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Knowledge flow of multimedia information can trigger the formation of alliances and clusters. Our study focuses on the conditions when alliances or clusters emerge subsequent to the perception of knowledge flow. Based on several fundamental assumptions, we build an evolutionary game model for quantitative calculation and further conclude several propositions via geometrical analysis. The findings show that when originators participate in games without perception to the outflowing of knowledge via multimedia, the similarity, complementarity and spillage of knowledge all facilitate alliances formation after spillovers, and when originators participate in games with perception to the outflowing information, alliance formation is still positively related to the similarity and complementarity of knowledge, while the effect of spillage depends on initial conditions. This study not only analyzes the multimedia information from knowledge spillover perspective, but also introduces the evolutionary game model into the exploration of multimedia information flow, thus it provides novel guidance for the further research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We develop a new notion of second-order complementarity with respect to the tangent subspace related to second-order necessary optimality conditions by the introduction of so-called tangent multipliers. We prove that around a local minimizer, a second-order stationarity residual can be driven to zero while controlling the growth of Lagrange multipliers and tangent multipliers, which gives a new second-order optimality condition without constraint qualifications stronger than previous ones associated with global convergence of algorithms. We prove that second-order variants of augmented Lagrangian (under an additional smoothness assumption based on the Lojasiewicz inequality) and interior point methods generate sequences satisfying our optimality condition. We present also a companion minimal constraint qualification, weaker than the ones known for second-order methods, that ensures usual global convergence results to a classical second-order stationary point. Finally, our optimality condition naturally suggests a definition of second-order stationarity suitable for the computation of iteration complexity bounds and for the definition of stopping criteria. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article considers the relationships between the character of physical law in quantum theory and Bohr's concept of complementarity, under the assumption of the unrepresentable and possibly inconceivable nature of quantum objects and processes, an assumption that may be seen as the most radical departure from realism currently available. Complementarity, the article argues, is a reflection of the fact that, as against classical physics or relativity, the behavior of quantum objects of the same type, say, all electrons, is not governed by the same physical law in all contexts, specifically in complementary contexts. On the other hand, the mathematical formalism of quantum mechanics offers correct probabilistic or statistical predictions (no other predictions are possible on experimental grounds) in all contexts, here, again, under the assumption that quantum objects themselves and their behavior are beyond representation or even conception. Bohr, in this connection, spoke of 'an entirely new situation as regards the description of physical phenomena that, the notion of complementarity aims at characterizing.' The article also considers the relationships among complementarity, entanglement, and quantum information, by basing these relationships on this understanding of complementarity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

I argue that quantum optical experiments that purport to refute Bohr's principle of complementarity (BPC) fail in their aim. Some of these experiments try to refute complementarity by refuting the so called particle-wave duality relations, which evolved from the Wootters-Zurek reformulation of BPC (WZPC). I therefore consider it important for my forgoing arguments to first recall the essential tenets of BPC, and to clearly separate BPC from WZPC, which I will argue is a direct contradiction of BPC. This leads to a need to consider the meaning of particle-wave duality relations and to question their fundamental status. I further argue (albeit, in opposition to BPC) that particle and wave complementary concepts are on a different footing than other pairs of complementary concepts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recently, Bohr's complementarity principle was assessed in setups involving delayed choices. These works argued in favor of a reformulation of the aforementioned principle so as to account for situations in which a quantum system would simultaneously behave as wave and particle. Here we defend a framework that, supported by well-known experimental results and consistent with the decoherence paradigm, allows us to interpret complementarity in terms of correlations between the system and an informer. Our proposal offers formal definition and operational interpretation for the dual behavior in terms of both nonlocal resources and the couple work-information. Most importantly, our results provide a generalized information-based trade-off for the wave-particle duality and a causal interpretation for delayed-choice experiments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Painlevé paradox is a well-known problem in non-smooth dynamics. Till now, all relevant researches only focus on the Painlevé paradox of a rigid rod sliding on a rough surface with large coefficient of friction $$\mu $$ . However, if the compliance of the whole rod is considered, the Painlevé paradox problem will transform