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Potato production in Mexico is affected by Rhizoctonia solani, causing severe yield losses. The most important criterion for distinguishing R. solani isolates is differentiation by anastomosis groups (AGs). However, the limitations of traditional AG differentiation have prompted the use of DNA sequence analysis as a valuable tool for distinguishing AGs. This study aimed to determine the diversity of anastomosis groups and the aggressiveness of R. solani isolates collected from commercial potato fields in northern Sinaloa, Mexico. A total of 118 R. solani isolates were obtained from symptomatic sprouts and tubers collected from 32 commercial fields distributed in the municipalities of Ahome, Guasave and El Fuerte in northern Sinaloa, Mexico. Fifty-two representative isolates were selected for anastomosis group determination and pathogenicity tests. Phylogenetic analysis with rpb2 gene sequences clearly distinguished 30 isolates belonging to AG-3 PT and 22 isolates to AG-4 HGI. The aggressiveness of these R. solani isolates was evaluated using mini-tubers of potato cv. Fianna, and colonized rice grains were used as inoculum source. The disease severity caused by R. solani on potato plants was evaluated 40 days after emergence. Aggressiveness was estimated as the percentage of necrotic area on underground stems. The results revealed that all R. solani isolates were pathogenic and differences were observed in aggressiveness among the isolates. Of the total of 52 isolates evaluated, 7% were highly aggressive; 61% had intermediate aggressiveness; and 32% exhibited low aggressiveness. These findings regarding the diversity of anastomosis groups and the aggressiveness of R. solani isolates in northern Sinaloa are fundamental for subsequent epidemiology and fungicide resistance studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To evaluate the stone clearance rate and limitations of a novel integrated suction capability within a single-use flexible ureteroscope according to stone particle size. Methods: Varying sized stone particles were created using a stone phantom (Begostone Plus, Bego ©, Lincoln, RI, USA). Particle size ranged as follows: 63–125 µm, 125–250 µm, 250–500 µm, 500 µm- 1 mm and 1–2 mm. These were mixed with Normal saline (0.9%) to mimic in vivo conditions. The suction enabled single-use flexible ureteroscope (Pusen, Zhuhai, China) was used to aspirate stone fragments in three trials. Firstly, aspiration of 5 g of each dust range was attempted. Secondly, a direct comparison of the integrated suction to a manual syringe technique was applied to 1 g of each size range. Finally, aspiration was applied to 5 g of a heterogenous 1:1:1:1:1 mixture. Endoscopic clearance rate (g/min) and number of blockages were recorded. Each challenge was repeated three times. Results: The integrated suction cleared 100% of dust < 250 µm. Endoscopic clearance rates were significantly faster than manual aspiration (3.01 g/min versus 0.41 g/min) for dust between 125 and 250 µm (p = 0.008). Complete endoscopic clearance by 180 s (without encountering test limiting blockages) was unsuccessful for particles > 250 µm. Clearance rates were greatly limited by stone particle size heterogeneity above 250 µm, to 0.09 g/min. Conclusion: This technology works better in vitro than previously DISS evaluated methods when challenged by stone dust < 250 µm. However, this adaptation is significantly challenged in the presence of stone dust particles > 250 µm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: There is strong evidence supporting the association between environmental factors and increased risk of non-affective psychotic disorders. However, the use of sound statistical methods to account for spatial variations associated with environmental risk factors, such as urbanicity, migration, or deprivation, is scarce in the literature. Methods: We studied the geographical distribution of non-affective first-episode psychosis (NA-FEP) in a northern region of Spain (Navarra) during a 54-month period considering area-level socioeconomic indicators as putative explanatory variables. We used several Bayesian hierarchical Poisson models to smooth the standardized incidence ratios (SIR). We included neighborhood-level variables in the spatial models as covariates. Results: We identified 430 NA-FEP cases over a 54-month period for a population at risk of 365,213 inhabitants per year. NA-FEP incidence risks showed spatial patterning and a significant ecological association with the migrant population, unemployment, and consumption of anxiolytics and antidepressants. The high-risk areas corresponded mostly to peripheral urban regions; very few basic health sectors of rural areas emerged as high-risk areas in the spatial models with covariates. Discussion: Increased rates of unemployment, the migrant population, and consumption of anxiolytics and antidepressants showed significant associations linked to the spatial-geographic incidence of NA-FEP. These results may allow targeting geographical areas to provide preventive interventions that potentially address modifiable environmental risk factors for NA-FEP. Further investigation is needed to understand the mechanisms underlying the associations between environmental risk factors and the incidence of NA-FEP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: MEK inhibitors cause a wide spectrum of mucocutaneous toxicities which can delay or interrupt life-saving therapy. Purpose: To summarize the morphology, incidence, and clinical presentation of mucocutaneous toxicities from MEK inhibitors via a scoping review of the literature. Methods: We conducted a scoping review of the published literature, including clinical trials, retrospective and prospective studies, reviews, and case reports and series. All included literature was analyzed by a panel of pediatric and adult oncodermatologists. Results: Of 1626 initial citations, 227 articles met final inclusion criteria. Our review identified follicular reactions, ocular toxicities, xerosis, eczematous dermatitis, edema, and paronychia as the most common mucocutaneous side effects from MEK inhibitor therapy. Grade 1 and 2 reactions were the most prevalent and were typically managed while continuing treatment; however, grade 3 toxicities requiring dose reductions or treatment interruptions were also reported. Conclusion: Mucocutaneous toxicities to MEK inhibitor therapy are common and most often mild in severity. Early recognition and treatment can mitigate disruptions in oncologic therapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To evaluate the stone ablation rate and direct thermal damage from thulium fiber laser (TFL) lithotripsy using continuous (C) and burst (B) lasing techniques on an in vitro ureteral model. Methods: The TFL Drive (Coloplast, Humlebaek, Denmark) was used in an in vitro saline-submerged ureteral model. Ten participants, including five junior and five experienced urologists, conducted the experimental setup with 7 different settings comparing two lasing techniques: steady-state lasing (0.5 J/10 Hz = 5W for 300 s and 0.5 J/20 Hz = 10W for 150 s) and burst, intermittent 5 s on/off lasing (0.5 J/20 Hz, 0.5 J/30 Hz, 0.5 J/60 Hz, 0.1 J/200 Hz, and 0.05 J/400 Hz) with a target cumulative energy of 1500 J using cubic 125 mm3 phantom BegoStonesTM. Ureteral damage was graded 1–3 based on the severity of burns and holes observed on the surface of the ureteral model. Results: The were no significant differences in stone ablation mass neither between C and B lasing techniques, nor between expertise levels. At C lasing technique had only mild ureteral lesions with no significant differences between expertise levels (p: 0.97) or laser settings (p: 0.71). At B lasing technique, different types of thermal lesions were found with no expertise (p: 0.11) or setting (p: 0.83) differences. However, B laser setting had higher grade direct thermal lesions than C (p: 0.048). Conclusion: Regarding efficacy, C and B lasing techniques achieve comparable stone ablation rates. Safety-wise, B lasing mode showed higher grade of direct thermal lesions. These results should be further investigated to verify which of the lasing mode is the safest in vivo. Until then and unless proven otherwise, a C mode with low frequency should be recommended to avoid ureteral wall lesions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Acrobasis nuxvorella Neuzing (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) is a monophagous pest of Carya illinoinensis (Wangenh) K. Koch, a plant rich in tannins. When the tannins degrade, high concentrations of gallic acid are released, which are harmful to some insects. However, Acrobasis nuxvorella larvae are not affected by feeding on the plant when gallic acid is released. Therefore, it may be expected that Acrobasis nuxvorella larval gut microbiota may produce the enzyme laccase, enabling them to biotransform gallic acid into other useful molecules. Thus, the intestinal content of the insect was recovered. Among 175 bacterial isolates, 8 showed laccase activity in the range of 0.52–3.9 U/µg of protein. The isolates with laccase activity were identified as the Bacillus species: Bacillus pumilus, Bacillus safensis, Bacillus altitudinis, and Bacillus xiamenensis through 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequencing. In addition, the cotA gene coding for the laccase enzyme was found in the genomic DNA of these eight Bacillus isolates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Iatrogenic ureteral strictures (US) after endoscopic treatment for urolithiasis represent a significant healthcare concern. However, high-quality evidence on the risk factors associated with US is currently lacking. We aimed to develop a consensus statement addressing the definition, risk factors, and follow-up management of iatrogenic US after endoscopic treatment for urolithiasis. Methods: Utilizing a modified Delphi method, a steering committee developed survey statements based on a systematic literature review. Then, a two-round online survey was submitted to 25 experts, offering voting options to assess agreement levels. A consensus panel meeting was held for unresolved statements. The predetermined consensus threshold was set at 70%. Results: The steering committee formulated 73 statements. In the initial survey, consensus was reached on 56 (77%) statements. Following in-depth discussions and refinement of 17 (23%) statements in a consensus meeting, the second survey achieved consensus on 63 (86%) statements. This process underscored agreement on pivotal factors influencing US in endoscopic urolithiasis treatments. Conclusions: This study provides a comprehensive list of categorized risk factors for US following endoscopic urolithiasis treatments. The objectives include enhancing uniformity in research, minimizing redundancy in outcome assessments, and effectively addressing risk factors associated with US. These findings are crucial for designing future clinical trials and guiding endoscopic surgeons in mitigating the risk of US. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Laboratory made granular–granular impact craters have been used as model analogues of planetary impact craters. These kind of craters have been observed and studied using profilometry techniques that allow to retrieve important morphologic features from the impacted surface. In this work, we propose to use a Time-of-Flight camera (Microsoft Kinect One) for the acquisition of depth data. We show comparisons between the typically used technique and the analysis derived from the Time-of-Flight data. We also release craterslab, a Python library developed to automate most of the tasks from the process of studying impact craters produced by granular projectiles hitting on the surface of granular targets. The library is able to acquire, identify, and measure morphological features of impacted surfaces through the reconstruction of 3D topographic maps. Our results show that using a Time-of-Flight camera and automating the data processing with a software library for the systematic study of impact craters can produce very accurate results while reducing the time spent on different stages of the process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Resource islands are vegetative formations in arid and semi-arid ecosystems that harbor microorganisms facing extreme conditions. However, there is a limitation in the knowledge of the agricultural biotechnological potential of microorganisms present in these islands. This study aimed to determine the capacity of Bacillus velezensis C3-3 and Cytobacillus sp. T106 isolates from resource islands to promote plant growth and control the phytopathogen Rhizoctonia solani. The bacteria were sequenced, and both grew at 50 °C, resisted 5% NaCl, withstood UV exposure, and grew in extreme pH conditions. Sixty-six genes in C3-3 and 71 in T106 were identified associated with plant growth promotion, and C3-3 was shown to promote leaf growth in lettuce plants. This promotional effect was associated with the production of indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), phosphorus solubilization, and the presence of genes related to the assimilation of rhizosphere exudates. Both strains inhibited R. solani through the production of volatile compounds and antagonism. Forty-five and 40 of these genes in C3-3 and T106, respectively, were associated with the production of proteases, lipases, siderophores, antimicrobial compounds, degradation enzymes, and secretion systems. Notably, Cytobacillus sp. has not been previously reported as a biocontrol agent. This work contributes to the evidence of the biotechnological potential of semi-arid region bacteria, offering prospects for improving agricultural production in areas with limiting conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The industrial laundry sector is a major user of water and chemicals such as surfactants, and one of the largest producers of wastewater. Although treated wastewaters comply with regulations, they still contain contaminants. Here we review laundry wastewater with focus on industrial laundry activities and their challenges, chemical composition of wastewater, and treatment techniques. We discuss advantages and drawbacks of treatment techniques that can be used as secondary treatment in already existing plants, or as tertiary treatment, i.e., complementary to an existing treatment. We observe that laundry is an expanding industrial sector with increasing water requirements, an abundant use of chemical substances, and increasingly stringent discharge regulations. There is a lack of chemical and biological knowledge on aqueous discharges. Moreover, the chemical composition, temporal variability, treatment information, and environmental and ecotoxicological data are poorly reported. The composition of wastewaters and additives, and their temporal variability are also poorly known. Similarly, detailed information on treatments is rare, and environmental and ecotoxicological data are poorly reported. Finding a tertiary water treatment process that is efficient, viable, and environmentally friendly is challenging since wastewater volumes are very high and contaminants are present at trace level in complex organo-mineral mixtures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study developed several machine learning models to predict defaults in the invoice-trading peer-to-business (P2B) market. Using techniques such as logistic regression, conditional inference trees, random forests, support vector machines, and neural networks, the prediction of the default rate was evaluated. The results showed that these techniques can effectively improve the detection of defaults by up to 56% while maintaining levels of specificity above 70%. Unlike other studies on the same topic, this was performed using sampling techniques to address the imbalance of classes and using different time periods for the training and test datasets to ensure intertemporal validation and realistic predictions. For the first-time, default explainability in the invoice-trading market was studied by examining the impact of macroeconomic factors and invoice characteristics. The findings highlighted that gross domestic product, exports, trade type, and trade bands are significant factors that explain defaults. Furthermore, the pricing mechanisms of P2B platforms were evaluated with the observed and implicit probabilities of the default to analyze the price risk adjustment. The results showed that price reflects a significantly higher implicit probability of default than observed default, which in turn suggests that underlying factors exist besides the borrowers' probability of default. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We aimed to describe differences in the epidemiology, management, and outcomes existing between centers located in countries which differ by geographical location and economic status during to post-pandemic bronchiolitis seasons. This was a prospective observational cohort study performed in two academic centers in Latin America (LA) and three in Italy. All consecutive children with a clinical diagnosis of bronchiolitis were included, following the same data collection form. Nine hundred forty-three patients have been enrolled: 275 from the two Latin American Centers (San Jose, 215; Buenos Aires, 60), and 668 from Italy (Rome, 178; Milano, 163; Bologna, 251; Catania, 76). Children in LA had more frequently comorbidities, and only rarely received palivizumab. A higher number of patients in LA had been hospitalized in a ward (64% versus 23.9%, p < 0.001) or in a PICU (16% versus 6.2%, p < 0.001), and children in LA required overall more often respiratory support, from low flow oxygen to invasive mechanical ventilation, except for CPAP which was more used in Italy. There was no significant difference in prescription rates for antibiotics, but a significantly higher number of patients treated with systemic steroids in Italy. Conclusions: We found significant differences in the care for children with bronchiolitis in Italy and LA. Reasons behind such differences are unclear and would require further investigations to optimize and homogenize practice all over the world. What is Known: • Bronchiolitis is among the commest cause of morbidity and mortality in infants all over the world. What is New: • There are significant differences on how clinicians care for bronchiolitis in different centers and continents. Differences in care can be principally due to different local practices than differences in patients severity/presentations. • Understanding these differences should be a priority to optime and standardize bronchiolitis care globally. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To evaluate long-term surgical and functional outcomes of cystinuric patients exclusively treated with Ureteroscopy (URS). Methods: Data from patients treated for cystine stones at a single academic center were retrospectively analyzed. The management protocol consisted of (i) treating symptomatic or > 7 mm stones, (ii) multi-staged URS for voluminous stones, (iii) referring patients to a dedicated nephrological clinic. The eGFR was calculated according to the MDRD formula. CKD category was assessed according to the NKF classification. Relevant CKD was defined as CKD category ≥ 3a. Descriptive statistics were used to analyze the cohort data. Results: Data from 46 cystinuric patients treated with 332 URS were available. Median age at diagnosis and at first URS in our center were 18 and 32 years, respectively. Median follow-up was 101 months. Median number of URS and recurrences per patient were 6 and 2, respectively. The median interval between the first and the last available creatinine level was 64 months. Median first and last eGFR were 72 and 74 mL/min, respectively. Overall, 83% of patients had stable or improved renal function within the study period. Ureteral stricture occurred in 3 (6.5%) patients. Conclusions: Cystinuria requires intensive endoscopic management. Most patients treated with URS have stable or improved renal function within a long-term follow-up. CKD is a not neglectable event that potentially occurs at an early stage of life. Current findings should be considered for the surgical management of cystinuric patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Illumination characteristics of flexible ureteroscopes have been evaluated in air, but not in saline, the native operative medium for endourology. The aim was to evaluate light properties of contemporary ureteroscopes in air versus saline, light distribution analysis, and color temperature. Methods: We evaluated the Storz Flex-Xc and Flex-X2s, Olympus V3 and P7, Pusen 7.5F and 9.2F, and OTU WiScope using a 3D printed black target board in-vitro model submerged in saline. A spectrometer was used for lux and color temperature measurements at different opening locations. Results: Illuminance was higher in saline compared to air (5679 vs. 5205 lx with Flex-Xc, p = 0.02). Illuminance in saline differed between ureteroscopes (ANOVA p < 0.001), with highest for the Flex-Xc at 100% brightness setting (5679 lx), followed by Pusen 9.2F (5280 lx), Flex-X2s (4613 lx), P7 (4371 lx), V3 (2374 lx), WiScope (582 lx) and finally Pusen 7.5F (255 lx). The same ranking was found at 50% brightness setting, with the highest ureteroscope illuminance value 34 times that of the scope with lowest illuminance. Most scopes had maximum illuminance off center, with skewness. Three scopes had two light sources, with one light source for all other scopes. Inter-scope comparisons revealed significant differences of color temperature (ANOVA p < 0.001). Conclusion: The study demonstrates the presence of inhomogeneous light spread as well as large differences in illumination properties of ureteroscopes, possibly impacting on the performance of individual scopes in vivo. Additionally, the study suggests that future studies on illumination characteristics of flexible ureteroscopes should ideally be done in saline, and no longer in air. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To identify differences in the presentation and surgical outcomes between very large (30–39 mm) and giant (≥ 40 mm) (LARGE group) pituitary adenomas (PAs) compared to the smaller group (< 30 mm) (non-LARGE group). Methods: Eighty patients with very large (n = 44) or giant (n = 36) PAs and 226 patients in the non-LARGE group who underwent tumor resection by pituitary surgery between 2008 and 2023 were studied. Hormonal, radiological, ophthalmological, and pathological data, and surgical outcomes were evaluated. Results: Preoperatively, patients of the LARGE group presented more frequently with visual impairment (82.5% vs. 22.1%, P < 0.001) and with pituitary apoplexy (15.0% vs. 2.7%, P < 0.001) than the non-LARGE group. Moreover, the LARGE group were more commonly associated with preoperative panhypopituitarism (28.8% vs. 6.2%, P < 0.001). This group presented cavernous sinus invasion more frequently (71.3% vs. 23.9%, P < 0.001). The non-LARGE group achieved surgical cure more often than the LARGE group (79.7% vs. 50.0%, P < 0.001), and the rate of major complications was higher in the latest (8.8% vs. 1.3%, P < 0.004). Conclusions: PAs ≥ 30 mm are most frequently accompanied by hormonal dysfunction, cavernous sinus invasion, and visual impairment. All this implies lower resection rates and higher postoperative complications than the smaller adenomas, posing a real surgical challenge. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Silica nanoparticles (SiO2) were synthesized and organically modified with hexadecyltrimethoxysilane (Mod-SiO2) to enhance their interaction with polymer. Composites from recycled high-density polyethylene (HDPE) were obtained by a melt blending method in the presence of SiO2. The properties and photostability of the new materials were studied, as well as evaluating the effect of the content and modification of nanoparticles. Before irradiation, the microhardness of HDPE/SiO2 and HDPE/Mod-SiO2 increased ca. 65% after incorporating 5 wt% of SiO2 and Mod-SiO2 into HDPE, independent of the nanoparticle modification. After irradiation, the microhardness increased for HDPE and HDPE/SiO2, which could be related to the increased degree of crystallinity of the polymers after photodegradation. In addition, nanocomposites with modified nanoparticles (HDPE/Mod-SiO2) presented higher storage modulus (E′) and loss modulus (E″) than neat HDPE and HDPE/SiO2. In general, the HDPE/SiO2 and HDPE/Mod-SiO2 nanocomposites showed lower degradation, evidenced by lower values of carbonyl index (CI) and chemiluminescence emission (CL), and higher M - v values when compared with the neat HDPE after irradiation, especially when 3 wt% of SiO2 was incorporated into HDPE. Also, the good dispersion of modified SiO2 within recycled HDPE could improve its mechanical properties and provide stability to photodegradation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this study was to assess the effect of an optimized hot water treatment (OHWT) on the conservation of fresh eggplants (Solanum melongena L.), which was carried out through the Response Surface Methodology (RSM). Activity of pectin methylesterase (PME), color difference and firmness parameters, as well as the anthocyanin content were optimized according to a rotatable central composite design [process variables: temperature (30–50 °C) and time (5–15 min)]. The RSM results showed an activation on PME activity (1.333–2.922 U/g FW) along with a retention on the quality attributes and optimized conditions of 40 °C and 15 min. In addition, significant differences in bioactive compound contents were observed between treatments, where a greater amount of total phenolic (17.76 mg GAE/100 g) and chlorogenic acid (5.9715 µg CA/mg ME), and fewer anthocyanins were found at OHWT compared to control. Therefore, the application of the optimized conditions (40 °C, 15 min) would be the most suitable to maintain the quality of fresh eggplants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To evaluate whether the clinical, biochemical and radiological features of patients with primary aldosteronism (PA) can predict both main subtypes of PA. Methods: A retrospective multicenter study of PA patients followed in 27 Spanish tertiary hospitals (SPAIN-ALDO Register). Only patients with confirmed unilateral or bilateral PA based on adrenal venous sampling (AVS) and/or postsurgical biochemical cure after adrenalectomy were included. Supervised regression techniques were used for model development. Results: 328 patients [270 unilateral PA (UPA), 58 bilateral PA (BPA)] were included. The area under the curve (AUC) for aldosterone/potassium ratio and aldosterone responses following saline infusion test were 0.602 [95%CI 0.520 to 0.684] and 0.574 [95% CI 0.446–0.701], respectively, to differentiate UPA from BPA. The AUC was 0.825 [95% 0.764–0.886] when the prediction model with seven parameters – comorbidities (dyslipidemia, cerebrovascular disease, sleep apnea syndrome [SAS]), systolic blood pressure (SBP), plasma aldosterone levels (PAC), hypokalemia and unilateral adrenal nodule >1 cm and normal contralateral adrenal gland on CT/MRI – was used. In patients without comorbidities, hypokalemia, SBP > 160 mmHg, PAC > 40 ng/dL, and unilateral adrenal lesions were associated with a likelihood of having a UPA of 98.5%. The chance of BPA was higher in individuals with comorbidities, SBP < 140 mmHg, normokalemia, low PAC levels, and no adrenal tumors on the CT/MRI (91.5%). Conclusion: A combination of high PAC, SBP > 160 mmHg, low serum potassium, a unilateral adrenal nodule>1 cm and no comorbidities could predict a UPA with a 98.5% accuracy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study examined how conspiracy beliefs about COVID-19 vaccines specifically relate to symptoms of fear of COVID-19 in a sample of four South American countries. A total of 1785 people from Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru participated, responding to a sociodemographic survey, the Fear of COVID-19 scale (FCV-19 S) and the Vaccine Conspiracy Beliefs Scale-COVID-19 (VCBS-COVID-19). Network analysis identified the most important symptoms of fear and conspiracy beliefs about COVID-19 vaccines (nodes) and the associations between them (edges). In addition, the robustness of the network of these indicators of centrality and the possible differences in the structure and connectivity of the networks between the four countries were evaluated. The results suggest that the nodes with the highest centrality were items 2 and 5 of the FCV-19 S and item 2 of the VCBS-COVID-19. Likewise, item 6 is the belief that most predicts conspiracy beliefs about vaccines against COVID-19; while item 6 was the symptom that most predicts fear of COVID-19. The findings strongly support cross-cultural similarities in the networks across the four countries rather than differences. Although it was expected that a higher presence of symptoms of fear of COVID-19 may lead people to compensate for their fear by believing in conspiratorial ideas about vaccines and, consequently, rejecting the COVID-19 vaccine, the results do not clearly show this relationship. This could lead other