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Fermentable, oligosaccharides, disaccharides, monosaccharides and polyols (FODMAPs) are a class of carbohydrates poorly digested that may trigger the symptoms of Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS) and Non-Celiac Gluten Sensitivity (NCGS). The effects of sourdough fermentation on FODMAPs and organic acids were studied during the sourdough propagation and bread making. The concentrations of organic acids were higher for the first steps of propagation and became stable for final steps. All FODMAPs were significantly reduced during the propagation, except polyols. Sucrose, fructose and glucose were wholly degraded for the first step of fermentation. The other carbohydrates had their concentrations reduced after the fourth backslopping step. Sourdough bread presented the higher level of organic acids and polyols, and lower content of fructans, sucrose, fructose and glucose than bread fermented by Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The fructan reduction was from 69 to 75%, indicating that sourdough fermentation can be applied for producing low-FODMAP wheat bakery products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Distance relays are typically used in transmission line protection. Their accuracy depends on the correct relay parameterization, phasor estimators, and correct usage of distance characteristics. Identifying suitable relay parameterization and algorithms considering multiple transmission line with various topologies and different fault types is a hard task. Here, a methodology based on the relay trip performance is proposed to evaluate all the main concerns of distance protection such as: maloperation trips per relay units in each fault type, overreach operation, and maloperation due to faults closer to the relay. The methodology could identify the best phasor estimators and distance configurations among those evaluated, as well as it could verify the power system topologies which yield in challenges for distance protection. The results achieved by the proposed methodology demonstrated that it can be useful for assisting the development of phasor estimators and new distance characteristics, as well as for setting existing distance protection in specific power system topologies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]