into a 'bouncing phenomenon' caused by jam (self-locking), which has not been studied. The aim of this paper was to analyze the relationship between the Painlevé paradox of the rigid rod and the dynamic jam behavior of the elastic rod. The full transient method is used to calculate the dynamic response of elastic rod. In comparison with the rigid rod, the compliance of the whole rod will bring a different critical value of coefficient of friction $$\mu _\mathrm{c}$$ . The stress waves are excited by the abrupt change of the contact forces, and they propagate in the rod. A 'quasi-stick' state of the contact surface is found, which supports the feasibility of the single-point compliant contact model. In addition, the peak value of normal contact force $$F_{3}$$ and normal contact impulse $$P_{3}$$ is constant when the system parameters $$(\theta , \mu )$$ are located in the region of Painlevé paradox. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The interpretation of quantum mechanics presented in this paper is inspired by two ideas that are fundamental in Bohr's writings: indivisibility and complementarity. Further basic assumptions of the proposed interpretation are completeness, universality and conceptual economy. In the interpretation, decoherence plays a fundamental role for the understanding of measurement. A general and precise conception of complementarity is proposed. It is fundamental in this interpretation to make a distinction between ontological reality, constituted by everything that does not depend at all on the collectivity of human beings, nor on their decisions or limitations, nor on their existence, and empirical reality constituted by everything that not being ontological is, however, intersubjective. According to the proposed interpretation, neither the dynamical properties, nor the constitutive properties of microsystems like mass, charge and spin, are ontological. The properties of macroscopic systems and space-time are also considered to belong to empirical reality. The acceptance of the above mentioned conclusion does not imply a total rejection of the notion of ontological reality. In the paper, utilizing the Aristotelian ideas of general cause and potentiality, a relation between ontological reality and empirical reality is proposed. Some glimpses of ontological reality, in the form of what can be said about it, are finally presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, we present a review of the state of the art of information-theoretic feature selection methods. The concepts of feature relevance, redundance, and complementarity (synergy) are clearly defined, as well as Markov blanket. The problem of optimal feature selection is defined. A unifying theoretical framework is described, which can retrofit successful heuristic criteria, indicating the approximations made by each method. A number of open problems in the field are presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We use a dissipative particle dynamic simulation to investigate the effects of shape complementarity on the protein-protein interactions. By monitoring different kinds of protein shape-complementarity modes, we gave a clear mechanism to reveal the role of the shape complementarity in the protein-protein interactions, i.e., when the two proteins with shape complementarity approach each other, the conformation of lipid chains between two proteins would be restricted significantly. The lipid molecules tend to leave the gap formed by two proteins to maximize the configuration entropy, and therefore yield an effective entropy-induced protein-protein attraction, which enhances the protein aggregation. In short, this work provides an insight into understanding the importance of the shape complementarity in the protein-protein interactions especially for protein aggregation and antibody-antigen complexes. Definitely, the shape complementarity is the third key factor affecting protein aggregation and complex, besides the electrostatic-complementarity and hydrophobic complementarity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, after briefly providing the pertinent historical background, the underlying motivation and essence of Bohr’s idea of wave-particle complementarity are explained. To what extent the Bohrian notion of complementarity is relevant in the modern context is discussed. Bohr’s belief in the generality of the complementarity framework is also touched upon. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we introduce a new method, called the Lattice Projection Method (LPM), for solving eigenvalue complementarity problems. The original problem is reformulated to find the roots of a nonsmooth function. A semismooth Newton type method is then applied to approximate the eigenvalues and eigenvectors of the complementarity problems. The LPM is compared to SNM and SNM, two methods widely discussed in the literature for solving nonlinear complementarity problems, by using the performance profiles as a comparing tool (Dolan, Moré in Math. Program. 