researchers to generate evidence to explain the differences between Latin American countries and countries in other contexts in terms of vaccination rates. This evidence could be useful to develop policies favoring vaccination against COVID-19 that are more contextualized to the Latin American region, characterized by social instability and economic recession during the pandemic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study assesses the relationship between COVID-19 anxiety and subjective well-being in terms of the mediating role of COVID-19 preventive behaviors. Additionally, the contribution of sociodemographic factors (sex and age) and risk perception on COVID-19 anxiety and its potential measurement invariance was tested in 5655 participants from 12 countries in Latin America and the Caribbean. A mixture of both latent and observable variables were analyzed using a system of structural equations. The Coronavirus Anxiety Scale (CAS), Preventive COVID-19 Infection Behaviors Scale (PCIBS) and single-item measures were used to assess the perceived probability of death, perceived severity and concern about transmitting COVID-19. The results indicated that there is a significant and relevant direct effect of COVID-19 anxiety on participants' well-being. Furthermore, COVID-19 anxiety significantly predicted both preventive behavior (β =.29, p <.01) and well-being (β = –.32, p <.01). The effects of COVID anxiety and preventive behavior explained 9.8% of the variance in well-being (R-square =.098); whereas, 8.4% of the variance in preventive behavior was associated with COVID anxiety (R-square =.084). Likewise, perceived likelihood of death from COVID, perceived severity of COVID, and concerns about COVID transmission were positively related to anxiety. Age was negatively related to anxiety, with men being less anxious than women. The results are invariant by country, i.e., the broad relationships found in the combined sample are also present in each individual country. The findings indicate that, although the exact relationships between variables may vary between countries, there are enough similarities to provide useful information about the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in each of the countries included in the study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Motors that work with high voltage and consume a lot of power, specifically those of 6 kV and 650 kW, generate harmonics of voltage and current harmful to the electro-energy system, causing problems in its correct operation. In this study, the quality of the electrical energy of a motor having those characteristics is analyzed by measuring voltage, current intensity, power factor, active power, reactive power, as well as voltage and current harmonics. Results show that the main problem lies in the fact that the total current harmonic distortion reached a value of 17.1%, which is above the maximum value permissible according to the standard for the motor object of study. However, the total voltage harmonic distortion resulted within the allowable values, reaching a maximum of 3.3%. To mitigate the harmful effects of the total current harmonic distortion, passive and active filters were designed and simulated to improve the motor's operation and solve the problems. For the design and simulation of the filters, MATLAB R2015a software and LabView 2014 software were used. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Worldwide urban landscapes are expanding because of the growing human population. Urban ecosystems serve as habitats to highly diverse communities. However, studies focusing on the diversity and structure of ectomycorrhizal communities are uncommon in this habitat. In Colombia, Quercus humboldtii Bonpl. is an ectomycorrhizal tree thriving in tropical montane forests hosting a high diversity of ectomycorrhizal fungi. Q. humboldtii is planted as an urban tree in Bogotá (Colombia). We studied how root-associated fungal communities of this tree change between natural and urban areas. Using Illumina sequencing, we amplified the ITS1 region and analyzed the resulting data using both OTUs and Amplicon Sequence Variants (ASVs) bioinformatics pipelines. The results obtained using both pipelines showed no substantial differences between OTUs and ASVs for the community patterns of root-associated fungi, and only differences in species richness were observed. We found no significant differences in the species richness between urban and rural sites based on Fisher's alpha or species-accumulation curves. However, we found significant differences in the community composition of fungi present in the roots of rural and urban trees with rural communities being dominated by Russula and Lactarius and urban communities by Scleroderma, Hydnangium, and Trechispora, suggesting a high impact of urban disturbances on ectomycorrhizal fungal communities. Our results highlight the importance of urban trees as reservoirs of fungal diversity and the potential impact of urban conditions on favoring fungal species adapted to more disturbed ecosystems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: As Hearing loss and dementia affect people with the same profile, several epidemiological studies have evaluated their relationship. However, the link between age-related hearing loss and Alzheimer's disease is still unclear. Methods: We selected subjects with no history of exposure to loud noises, blasts, head trauma with hearing loss, or sudden sensorineural hearing loss from a cohort intended to study preclinical phases of Alzheimer's disease. Participants are volunteers over 55 years without cognitive impairment. We correlated the results of an objective auditory evaluation with brain amyloid and p-tau181 levels and with the outcomes of a comprehensive neuropsychological assessment. Results: Fifty-five subjects at different stages of the Alzheimer's disease continuum were evaluated. There were no statistically significant correlations between amyloid-β and p-tau levels and any of the objective auditory measures. A weak but significant correlation was found between amyloid-β values and the Hearing Handicap Inventory for the Elderly. The neuropsychological domains more correlated to hearing loss were executive function and processing speed. Discussion: Age-related hearing loss is not linked to any pathological markers of Alzheimer's disease nor to neuropsychological domains typically affected in this disease. The Hearing Handicap Inventory for the Elderly has an important component of subjectivity and further studies are needed to explore its relationship with amyloid-β levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This study aims to determine whether older breast cancer survivors score lower on neuropsychological tests compared to matched non-cancer controls and to test the hypotheses that survivors who were APOE ε4 carriers would have the lowest cognitive performance but that smoking history would decrease the negative effect of ε4 on cognition. Methods: Female breast cancer survivors who had been diagnosed and treated at age 60 or older and were 5–15-year survivors (N = 328) and age and education matched non-cancer controls (N = 162) were assessed at enrollment and at 8-, 16-, and 24-month follow-ups with standard neuropsychological and psychological assessments. Blood for APOE genotyping was collected, and smoking history was assessed at enrollment. Participants were purposely recruited so that approximately 50% had a history of treatment with chemotherapy or no chemotherapy and approximately 50% had a smoking history. Results: After adjusting for age, cognitive reserve, depression, and fatigue, breast cancer survivors scored significantly lower on all domains of cognitive function. A significant two-way interaction demonstrated that the negative effect of ε4 on cognitive performance was stronger among survivors. A significant three-way interaction supported the hypothesis that smoking history had a protective effect on cognitive function in ε4 carriers that was more pronounced in the controls than the survivors. Conclusions: The results support the long-term cognitive impact of breast cancer diagnosis and treatments on older, disease-free survivors, particularly for ε4 carriers. The results also emphasize the importance of assessing smoking history when examining APOE and cognition and are an example of the complex interactions of age, genetics, health behaviors, and disease history in determining cognitive function. Implications for Cancer Survivors: These results help explain why only a subset of breast cancer survivors appear to be vulnerable to cognitive problems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the limitations of implementing animal breeding programs in small-scale or extensive production systems is the lack of production records and genealogical records. In this context, molecular markers could help to gain information for the breeding program. This study addresses the inclusion of molecular data into traditional genetic evaluation models as a random effect by molecular pedigree reconstruction and as a fixed effect by Bayesian clustering. The methods were tested for lactation curve traits in 14 dairy goat herds with incomplete phenotypic data and pedigree information. The results showed an increment of 37.3% of the relationships regarding the originals with MOLCOAN and clustering into five genetic groups. Data leads to estimating additive variance, error variance, and heritability with four different models, including pedigree and molecular information. Deviance Information Criterion (DIC) values demonstrate a greater fitting of the models that include molecular information either as fixed (genetic clusters) or as random (molecular matrix) effects. The molecular information of simple markers can complement genetic improvement strategies in populations with little information. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Environmental niche modeling (ENM) has emerged as a promising tool for identifying grass species with potential for rangeland restoration. This approach can detect suitable areas and environments where these species can be planted. In this study, we employed ENM to estimate the potential distribution range of 50 grass species of the grasslands and shrublands of northern Mexico. The outcome of the ENM served to identify grass species with potential for restoration in Mexico, especially those not commonly used for that purpose in the past. Results suggested the possibility of selecting seven grass species with the potential for revegetating degraded grasslands, nine for shrublands, and six for alkaline soils. This research provides insights into the environmental adaptations of different grass species distributed in the rangelands of northern Mexico. Ecologists, conservation planners, researchers, and range managers could use these outcomes and the maps of the potential distribution ranges as supportive information to conduct effective restoration efforts. In turn, this can assist in increasing the probability of success of future rangelands restoration programs, which are often costly in terms of financial investments and labor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

