membrane potential (ΔΨm), and activation of transcription factor c-JUN and p53, expression of pro-apoptotic protein PUMA, and activation of executer protein caspase 3 (CASP3), all markers of cell death by apoptosis. Moreover, we found that both mutant ChLNs and CSs produced high amounts of extracellular eAβ42. The I416T ChLNs and CSs were irresponsive to acetylcholine induced Ca2+ influx compared to WT. The I416T PSEN 1 mutation might work as dominant-negative PSEN1 mutation. These findings might help to understanding the recurring failures of clinical trials of anti-eAβ42, and support the view that FAD is triggered by the accumulation of other intracellular AβPP metabolites, rather than eAβ42. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Octopus bimaculatus from Bahia de Los Angeles, Baja California, Mexico, is a poorly known species which sustains a commercial fishery and has aquaculture potential in the Mexican Northwest. We are currently conducting research aimed at recording the pathogens and diseases that affect O. bimaculatus in the wild and captivity. In this context, six female octopuses were collected by traps in February 2022 from Bahia de Los Angeles fishery and held in captivity in flow-through system. After 26 days in captivity, air bubbles in the arms and mantle of one female were observed. This first case occurred when the female was transferred to a temporary shelter to allow routine cleaning of tanks. Air bubbles persisted for 24 h, and spawning started during this time. Air bubbles were again observed in two females after 62 days in captivity during handling to anaesthetise the octopuses for biological sampling. In this case, air bubbles disappeared while the anaesthesia was taking effect. Bacterial infection and gas bubble diseases were ruled out as potential causes; air bubbles were not associated with biochemical changes in the haemolymph of affected specimens. To our knowledge, this is the first report of air bubbles in the epidermis of a cephalopod species. Thus, air bubbles appeared in three females of O. bimaculatus during handling. This anomalous result points to the need to further investigate species-specific physiological and behavioural responses to stress caused by handling, allowing assessment of animal health and wellbeing of cephalopod species in captivity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We provide a neuroimaging database consisting of 102 synaesthetic brains using state-of-the-art 3 T MRI protocols from the Human Connectome Project (HCP) which is freely available to researchers. This database consists of structural (T1- and T2-weighted) images together with approximately 24 minutes of resting state data per participant. These protocols are designed to be inter-operable and reproducible so that others can add to the dataset or directly compare it against other normative or special samples. In addition, we provide a 'deep phenotype' of our sample which includes detailed information about each participant's synaesthesia together with associated clinical and cognitive measures. This behavioural dataset, which also includes data from (N = 109) non-synaesthetes, is of importance in its own right and is openly available. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To study the causes of the 2021 Great Resignation, we use text analysis and investigate the changes in work- and quit-related posts between 2018 and 2021 on Reddit. We find that the Reddit discourse evolution resembles the dynamics of the U.S. quit and layoff rates. Furthermore, when the COVID-19 pandemic started, conversations related to working from home, switching jobs, work-related distress, and mental health increased, while discussions on commuting or moving for a job decreased. We distinguish between general work-related and specific quit-related discourse changes using a difference-in-differences method. Our main finding is that mental health and work-related distress topics disproportionally increased among quit-related posts since the onset of the pandemic, likely contributing to the quits of the Great Resignation. Along with better labor market conditions, some relief came beginning-to-mid-2021 when these concerns decreased. Our study underscores the importance of having access to data from online forums, such as Reddit, to study emerging economic phenomena in real time, providing a valuable supplement to traditional labor market surveys and administrative data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Alongside the benefits of Total-Body imaging modalities, such as higher sensitivity, single-bed position, low dose imaging, etc., their final construction cost prevents worldwide utilization. The main aim of this study is to present a simulation-based comparison of the sensitivities of existing and currently developed tomographs to introduce a cost-efficient solution for constructing a Total-Body PET scanner based on plastic scintillators. Methods: For the case of this study, eight tomographs based on the uEXPLORER configuration with different scintillator materials (BGO, LYSO), axial field-of-view (97.4 cm and 194.8 cm), and detector configurations (full and sparse) were simulated. In addition, 8 J-PET scanners with different configurations, such as various axial field-of-view (200 cm and 250 cm), different cross sections of plastic scintillator, and multiple numbers of plastic scintillator layers (2, 3, and 4), based on J-PET technology have been simulated by GATE software. Furthermore, Siemens' Biograph Vision has been simulated to compare the results with standard PET scans. Two types of simulations have been performed. The first one with a centrally located source with a diameter of 1 mm and a length of 250 cm, and the second one with the same source inside a water-filled cylindrical phantom with a diameter of 20 cm and a length of 183 cm. Results: With regards to sensitivity, among all the proposed scanners, the ones constructed with BGO crystals give the best performance (∼ 350 cps/kBq at the center). The utilization of sparse geometry or LYSO crystals significantly lowers the achievable sensitivity of such systems. The J-PET design gives a similar sensitivity to the sparse LYSO crystal-based detectors while having full detector coverage over the body. Moreover, it provides uniform sensitivity over the body with additional gain on its sides and provides the possibility for high-quality brain imaging. Conclusion: Taking into account not only the sensitivity but also the price of Total-Body PET tomographs, which till now was one of the main obstacles in their widespread clinical availability, the J-PET tomography system based on plastic scintillators could be a cost-efficient alternative for Total-Body PET scanners. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Topiramate is a repurposed first-line treatment for migraine prophylaxis. The aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis is to critically re-appraise the existing evidence supporting the efficacy and tolerability of topiramate. Methods: A systematic search in MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cochrane CENTRAL, and ClinicalTrials.gov was performed for trials of pharmacological treatment in migraine prophylaxis as of August 13, 2022, following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews (PRISMA). Randomized controlled trials in adult patients that used topiramate for the prophylactic treatment of migraine, with placebo as active comparator, were included. Two reviewers independently screened the retrieved studies and extracted all data. Outcomes of interest were the 50% responder rates, the reduction in monthly migraine days, and adverse events leading to treatment discontinuation. Results were pooled and meta-analyzed, with sensitivity analysis based on the risk of bias of the studies, the monthly migraine days at baseline, and the previous use of other prophylactic treatments. Certainty evidence was judged according to the GRADE framework. Results: Eight out of 10,826 studies fulfilled the inclusion/exclusion criteria, accounting for 2,610 randomized patients. Six studies included patients with episodic migraine and two with chronic migraine. Topiramate dose ranged from 50 to 200 mg/day, and all studies included a placebo arm. There was a high certainty that topiramate: 1) increased the proportion of patients who achieved a 50% responder rate in monthly migraine days, compared to placebo [relative risk: 1.61 (95% confidence interval (CI): 1.29–2.01); absolute risk difference: 168 more per 1,000 (95% CI: 80 to 278 more)]; 2) was associated with 0.99 (95% CI: 1.41–0.58) fewer migraine days than placebo; 3) and had a higher proportion of patients with adverse events leading to treatment discontinuation [absolute risk difference 80 patients more per 1,000 (95% CI: 20 to 140 more patients)]. Conclusions: There is high-quality evidence of the efficacy of topiramate in the prophylaxis of migraine, albeit its use poses a risk of adverse events that may lead to treatment discontinuation, with a negative effect on patient satisfaction and adherence to care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Solanum jamesii (jam) is the only wild potato species with its natural range primarily within the USA. Its tubers are known to have unusual abilities to survive various environmental stresses. It has been observed during germplasm collecting that mother tubers (those that produced the plant) often appear to be as firm and viable as the new daughter tubers. This prompted investigation of whether such mother tubers can produce multiple seasons of shoots (after periods of intervening cool storage to simulate winter). We compared serial production of 20 cm shoots by the same tuber in subsequent seasons of a set of 162 jam populations to that of a diverse set of 75 populations of 25 other potato species in greenhouse cultivation at the US Potato Genebank. It was rare for tubers of any species other than jam to produce even two serial shoots. But over half of jam populations were able to produce four serial shoots (M4), and 14 populations produced five serial shoots (M5) with tubers remaining firm. When we looked for associated traits, M4 and M5 populations have no apparent single geographic origin or similarity by DNA markers. But natural origin sites for M4 and M5 populations were significantly associated with ancient human habitation. This work reports a new survival mechanism in potato by which a tuber does not expend all resources in maximizing new shoot growth, but instead presumably restocks itself to survive several seasons if all other reproductive options fail. Future work could study the physiological and genetic basis of the trait, and ways it could have practical benefit to the crop. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There exists a strong correlation between the pH levels of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract and GI diseases such as inflammatory bowel disease (IBS), ulcerative colitis, and pancreatis. Existing methods for diagnosing many GI diseases predominantly rely on invasive, expensive, and time-consuming techniques such as colonoscopy and endoscopy. In this study, an autonomous ingestible smart biosensing system in a pill format with integrated pH sensors is reported. The smart sensing pills will measure the pH profile as they transit through the GI tract. The data is then downloaded from the pills after they are collected from the feces. The sensor is based on electrodeposited PANI on carbon-coated conductive threads providing high pH sensitivity. Engineering innovations allowed integration of thread-based sensors on 3D-printed pill surfaces with front-end readout electronics, memory, and microcontroller assembled on mm-size circular printed circuit boards. The entire smart sensing pill possesses an overall length of 22.1 mm and an outer diameter of 9 mm. The modular biosensing system allows integration of thread-based biosensors to monitor other biomarkers in GI tract that mitigates the complex sensor fabrication process as well as overall pill assembly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]