91:201-213, ). The performance measures, used to analyze the three solvers on a set of matrices mostly taken from the Matrix Market (Boisvert et al. in The quality of numerical software: assessment and enhancement, pp. 125-137, ), are computing time, number of iterations, number of failures and maximum number of solutions found by each solver. The numerical experiments highlight the efficiency of the LPM and show that it is a promising method for solving eigenvalue complementarity problems. Finally, Pareto bi-eigenvalue complementarity problems were solved numerically as an application to confirm the efficiency of our method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The object of the paper concerns a consistent formulation of the classical Signorini's theory regarding the frictionless contact problem between two elastic bodies in the hypothesis of small displacements and strains. The employment of the symmetric Galerkin boundary element method, based on boundary discrete quantities, makes it possible to distinguish two different boundary types, one in contact as the zone of potential detachment, called the real boundary, the other detached as the zone of potential contact, called the virtual boundary. The contact-detachment problem is decomposed into two sub-problems: one is purely elastic, the other regards the contact condition. Following this methodology, the contact problem, dealt with using the symmetric boundary element method, is characterized by symmetry and in sign definiteness of the matrix coefficients, thus admitting a unique solution. The solution of the frictionless contact-detachment problem can be obtained: (i) through an iterative analysis by a strategy based on a linear complementarity problem by using boundary nodal quantities as check quantities in the zones of potential contact or detachment; (ii) through a quadratic programming problem, based on a boundary min-max principle for elastic solids, expressed in terms of nodal relative displacements of the virtual boundary and nodal forces of the real one. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Contrary to Bohr's complementarity principle, in 1995 Rabinowitz proposed that by using entangled particles from the source it would be possible to determine which slit a particle goes through while still preserving the interference pattern in the Young's two slit experiment. In 2000, Kim et al. used spontaneous parametric down conversion to prepare entangled photons as their source, and almost achieved this. In 2012, Menzel et al. experimentally succeeded in doing this. When the source emits entangled particle pairs, the traversed slit is inferred from measurement of the entangled particle's location by using triangulation. The violation of complementarity breaches the prevailing probabilistic interpretation of quantum mechanics, and benefits Bohm's pilot-wave theory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper we present a new approach for solving elastoplastic problems as second order cone complementarity problems (SOCCPs). Specially, two classes of elastoplastic problems, i.e. the J plasticity problems with combined linear kinematic and isotropic hardening laws and the Drucker-Prager plasticity problems with associative or non-associative flow rules, are taken as the examples to illustrate the main idea of our new approach. In the new approach, firstly, the classical elastoplastic constitutive equations are equivalently reformulated as second order cone complementarity conditions. Secondly, by employing the finite element method and treating the nodal displacements and the plasticity multiplier vectors of Gaussian integration points as the unknown variables, we obtain a standard SOCCP formulation for the elastoplasticity analysis, which enables the using of general SOCCP solvers developed in the field of mathematical programming be directly available in the field of computational plasticity. Finally, a semi-smooth Newton algorithm is suggested to solve the obtained SOCCPs. Numerical results of several classical plasticity benchmark problems confirm the effectiveness and robustness of the SOCCP approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The elegant theoretical results for strong duality and strict complementarity for linear programming, LP, lie behind the success of current algorithms. In addition, preprocessing is an essential step for efficiency in both simplex type and interior-point methods. However, the theory and preprocessing techniques can fail for cone programming over nonpolyhedral cones. We take a fresh look at known and new results for duality, optimality, constraint qualifications, CQ, and strict complementarity, for linear cone optimization problems in finite dimensions. One theme is the notion of minimal representation of the cone and the constraints. This provides a framework for preprocessing cone optimization problems in order to avoid both the theoretical and numerical difficulties that arise due to the (near) loss of the strong CQ, strict feasibility. We include results and examples on the surprising theoretical connection between duality gaps in the original primal-dual pair and lack of strict complementarity in their homogeneous counterpart. Our emphasis is on results that deal with Semidefinite Programming, SDP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Light is believed to exhibit wave-particle duality depending on the detecting devices, according to Bohr's complementarity principle, as has been demonstrated by the 'delayed-choice experiment' with classical detecting devices. A recent proposal suggests that the detecting device can also occupy a quantum state, and a quantum version of the delayed-choice experiment can be performed. Here, we experimentally realize the quantum delayed-choice experiment and observe the wave-particle morphing phenomenon of a single photon. We also illustrate, for the first time, the behaviour of the quantum wave-particle superposition state of a single photon. We find that the quantum wave-particle superposition state is distinct from the classical mixture state because of quantum interference between the wave and particle states. Our work reveals the deep relationship between the complementarity principle and the superposition principle, and it may be helpful in furthering understanding of the behaviour of light. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