According to the IPCC, most regions worldwide will be gradually exposed to the amplification of the duration, frequency, and intensity of extreme climatic events, and the effects that extreme events can cause on human well-being and the economy. This study aims to develop linear regression models to estimate the soy and maize yields from extreme climatic and bioclimatic indices in three geographical subregions of Latin America (Mexico, Brazil, and Argentina) between 1979 and 2005. We used daily datasets from observations (CPC), reanalysis (ERA5), and regional climate model (RCM) simulations from the Coordinated Regional Climate Downscaling Experiment (CORDEX) to investigate the impact of extreme events of temperature and precipitation on maize and soy yields over the CORDEX Central America and South America domains. We first assessed the RCMs' performance in reproducing extreme indices by comparing them against observations. The validation process evidenced the need for applying bias correction techniques to simulate daily precipitation and temperature for a better performance of the indices. The results show a higher correlation between the daily temperature range (DTR), cold nights and warm nights for soy production in Argentina (R2: − 0.74, − 0.80 and 0.75, respectively) and Mexico (R2: − 0.80, − 0.81, 0.70) for maize. Regionally, the linear model (simulated with observed data) using these indices presented an agreement with observed yield data in Mexico and Brazil, with explained variances exceeding 70% for maize in these subregions, while Argentina presented a better performance for soy yield. An intriguing finding was the superior performance of linear models when used with CPC-corrected RCM data compared to ERA5. Taken together, our results highlight the capabilities and constraints of linear models as valuable tools for developing adaptation and mitigation strategies, enabling precise yield forecasting, and informing policy decisions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To summarize the available data on the prevalence, clinical repercussion, and diagnosis of primary aldosteronism (PA) and to discuss the SPAIN-ALDO registry's findings, which is the largest PA patient registry in Spain. Methods: A comprehensive review of the literature focused on the prevalence, clinical presentation and diagnosis of PA was performed. Results: PA is the most common cause of secondary arterial hypertension. In addition, PA patients have a higher cardio-metabolic risk than patients with essential arterial hypertension matched by age, sex, and blood pressure levels. However, despite its high prevalence and associated metabolic and cardiovascular complications, PA remains largely under-recognized, with less than 2% of people in at-risk populations ever tested. The diagnostic investigation is a multistep process, including screening, confirmatory testing, and subtype differentiation of unilateral from bilateral PA forms. Data from the SPAIN-ALDO registry have shed light on the cardiometabolic impact of PA and about the limitations in the PA diagnosis of these patients in Spain. Conclusions: The most common cause of secondary hypertension is PA. One of the most challenging aspects of the diagnosis is the differentiation between unilateral and bilateral PA because adrenal venous sampling is a difficult procedure that should be performed in experienced centers. Data from the SPAIN-ALDO registry have provided important information on the nationwide management of this pathology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cultured meat is an emerging technology to produce edible muscles using animal cells, scaffolds, and bioreactors, avoiding the slaughter of farmed animals. Since muscle cells tend to grow disorganized, the use of microstructuring technologies to produce scaffolds is essential to align functional muscle structures. In this work, an edible scaffold (film) with parallel microchannels formulated with marine biopolymers was made. The effect of parallel microchannels on the behavior of muscle cells and gene expression involved in fusion and myogenesis were assessed. Our results show that the array of microchannels allow the formation of parallel, elongated, and multinucleated structures, like a muscle bundle. In addition, the glycolytic metabolism increases when cells grew on the microchannels. Significant correlations between gene expressions of Myomaker and MyoD, between Myomixer and Myosin heavy chain, and between Myogenin and Myosin heavy chain were found and associated with the microstructure effect. An inferred model of myogenic progression was proposed and validated identifying proteins by immunofluorescence on cells seeded on the microstructured film-scaffolds. This model allows to understand the role of myogenic markers in the production of cultured meat using microstructured scaffolds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: We aimed to investigate the association between initial dysnatremia (hyponatremia and hypernatremia) and in-hospital mortality, as well as between initial dysnatremia and functional outcomes, among children with traumatic brain injury (TBI). Method: We performed a multicenter observational study among 26 pediatric intensive care units from January 2014 to August 2022. We recruited children with TBI under 18 years of age who presented to participating sites within 24 h of injury. We compared demographics and clinical characteristics between children with initial hyponatremia and eu-natremia and between those with initial hypernatremia and eu-natremia. We defined poor functional outcome as a discharge Pediatric Cerebral Performance Category (PCPC) score of moderate, severe disability, coma, and death, or an increase of at least 2 categories from baseline. We performed multivariable logistic regression for mortality and poor PCPC outcome. Results: Among 648 children, 84 (13.0%) and 42 (6.5%) presented with hyponatremia and hypernatremia, respectively. We observed fewer 14-day ventilation-free days between those with initial hyponatremia [7.0 (interquartile range (IQR) = 0.0–11.0)] and initial hypernatremia [0.0 (IQR = 0.0–10.0)], compared to eu-natremia [9.0 (IQR = 4.0–12.0); p = 0.006 and p < 0.001]. We observed fewer 14-day ICU-free days between those with initial hyponatremia [3.0 (IQR = 0.0–9.0)] and initial hypernatremia [0.0 (IQR = 0.0–3.0)], compared to eu-natremia [7.0 (IQR = 0.0–11.0); p = 0.006 and p < 0.001]. After adjusting for age, severity, and sex, presenting hyponatremia was associated with in-hospital mortality [adjusted odds ratio (aOR) = 2.47, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.31–4.66, p = 0.005] and poor outcome (aOR = 1.67, 95% CI = 1.01–2.76, p = 0.045). After adjustment, initial hypernatremia was associated with mortality (aOR = 5.91, 95% CI = 2.85–12.25, p < 0.001) and poor outcome (aOR = 3.00, 95% CI = 1.50–5.98, p = 0.002). Conclusion: Among children with TBI, presenting dysnatremia was associated with in-hospital mortality and poor functional outcome, particularly hypernatremia. Future research should investigate longitudinal sodium measurements in pediatric TBI and their association with clinical outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polycomb Repressive Complexes (PRCs) control gene expression through the incorporation of H2Aub and H3K27me3. In recent years, there is increasing evidence of the complexity of PRCs’ interaction networks and the interplay of these interactors with PRCs in epigenome reshaping, which is fundamental to understand gene regulatory mechanisms. Here, we identified UBIQUITIN SPECIFIC PROTEASE 5 (UBP5) as a chromatin player able to counteract the deposition of the two PRCs’ epigenetic hallmarks in Arabidopsis thaliana. We demonstrated that UBP5 is a plant developmental regulator based on functional analyses of ubp5-CRISPR Cas9 mutant plants. UBP5 promotes H2A monoubiquitination erasure, leading to transcriptional de-repression. Furthermore, preferential association of UBP5 at PRC2 recruiting motifs and local H3K27me3 gaining in ubp5 mutant plants suggest the existence of functional interplays between UBP5 and PRC2 in regulating epigenome dynamics. In summary, acting as an antagonist of the pivotal epigenetic repressive marks H2Aub and H3K27me3, UBP5 provides novel insights to disentangle the complex regulation of PRCs’ activities.The authors demonstrate that UBIQUITIN SPECIFIC PROTEASE 5 (UBP5) is a major H2Aub deubiquitinase that antagonises H3K27me3, leading to transcriptional de-repression and controlling development in Arabidopsis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To perform a comprehensive narrative review that will examine the risk factors and treatment outcomes of arterial pseudoaneurysm following laser flexible ureteroscopy (F-URS). Methods: A retrospective case series and a review of literature was performed. Clinical records from three patients treated for postoperative arterial pseudoaneurysm from January of 2021 to November 2023 were identified. A comprehensive literature review was also performed. The MEDLINE and Scopus databases were searched. The analysis was made by a narrative synthesis. Results: Three cases of postoperative arterial pseudoaneurysm were included, one from our center, one from Dubai, UAE, and one from Barcelona. The literature review identified six case reports, two after endocorporeal laser lithotripsy with thulium fiber laser (TFL) and four with Ho:YAG laser. All cases, from our series and literature review, presented with macroscopic hematuria and used high-power laser settings. All cases were treated by selective embolization. Conclusion: Ho:YAG or TFL lasers are both capable of causing arterial pseudoaneurysms following F-URS if high-power settings are used. Selective artery embolization continues to be the treatment of choice with good outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction and objectives Medical device companies have introduced new TFL machines, including Soltive (Olympus, Japan), Fiber Dust (Quanta System, Italy), and TFLDrive (Coloplast, France). The primary objective of this study is to compare our initial clinical experiences with TFL using those devices. Through this historical comparison of Thulium Fiber Laser systems for stone lithotripsy, we aim to advance our understanding and approach toward achieving safe and effective TFL parameters. Materials and methods The data for this comparative analysis were extracted from three distinct prospective series that were previously published, outlining our initial clinical experience with the Soltive (Olympus, Japan), Fiber Dust laser (Quanta System, Italy), and TFLDrive laser (Coloplast, France). Parameters such as stone size, stone density, laser-on time (LOT), and laser settings were meticulously recorded. Additionally, we assessed critical variables such as ablation speed (expressed in mm3 /s) and Joules/mm3 for each lithotripsy procedure. Results A total of 149 patients were enrolled in this study. Among them, 120 patients were subjected to analysis concerning renal stones. Statistically significant differences were observed in the median (IQR) stone volume: 650 (127–6027) mm3 for TFLDrive, 1800 (682.8–2760) mm3 for Soltive, and 1125 (294–4000) mm3 for FiberDust (p: 0.007); while there were no differences regarding stone density among the groups. Significant variations were identified in median (IQR) pulse energy, frequency, and total power. The Soltive group exhibited lower energy levels (0.3 J vs. 0.6 J, p: 0.002) but significantly higher pulse frequency (100 Hz vs. 17.5 Hz, p: 0.003) and total power (24 W vs. 11W, p: 0.001) compared to the other groups. Laser-on time showed no substantial differences across all three groups. Additionally, a statistically significant difference was observed in median J/mm3, with the TFLDrive group using higher values (24 J/mm3, p: 0.001), while the Soltive group demonstrated a higher median ablation speed of 1.16 mm3/s (p: 0.001). The overall complication rate remained low for all groups, with comparable stone-free rates. Conclusion By reducing pulsed frequency, we improved laser efficiency, but smaller volumes lead to decreased efficiency due to increased retropulsion and fragment movement. Further studies are needed to identify and establish the appropriate laser settings for this new technology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This study aimed to evaluate the ability of Kidney Stone Calculator (KSC), a flexible ureteroscopy surgical planning software, to predict the lithotripsy duration with both holmium:YAG (Ho:YAG) and thulium fiber laser (TFL). Methods: A multicenter prospective study was conducted from January 2020 to April 2023. Patients with kidney or ureteral stones confirmed at non-contrast computed tomography and treated by flexible ureteroscopy with laser lithotripsy were enrolled. “Kidney Stone Calculator” provided stone volume and subsequent lithotripsy duration estimation using three-dimensional segmentation of the stone on computed tomography and the graphical user interface for laser settings. The primary endpoint was the quantitative and qualitative comparison between estimated and effective lithotripsy durations. Secondary endpoints included subgroup analysis (Ho:YAG–TFL) of differences between estimated and effective lithotripsy durations and intraoperative outcomes. Multivariate analysis assessed the association between pre- and intraoperative variables and these differences according to laser source. Results: 89 patients were included in this study, 43 and 46 in Ho:YAG and TFL groups, respectively. No significant difference was found between estimated and effective lithotripsy durations (27.37 vs 28.36 min, p = 0.43) with a significant correlation (r = + 0.89, p < 0.001). Among groups, this difference did not differ (p = 0.68 and 0.07, respectively), with a higher correlation between estimated and effective lithotripsy durations for TFL compared to Ho:YAG (r = + 0.95, p < 0.001 vs r = + 0.81, p < 0.001, respectively). At multivariate analysis, the difference was correlated with preoperative (volume > 2000 mm3 (Ho:YAG), 500–750 mm3 SV and calyceal diverticulum (TFL)), operative (fragmentation setting (p > 0.001), and basket utilization (p = 0.05) (Ho:YAG)) variables. Conclusion: KSC is a reliable tool for predicting the lithotripsy duration estimation during flexible ureteroscopy for both Ho:YAG and TFL. However, some variables not including laser source may lead to underestimating this estimation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Artifacts from poor ureteroscopes’ light design with shadowing and dark areas in the field of view have been reported. The aim was to quantify effects of light obstruction in a kidney calyx model. Methods: We evaluated a series of contemporary flexible ureteroscopes including the Storz Flex-Xc and Flex-X2s, Olympus V3 and P7, Pusen 7.5F and 9.2F, as well as OTU Wiscope using an enclosed 3D-printed pink in vitro kidney calyx model submerged in saline, where the field of light was intentionally partially obstructed alternatively at 12, 3, 6, and 9 o’clock. A color spectrometer was used for illuminance measurements at a 45° opening position in the background of the model. Results: Overall and mean background illuminance for each obstructive situation were significantly different between scopes for both 50% and 100% brightness settings (ANOVA p < 0.001). At 50% brightness setting, almost all scopes had their highest and lowest background illuminance with the 6 o’clock and 3 o’clock obstructive situation, respectively. At 100% brightness setting, these became 6 o’clock and 12 o’clock obstructive situations. Considering each obstructive situation individually, the Flex-Xc was consistently the scope with highest background illuminance and the Pusen 7.5F the lowest. Background illuminance for each obstructive situation varied significantly for each scope individually, with the greatest range of variability for Pusen 7.5F and V3. Conclusions: Illuminance performance of ureteroscopes within an obstructed calyx model differ significantly for various obstructive situations. Urologists should be aware of this to help guide their choice of ureteroscope. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Both Holmium:yttrium–aluminium–garnet (Ho:YAG) laser and Thulium Fiber Laser (TFL) can effectively treat all urinary stone types. This in vitro study evaluated the ablation volume per pulse (AVP) and required energy needed to ablate 1mm3 (RE, J/mm3) of various stone types at different laser settings with TFL. Methods: 272-µm core-diameter laser fibers (Boston Scientific©) were connected to a 50 Watts TFL generator (IPG®). An experimental setup immerged human stones of calcium oxalate monohydrate (COM), uric acid (UA), and cystine (CYS) with a single pulse lasing emission (0.5/0.8/1 J), in contact mode. Stones were dried out before three-dimensional scanning to measure AVP and deduce from the pulse energy (PE) and AVP the RE. A direct comparison with known Ho:YAG’s AVP and RE was then carried out. Results: AVP for COM stones was significantly greater than those for CYS stones and similar to UA stones (p = 0.02 and p = 0.06, respectively). If AVP increased with PE against COM and UA stones, AVP decreased against CYS stones. 