From the 1930s to the 1950s, a period of pivotal developments in quantum, nuclear, and particle physics, physicists at Niels Bohr's Institute for Theoretical Physics in Copenhagen took time off from their research to write humorous articles, letters, and other works. Best known is the Blegdamsvej Faust, performed in April 1932 at the close of one of the Institute's annual conferences. I also focus on the Journal of Jocular Physics, a humorous tribute to Bohr published on the occasions of his 50, 60, and 70 birthdays in 1935, 1945, and 1955. Contributors included Léon Rosenfeld, Victor Weisskopf, George Gamow, Oskar Klein, and Hendrik Casimir. I examine their contributions along with letters and other writings to show that they offer a window into some issues in physics at the time, such as the interpretation of complementarity and the nature of the neutrino, as well as the politics of the period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Novel BiCMOS sinh-domain filter topologies, derived according to operational emulation and component substitution techniques of the corresponding passive prototype filters, are introduced in this paper. This has been achieved by utilizing BiCMOS nonlinear transconductor cells and an appropriate set of complementary operators for transposing the corresponding equations into the sinh domain. An attractive benefit of the proposed filter topologies is their capability for operating in a low-voltage environment. The performance of a leapfrog sinh-domain filter has been compared, using the Analog Design Environment of the Cadence software, with those of the corresponding log-domain and operational transconductance amplifier (OTA)-C filters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The author discusses the microcosm related to the quantum mechanics. He mentions that from the ancient times, the world is divided into a macrocosm and a microcosm is a feature which exists in many cultures. He offers information on different aspects of the quantum mechanics in order to explain the microcosm including quantum aspect of radiation, wave aspect of particles and quantum entanglement. He also explains the principle of complementarity and the Heisenberg principle of uncertainty.

We study the local behavior of a primal-dual inexact interior point methods for solving nonlinear systems arising from the solution of nonlinear optimization problems or more generally from nonlinear complementarity problems. The algorithm is based on the Newton method applied to a sequence of perturbed systems that follows by perturbation of the complementarity equations of the original system. In case of an exact solution of the Newton system, it has been shown that the sequence of iterates is asymptotically tangent to the central path (Armand and Benoist in Math. Program. 115:199-222, ). The purpose of the present paper is to extend this result to an inexact solution of the Newton system. We give quite general conditions on the different parameters of the algorithm, so that this asymptotic property is satisfied. Some numerical tests are reported to illustrate our theoretical results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Planetary plasma and magnetic field environments can be studied in two complementary ways-by in situ measurements, or by remote sensing. While the former provide precise information about plasma behaviour, instabilities and dynamics on local scales, the latter offers the global view necessary to understand the overall interaction of the magnetospheric plasma with the solar wind. Some parts of the Earth's magnetosphere have been remotely sensed, but the majority remains unexplored by this type of measurements. Here we propose a novel and more elegant approach employing remote X-ray imaging techniques, which are now possible thanks to the relatively recent discovery of solar wind charge exchange X-ray emissions in the vicinity of the Earth's magnetosphere. In this article we describe how an appropriately designed and located X-ray telescope, supported by simultaneous in situ measurements of the solar wind, can be used to image the dayside magnetosphere, magnetosheath and bow shock, with a temporal and spatial resolution sufficient to address several key outstanding questions concerning how the solar wind interacts with the Earth's magnetosphere on a global level. Global images of the dayside magnetospheric boundaries require vantage points well outside the magnetosphere. Our studies have led us to propose 'AXIOM: Advanced X-ray Imaging of the Magnetosphere', a concept mission using a Vega launcher with a LISA Pathfinder-type Propulsion Module to place the spacecraft in a Lissajous orbit around the Earth-Moon L1 point. The model payload consists of an X-ray Wide Field Imager, capable of both imaging and spectroscopy, and an in situ plasma and magnetic field measurement package. This package comprises a Proton-Alpha Sensor, designed to measure the bulk properties of the solar wind, an Ion Composition Analyser, to characterise the minor ion populations in the solar wind that cause charge exchange emission, and a Magnetometer, designed to measure the strength and direction of the solar wind magnetic field. We also show simulations that demonstrate how the proposed X-ray telescope design is capable of imaging the predicted emission from the dayside magnetosphere with the sensitivity and cadence required to achieve the science goals of the mission. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The terms wave and particle are of classical origin and are inadequate in dealing with the novelties of quantum mechanics with respect to classical physics. In this paper we propose to substitute the wave-particle terminology with that of features-event complementarity. This approach aims at solving some of the problems affecting quantum-mechanics since its birth. In our terminology, features are what is responsible for one of the most characterizing aspects of quantum mechanics: quantum correlations. We suggest that an ( uninterpreted) basic ontology for quantum mechanics should be thought of as constituted by events, features and their dynamical interplay, and that its ( interpreted) theoretical ontology (made up by three classes of theoretical entities: states, observables and properties) does not isomorphically correspond to the uninterpreted ontology. Operations, i.e. concrete interventions within the physical world, like preparation, premeasurement and measurement, together with reliable inferences, assure the bridge between interpreted and uninterpreted ontology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article argues that a manuscript dated to the summer of 1927 by the editors of Bohr's Collected Works was written a year earlier. The re-dating allows the conclusion that Bohr was well on his way to complementarity before his famous fight with Heisenberg over the uncertainty principle early in 1927. The literature that assumes that complementarity was Bohr's response to Heisenberg is therefore in error. The editors of the Collected Works assigned the document the date of 1927 because it refers to electron-diffraction experiments by Davisson and Germer, which were published in 1927. But as the article points out, Bohr and other leading physicists such as Max Born met Davisson in Britain in 1926 and discussed the experiments with him then. That demolished the basis of the earlier dating. Finally, the article argues that when the document takes its place between the Bohr-Kramers-Slater theory (1924) and the 1927 drafts of complementarity, everything falls neatly into place. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Interior-point algorithms are among the most efficient techniques for solving complementarity problems. In this paper, a procedure for globalizing interior-point algorithms by using the maximum stepsize is introduced. The algorithm combines exact or inexact interior-point and projected-gradient search techniques and employs a line-search procedure for the natural merit function associated with the complementarity problem. For linear problems, the maximum stepsize is shown to be acceptable if the Newton interior-point search direction is employed. Complementarity and optimization problems are discussed, for which the algorithm is able to process by either finding a solution or showing that no solution exists. A modification of the algorithm for dealing with infeasible linear complementarity problems is introduced which, in practice, employs only interior-point search directions. Computational experiments on the solution of complementarity problems and convex programming problems by the new algorithm are included. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Productivity of artificial grassland communities was investigated in a 6-year field experiment on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. In the experiment, assemblages varying in seven species compositions and four density gradients were grown in fertilized and non-fertilized subplots. We measured biomass of sown species as an indicator of community productivity. In general, 6-years of experiments indicated that: (i) species composition had a significant influence on community productivity. During the initial phase of the experiment, sown density significantly affected community productivity, but the effects disappear with the increase of grown years. This productivity increased with biodiversity increase and fertilization, while the biodiversity effects disappeared when the influence of composition was removed. (ii) The increase of community productivity with biodiversity was resulted from joint effects of selection and complementarity. (iii) With an increase of growth time, the selection effects become weaker while complementarities become enhanced. Influence of density on both effects was significantly different in early stages, but ultimately this all became insignificant. Fertilization dramatically increased the complementarity effects in all experiment processes, but had different influences on selection effects during different experimental period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we propose a feasible smooth method based on Barzilai-Borwein (BB) for stochastic linear complementarity problem. It is based on the expected residual minimization (ERM) formulation for the stochastic linear complementarity problem. Numerical experiments show that the method is efficient. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Silver nanoparticles grown on a quartz substrate are investigated with optical and thermal desorption spectroscopy (TDS). Detailed information on the nanoparticle morphology is gained with new methods of data analysis. First, fitting the extinction spectra, using a comprehensive model, allows an estimation of the effective particle-particle distance. Second, the total surface area of the particles is determined with TDS of xenon. Third, the dependence of the plasmon resonance position on the amount of adsorbed xenon or benzene is used as a measure of the average particle size. The results for these three parameters, which are critical for potential applications of nanoparticle arrays, are shown to be mutually consistent. The methods demonstrated here are complementary to scanning probe techniques which characterize the particle morphology on a microscopic length scale. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Heat transfer takes place between grains and the fluids that saturate the pore space in granular materials, when the fluid is static or moving. This study explores effective heat transport in granular materials during cyclic fluid flow. Controlled particle-scale experiments, complementary analyses and numerical simulations help us identify the governing variables and ensuing time scales. We show that fluid-grain heat transfer leads to effective heat transport along the granular medium during cyclic fluid flow. At the macro-scale, the process resembles diffusion where the effective diffusion coefficient is proportional to the square of the fluid invasion length in each cycle and inversely proportional to the cycle period. Both experimental and numerical results confirm improved heat transfer by cyclic fluid flow over thermal diffusion under hydrostatic conditions. The formulation can be used to identify optimal operation conditions for maximum transport. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The two-dimensional circular arc crack solution of Muskhelishvili (Some basic problems of the mathematical theory of elasticity, P. Noordhoff Ltd, Groningen, Holland, 1953) has been used widely to study curved crack behavior in an infinite, homogeneous and isotropic elastic material. However, for certain orientations and magnitudes of the remotely applied loads, portions of the crack will close. Since the analytical solution is incorrect once the crack walls come into contact, the displacement discontinuity method is combined with a complementarity algorithm to solve this problem. This study uses stress intensity factors (SIFs) and displacement discontinuities along the crack to define when the analytical solution is not applicable and to better understand the mechanism that causes partial closure under various loading conditions, including uniaxial tension and pure shear. Closure is mainly due to material from the concave side of the crack moving toward the outer crack surface. Solutions that allow interpenetration of the crack tips yield non-zero mode I SIFs, while crack tip closure under proper contact boundary conditions produce mode I SIFs that are identically zero. Partial closure of a circular arc crack will alter both mode I and II SIFs at the crack tips, regardless of the positioning or length of the closed section along the crack. Friction on the crack surfaces in contact changes the total length and positioning of closure, as well as generally decreases the magnitude of opening along the portions of the crack that are not closed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on the issue of the complementarity principle in chemical reactions. It discusses the complementarity principle proposed by Niels Bohr, Danish Physicist, and how the principle was found to be relative to chemical reactions and the experimental discovery of reactions, which is illustrated in the article.

General problems of the complementarity of different physical methods and specific features of the interaction between neutron and matter and neutron diffraction with respect to the time of flight are discussed. The results of studying the kinetics of structural changes in lipid membranes under hydration and self-assembly of the lipid bilayer in the presence of a detergent are reported. The possibilities of the complementarity of neutron diffraction and X-ray synchrotron radiation and developing a free-electron laser are noted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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fshar et al. claim that their experiment shows a violation of the complementarity inequality. In this work, we study their claim using a modified Mach-Zehnder setup that represents a simpler version of the Afshar experiment. We find that our results are consistent with Afshar et al. experimental findings. However, we show that within standard quantum mechanics the results of the Afshar experiment do not lead to a violation of the complementarity inequality. We show that their claim originates from a particular technique they use to analyze their results. In their analysis, they assume a classical concept, that particles have a definite trajectory before detection, thus, they obtain which-way information by particle detection plus path extrapolation by applying momentum conservation. This analysis technique is standard in experimental particle physics. Important discoveries such as the detection of vector bosons have been made through the application of this technique. We note that particle detection plus path extrapolation is a suitable technique within de Broglie-Bohm theory of quantum mechanics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper we investigate the coupling properties of pairs of quadrature observables, showing that, apart from the Weyl relation, they share the same coupling properties as the position-momentum pair. In particular, they are complementary. We determine the marginal observables of a covariant phase space observable with respect to an arbitrary rotated reference frame, and observe that these marginal observables are unsharp quadrature observables. The related distributions constitute the Radon transform of a phase space distribution of the covariant phase space observable. Since the quadrature distributions are the Radon transform of the Wigner function of a state, we also exhibit the relation between the quadrature observables and the tomography observable, and show how to construct the phase space observable from the quadrature observables. Finally, we give a method to measure together with a single measurement scheme any complementary pair of quadrature observables. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To analyze contribution of short aggregation-prone regions (APRs), which may self-associate via cross-β motif and were earlier identified in therapeutic mAbs, towards antigen recognition via structural analyses of antibody-antigen complexes. A dataset of 29 publically available high-resolution crystal structures of Fab-antigen complexes was collected. Contribution of APRs towards the surface areas of the Fabs buried by the cognate antigens was computed. Propensities of amino acids to occur in APRs and to be involved in antigen binding were compared. Coincidence between APRs and individual CDR loops was examined. All Fabs in the dataset contain at least one APR in CDR loops and adjacent framework β-strands. The average contribution of APRs towards buried surface area of Fabs is 16.0 ± 10.7%. Aggregation and antigen recognition may be coupled via aromatic residues (Tyr, Trp), which occur with high propensities in both APRs and antigen binding sites. APRs are infrequent in the heavy chain CDR 3 (H3) loops (7%), but are frequent in H2 loops (45%). Co-incidence of APRs with antigen recognition sites can potentially lead to the loss of function upon aggregation. Rational structure-based design or selection strategies are suggested for biotherapeutics with improved druggability while maintaining potency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We consider a class of stochastic nonlinear complementarity problems. We first reformulate the stochastic complementarity problem as a stochastic programming model. Based on the reformulation, we then propose a penalty-based sample average approximation method and prove its convergence. Finally, we report on some numerical test results to show the efficiency of our method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A modified version of Young’s experiment by Shahriar Afshar indirectly reveals the presence of a fully articulated interference pattern prior to the post-selection of a particle in a “which-slit” basis. While this experiment does not constitute a violation of Bohr’s Complementarity Principle as claimed by Afshar, both he and many of his critics incorrectly assume that a commonly used relationship between visibility parameter V and “which-way” parameter K has crucial relevance to his experiment. It is argued here that this relationship does not apply to this experimental situation and that it is wrong to make any use of it in support of claims for or against the bearing of this experiment on Complementarity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract  Whenever a mathematical proposition to be proved requires more information than it is contained in an axiomatic system, it can neither be proved nor disproved, i.e. it is undecidable, or logically undetermined, within this axiomatic system. I will show that certain mathematical propositions on a d-valent function of a binary argument can be encoded in d-dimensional quantum states of mutually unbiased basis (MUB) sets, and truth values of the propositions can be tested in MUB measurements. I will then show that a proposition is undecidable within the system of axioms encoded in the state, if and only if the measurement associated with the proposition gives completely random outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

On the face of some recent experiments claiming the simultaneous presence of both `sharp interference' and `highly reliable which way information' and some others casting light on the origin of complementarity in quantum interferometric experiments, the whole issue is reviewed on the basis of our earlier precise formulation of Bohr's complementarity principle. It is pointed out that contradicting the principle (in this specific formulation) is impossible without contradicting quantum mechanics and a lack of general consensus regarding the origin of the mutual exclusiveness is at the root of the controversy and confusions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract  Complementarity problems are involved in mathematical models of several applications in engineering, economy and different branches of physics. We mention contact problems and dynamics of multiple bodies systems in solid mechanics. In this paper we present a new feasible direction algorithm for nonlinear complementarity problems. This one begins at an interior point, strictly satisfying the inequality conditions, and generates a sequence of interior points that converges to a solution of the problem. At each iteration, a feasible direction is obtained and a line search performed, looking for a new interior point with a lower value of an appropriate potential function. We prove global convergence of the present algorithm and present a theoretical study about the asymptotic convergence. Results obtained with several numerical test problems, and also application in mechanics, are described and compared with other well known techniques. All the examples were solved very efficiently with the present algorithm, employing always the same set of parameters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is shown that a completely entangled state belonging to a finite dimensional Hilbert space is equivalent to a simultaneous eigenstate of two unitary operators. These operators are exponentials of sum and difference of two Hermitian operators of a two-mode system that are complementary with each other. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is the second part of our recent work [Isac and Németh, J Optim Theory Appl (forthcoming)]. Our goal is now to present some new results related to the non-existence of a regular exceptional family of elements (REFE) for a mapping and to show how can they be applied to complementarity theory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aquatic birds of Mexico include both a rich fauna of residents and a significant proportion of migratory species that breed in Canada and the United States, yet their distribution and richness patterns remain poorly known. We developed a detailed database of occurrences, and estimated distributions using niche modeling interpolations for 134 species associated with wetlands. Validations of the resulting maps indicated that the niche-modeling approach yields a useful picture of aquatic bird species distributions in the country. Richness