1 J PE resulted in a threefold lower RE compared with other PE for COM stones. On the contrary, RE for CYS increased with PE, whereas PE did not had influence on RE for UA. TFL was associated with greater AVP for COM, but lower for UA and CYS stones compared to Ho:YAG laser. Conclusion: This in vitro study firstly describes the ablation volume per pulse and required energy to treat a cubic millimeter of three frequent human stone types, and suggest TFL could not be suited for cystine. Therefore, stone composition could be considered when choosing the laser source for lithotripsy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Primary aldosteronism (PA) is associated with several cardiometabolic comorbidities. Specific treatment by mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists (MRA) or adrenalectomy has been reported to reduce the cardiometabolic risk. However, the cardiovascular benefit could depend on plasma renin levels in patients on MRA. Aim: To compare the development of cardiovascular, renal and metabolic complications between medically treated patients with PA and those who underwent adrenalectomy, taking the renin status during MRA treatment into account. Methods: A multicenter retrospective study (SPAIN-ALDO Register) of patients with PA treated at 35 Spanish tertiary hospitals. Patients on MRA were divided into two groups based on renin suppression (n = 90) or non-suppression (n = 70). Both groups were also compared to unilateral PA patients (n = 275) who achieved biochemical cure with adrenalectomy. Results: Adrenalectomized patients were younger, had higher plasma aldosterone concentration, and lower potassium levels than MRA group. Patients on MRA had similar baseline characteristics when stratified into treatment groups with suppressed and unsuppressed renin. 97 (55.1%) of 176 patients without comorbidities at diagnosis, developed at least one comorbidity during follow-up (median 12 months vs. 12.5 months' follow-up after starting MRA and surgery, respectively). Surgery group had a lower risk of developing new cardiovascular events (HR 0.40 [95% CI 0.18–0.90]) than MRA group. Surgical treatment improved glycemic and blood pressure control, increased serum potassium levels, and required fewer antihypertensive drugs than medical treatment. However, there were no differences in the cardiometabolic profile or the incidence of new comorbidities between the groups with suppressed and unsuppressed renin levels (HR 0.95 [95% CI 0.52–1.73]). Conclusion: Cardiovascular, renal, and metabolic events were comparable in MRA patients with unsuppressed and suppressed renin. Effective surgical treatment of PA was associated with a decreased incidence of new cardiovascular events when compared to MRA therapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

High-frequency oscillatory ventilation (HFOV) is an alternative to conventional mechanical ventilation (CMV). Recently, the use of volume guarantee (VG) combined with HFOV has been suggested as a safe strategy capable of reducing the damage induced by ventilation in immature lungs. However, the possible impact of this new ventilation technique on cerebral hemodynamics is unknown. To evaluate the cerebral hemodynamics effect of HFOV combined with VG in an experimental animal model of neonatal respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) due to surfactant deficiency compared with HFOV and CMV+VG (control group). Eighteen newborn piglets were randomized, before and after the induction of RDS by bronchoalveolar lavage, into 3 mechanical ventilation groups: CMV, HFOV and HFOV with VG. Changes in cerebral oxygen transport and consumption and cerebral blood flow were analyzed by non-invasive regional cerebral oxygen saturation (CrSO2), jugular venous saturation (SjO2), the calculated cerebral oxygen extraction fraction (COEF), the calculated cerebral fractional tissue oxygen extraction (cFTOE) and direct measurement of carotid artery flow. To analyze the temporal evolution of these variables, a mixed-effects linear regression model was constructed. After randomization, the following statistically significant results were found in every group: a drop in carotid artery flow: at a rate of -1.7 mL/kg/min (95% CI: -2.5 to -0.81; p < 0.001), CrSO2: at a rate of -6.2% (95% CI: -7.9 to -4.4; p < 0.001) and SjO2: at a rate of -20% (95% CI: -26 to -15; p < 0.001), accompanied by an increase in COEF: at a rate of 20% (95% CI: 15 to 26; p < 0.001) and cFTOE: at a rate of 0.07 (95% CI: 0.05 to 0.08; p < 0.001) in all groups. No statistically significant differences were found between the HFOV groups. Conclusion: No differences were observed at cerebral hemodynamic between respiratory assistance in HFOV with and without VG, being the latter ventilatory strategy equally safe. What is Known: • Preterm have a situation of fragility of cerebral perfusion wich means that any mechanical ventilation strategy can have a significant influence. High-frequency oscillatory ventilation (HFOV) is an alternative to conventional mechanical ventilation (CMV). Recently, the use of volume guarantee (VG) combined with HFOV has been suggested as a safe strategy capable of reducing the damage induced by ventilation in immature lungs. Several studies have compared CMV and HFOV and their effects at hemodynamic level. It is known that the use of high mean airway pressure in HFOV can cause an increase in pulmonary vascular resistance with a decrease in thoracic venous return. What is New: • The possible impact of VAFO + VG on cerebral hemodynamics is unknown. Due the lack of studies and the existing controversy, we have carried out this research project in an experimental animal model with the aim of evaluating the cerebral hemodynamic repercussion of the use of VG in HFOV compared to the classic strategy without VG. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This letter is a comment on a study that examined the use of the Holmium: Yttrium-Aluminum-Garnet (Ho:YAG) laser with Vapor Tunnel (VT) technology for treating non-complex kidney stones. The authors of the comment raise questions about the characteristics and effectiveness of the VT pulse compared to other pulse modulations. They also discuss the study design and suggest that including consecutive patients and comparing the VT group with a different laser source would have been beneficial. The authors conclude that further clinical studies are needed to confirm the findings and compare VT with other laser modes. [Extracted from the article]

Purpose: To provide a technological description of the new pulsed solid-state Thulium:YAG laser (Tm:YAG). In addition, current available literature on Tm:YAG lithotripsy is also reviewed. Materials and methods: Medline, Scopus, Embase, and Web of Science databases were used to search for Tm:YAG operating mode articles. Results: Tm:YAG technology works with a laser cavity with thulium-doped YAG crystal, pumped by laser diodes. Laser beam operates at 2013 nm, with an adjustable peak power (≥ 1000 W) and the minimal fiber laser diameter is of 200 µm. It has an intermediate water absorption coefficient and peak power-pulse duration. Various pulse modulations are proposed, aiming to minimize stone retropulsion. Multiple comparative in vitro studies suggest that Tm:YAG's ability to fragment stones is similar to the one of the Ho:YAG laser; on the contrary, its ability to dust all stone types is similar to the one of the TFL, with a low retropulsion. A single in vivo study assessed Tm:YAG lithotripsy feasibility. Conclusions: The new pulsed solid-state thulium:YAG laser could represent a safe and effective compromise between Ho:YAG laser and TFL for endoscopic lithotripsy, either in retrograde intra-renal surgeries or in percutaneous nephrolithotomy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and objective: We aimed to evaluate the concordance between the pre-settings ranges of thulium fibre laser (TFL) (Coloplast TFL Drive, Denmark) with easy-to-use graphical user interface and the laser settings used by a high-volume endo-urologist during surgical procedures. Materials and methods: In October 2022, we prospectively collected data of 67 patients who underwent TFL Drive (Coloplast, Denmark) for the management of urinary stones. Urothelial tumour (upper tract urinary cancer (UTUC) and bladder) 200 and 150 μm laser fibres were used for procedures. Stones characteristics (size and density) tumours and stenosis localizations, laser-on time (LOT), and laser settings were recorded. We also assessed the ablation speed (mm3/s), laser power (W), and Joules/mm3 values for each lithotripsy. Results: A total 67 patients took part in the study. Median age was 52 (15–81) years. 55 (82%), 8 (12%), and 4 (6%) patients presented urinary stones, urothelial tumour, and stenosis, respectively. Median stone volume was 438 (36–6027) mm3 and median density was 988 (376–2000) HU. Median pulse energy was 0.6 (0.3–1.2), 0.8 (0.5–1) and 1 J for urinary stones, urothelial tumour and stenosis respectably. Endoscopically stone-free rate was 89%. Graphical user interface and surgeon accordance with the safety range were observed in 93.2%, 100% and 100% for urinary stones, UTUC and stenosis, respectively. Conclusion: During endoscopic procedures for urinary stones treatment, it is frequently needed to change laser parameters. These new TFL and GUI technology parameters remained in the pre-set security range in 94.1% of procedures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mexico is one of the main diversification centers of cacti in the world, with more than 500 endemic species, most of which remain nutritionally and functionally uncharacterized. The columnar cacti of the genus Pachycereus comprise five underutilized endemic Mexican species, whose nutraceutical properties have only been studied in the P. weberi species. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the nutritional quality and bioactive properties of etcho (P. pecten-aboriginum) and giant cardon (P. pringlei) fruit. The physical, chemical, and nutritional composition of etcho and giant cardon fruits were characterized, as well as the profile and content of bioactive compounds, antioxidant activity (ABTS•+ and DPPH•), and antiproliferative capacity in cervical (HeLa) and breast cancer (MDA-MB-231, MCF-7, and T-47D) cell lines. Our results suggest that etcho and giant cardon fruits are rich sources of essential nutrients and bioactive phytochemicals (including K, Mg, P, dietary fiber, polyphenolic compounds, vitamin C, betalains, and myo-inositol) with antioxidant and anticancer potential by inhibiting the proliferation of all evaluated cell lines with IC50 values in the range of 198 to 287 µg of gallic acid equivalents/mL. Therefore, etcho and giant cardon fruits could be used for nutraceutical purposes, and their consumption could promote health benefits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The objective of this observational, descriptive, cross-sectional, multicentre study was to assess the perceived quality and grade of satisfaction expressed by patients with chronic arthropathies regarding the use of musculoskeletal (MSK) ultrasonography by rheumatologists as an integrated clinical care tool. Methods: All Spanish rheumatology departments with MSK ultrasonography incorporated in their healthcare services were invited to participate in the study. A Spanish-language survey was offered to fill out anonymously to all consecutive patients with chronic arthropathies under follow-up in the rheumatology outpatient clinics who attended their centre for a period of 3 months. The survey consisted of three sections. The first section contained patients' demographics, disease data, frequency of performing rheumatological ultrasound and information about who performed their ultrasound assessments. The second section consisted of 14 questions about patient's experience and opinion on different aspects of the management, performance and perceived usefulness of performing ultrasound, to be answered on a Likert scale 1–5. The third section of the survey was addressed to the rheumatologist ultrasonographers. Results: Nine hundred and four patients from 16 university hospital rheumatology departments completed the survey. All questions reached an overall favourable response ≥ 80%. Patients who reported usual ultrasound examinations in their rheumatology care and those in which it was their attending rheumatologist who performed the ultrasound assessments responded more favourably. Conclusion: Our encouraging patient-centred results may be useful in facilitating the implementation of rheumatological ultrasound in rheumatology care worldwide. Key Points • This is the largest multicentre survey carried out in patients with chronic joint diseases designed to assess their experience and perceived benefits with the use of ultrasonography performed by rheumatologists in daily practice. • Musculoskeletal ultrasound incorporated into rheumatology care was very well accepted and valued by most patients. • The patients perceived that ultrasonography helps not only their rheumatologist but also themselves to better understand their condition. • The patients believed that ultrasonography helps them accept and comply with the proposed treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Coronavirus Anxiety Scale (CAS) was recently developed to assess dysfunctional anxiety related to COVID-19. Although different studies reported that the CAS is psychometrically sound, it is unclear whether it is invariant across countries. Therefore, the present study aimed to examine the measurement invariance of the CAS in twelve Latin American countries (Argentina, Bolivia, Chile, Colombia, Cuba, Ecuador, El Salvador, Guatemala, Mexico, Paraguay, Peru, and Uruguay). A total of 5196 people participated, with a mean age of 34.06 (SD = 26.54). Multigroup confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was used to examine the measurement invariance of the CAS across countries and gender. Additionally, the graded response model (GRM) was used to provide a global representation of the representativeness of the scale with respect to the COVID-19 dysfunctional anxiety construct. The unidimensional structure of the five-item CAS was not confirmed in all countries. Therefore, it was suggested that a four-item model of the CAS (CAS-4) provides a better fit across the twelve countries and reliable scores. Multigroup CFA showed that the CAS-4 exhibits scalar invariance across all twelve countries and all genders. In addition, the CAS-4 items are more informative at average and high levels of COVID-19 dysfunctional anxiety than at lower levels. According to the results, the CAS-4 is an instrument with strong cross-cultural validity and is suitable for cross-cultural comparisons of COVID-19 dysfunctional anxiety symptoms in the general population of the twelve Latin American countries evaluated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 2020, the COVID-19 pandemic followed a two-wave pattern in most countries. Hospital admission for COVID-19 in one wave or another could have affected mortality, especially among the older persons. The objective of this study was to evaluate whether the admission of older patients during the different waves, before SARS-CoV-2 vaccination was available, was associated with a different mortality. We compared the mortality rates of patients hospitalized during 2020 before (first wave) and after (second wave) July 7, 2020, included in the SEMI-COVID-19 Registry, a large, multicenter, retrospective cohort of patients admitted to 126 Spanish hospitals for COVID-19. A multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed to control for changes in either the patient or disease profile. As of December 26, 2022, 22,494 patients had been included (17,784 from the first wave and 4710 from the second one). Overall mortality was 20.4% in the first wave and 17.2% in the second wave (risk difference (RD) − 3.2%; 95% confidence interval (95% CI) − 4.4 to − 2.0). Only patients aged 70 and older (10,973 patients: 8571 in the first wave and 2386 in the second wave) had a significant reduction in mortality (RD − 7.6%; 95% CI − 9.7 to − 5.5) (unadjusted relative risk reduction: 21.6%). After adjusting for age, comorbidities, variables related to the severity of the disease, and treatment received, admission during the second wave remained a protective factor. In Spain, patients aged 70 years and older admitted during the second wave of the COVID-19 pandemic had a significantly lower risk of mortality, except in severely dependent persons in need of corticosteroid treatment. This effect is independent of patient characteristics, disease severity, or treatment received. This suggests a protective effect of a better standard of care, greater clinical expertise, or a lesser degree of healthcare system overload. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hidradenitis suppurativa (HS) is a chronic, recurrent, inflammatory skin condition that manifests as painful, deep-seated, inflamed nodules and abscesses in the axillary, groin, perianal, perineal, and inframammary regions. The associated pain, malodour, and disfigurement contribute to its profound negative impact on psychosocial spheres and overall quality of life in affected individuals. Although the symptoms of HS classically begin in the second or third decade of life, HS affects children and adolescents as well. Despite this, there are limited pediatric data on treatment, which are largely based on expert opinion, extrapolation of efficacy data in adults with HS, and safety information from medication use in other pediatric diseases. On this basis, there exist several pharmacological modalities in the treatment of children and adolescents with HS including topical therapies, systemic therapies, and biologics. The goals of this review article are to: (1) review the efficacy of different pharmacological treatment modalities in children and adolescents with HS, and (2) review the safety and monitoring considerations of the different treatment options in children and adolescents with HS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Children with moderate traumatic brain injury (modTBI) (Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) 9–13) may benefit from better stratification. We aimed to compare neurocritical care utilization and functional outcomes between children with high GCS modTBI (hmodTBI, GCS 11–13), low GCS modTBI (lmodTBI, GCS 9–10), and severe TBI (sTBI, GCS ≤ 8). We hypothesized that patients with lmodTBI have higher neurocritical care needs and worse outcomes than patients with hmodTBI and are similar to patients with sTBI. Methods: Prospective observational study from June 2018 to October 2022 in 28 pediatric intensive care units (PICU) in Asia, South America, and Europe. We included children (age < 18 years) with modTBI and sTBI admitted to PICU and measured functional outcomes at 3 months using the Glasgow Outcome Scale–Extended Pediatric Revision (GOS-E Peds, scale 1–8, 1 = upper good recovery, 8 = death). Results: We analyzed 409 patients: 98 (24%) and 311 (76%) with modTBI and sTBI, respectively. Patients with lmodTBI (vs. hmodTBI) were more likely to have invasive ICP monitoring (32.3% vs. 4.5%, p < 0.001), longer PICU stay (days, median [IQR]; 5.00 [4.00, 9.75] vs 4.00 [2.00, 5.00], p = 0.007), and longer hospital stay (days, median [IQR]: 13.00 [8.00, 17.00] vs. 8.00 [5.00, 12, 25], p = 0.015). Median GOS-E Peds scores were significantly different (hmodTBI (1.00 [1.00, 3.00]), lmodTBI (3.00 [IQR 2.00, 5.75]), and sTBI (5.00 [IQR 1.00, 6.00]) (p < 0.001)). After adjusting for age, sex, presence of polytrauma and cerebral edema, lmodTBI, and sTBI remained significantly associated with higher GOS-E scores (adjusted coefficient (standard error): 1.24 (0.52), p = 0.018, and 1.27 (0.33), p < 0.001, respectively) compared with hmodTBI. Conclusions: Children with lmodTBI have higher rates of neurocritical care utilization and worse functional outcomes than those with hmodTBI but better than those with sTBI. Children with lmodTBI may benefit from guideline-based management similar to what is implemented in children with sTBI. This work was performed in hospitals within the PACCMAN and LARed networks. No reprints will be ordered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]