patterns among aquatic birds differ from those for landbirds: species richness is concentrated in coastal areas, but endemism is focused in the Transvolcanic Belt and the Altiplano. Place prioritization exercises identified sets of areas that would maximize the protection of this diversity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The expected residual minimization (ERM) formulation for the stochastic nonlinear complementarity problem (SNCP) is studied in this paper. We show that the involved function is a stochastic R0 function if and only if the objective function in the ERM formulation is coercive under a mild assumption. Moreover, we model the traffic equilibrium problem (TEP) under uncertainty as SNCP and show that the objective function in the ERM formulation is a stochastic R0 function. Numerical experiments show that the ERM-SNCP model for TEP under uncertainty has various desirable properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract  We present in this paper a short survey of some recent interactions between Nonlinear Analysis and Nonlinear Complementarity. Considering the new relations between Nonlinear Analysis and Complementarity Theory, put in evidence in this paper, we define several open research subjects profitable to both domains. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The encounter between two fundamentally different approaches in seminal research in molecular biology- the problems, aims, methods and metaphysics - is delineated and analyzed. They are exemplified by the microbiologist Oswald T Avery who, in line with the reductionist mechanistic metaphysics of Jacques Loeb, attempted to explain basic life phenomena through chemistry; and the theoretical physicist Max Delbrück who, influenced by Bohr's antimechanistic views, preferred to explain these phenomena without chemistry. Avery's and Delbrück's most important studies took place concurrently. Thus analysis of their contrasting approaches lends itself to examination of the Weltanschauungen view concerning the role of fundamental (metaphysical) assumptions in scientific change, that is, the view that empirical research cannot be neutral in regard to the worldviews of the researchers. This study shows that the initial ostensible disparity (non-integratibility) of the two approaches lasted for just a short time. Ironically it was a student of Delbrück's school,James Watson, who (with Crick) proposed a chemical model, the DNA double helix, as a solution to Delbrück's problem. The structure of DNA has not been seriously challenged over the past half century. Moreover, Watson's and Crick's work did not call into question the validity of Delbrück's research, but opened it up to entirely new approaches. The case of Avery and Delbrück demonstrates that after initial obstades were overcome the different fundamental attitudes and the resulting research practices were capable of integration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Theories of the voluntary provision of public goods and development economics have clarified that complementarity in the production process is a crucial ingredient to understanding how alternative economic environments affect economic performance. This paper examines how the structures of intra- and inter-regional complementarity affect the relationship between economic growth and fiscal decentralization. We provide a theory that describes how fiscal decentralization affects economic growth under various structures of regional complementarity. Our empirical analysis, based on a panel data set of the fifty states of the United States over the period of 1992–1997, supports our theoretical specification of the production function. Also, we observe a hump-shaped relationship between fiscal decentralization and economic growth that is consistent with our theoretical result. Our analysis also shows that the optimal degree of fiscal decentralization conducive to economic growth is higher than the average of the data in some cases, and hence further decentralization is recommended for economic growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A naive introduction of a dependency of the mass of a black hole on the Schwarzschild time coordinate results in singular behavior of curvature invariants at the horizon, violating expectations from complementarity. If instead a temporal dependence is introduced in terms of a coordinate akin to the river time representation, the Ricci scalar is nowhere singular away from the origin. It is found that for a shrinking mass scale due to evaporation, the null radial geodesics that generate the horizon are slightly displaced from the coordinate singularity. In addition, a changing horizon scale significantly alters the form of the coordinate singularity in diagonal (orthogonal) metric coordinates representing the space-time. A Penrose diagram describing the growth and evaporation of an example black hole is constructed to examine the evolution of the coordinate singularity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using the convex semidefinite programming method and superoperator formalism we obtain the finite quantum tomography of some mixed quantum states such as: truncated coherent states tomography, phase tomography and coherent spin state tomography, qudit tomography, N-qubit tomography, where that obtained results are in agreement with those of References (Buzek et al., Chaos, Solitons and Fractals 10 (1999) 981; Schack and Caves, Separable states of N quantum bits. In: Proceedings of the X. International Symposium on Theoretical Electrical Engineering, 73. W. Mathis and T. Schindler, eds. Otto-von-Guericke University of Magdeburg, Germany (1999); Pegg and Barnett Physical Review A 39 (1989) 1665; Barnett and Pegg Journal of Modern Optics 36 (1989) 7; St. Weigert Acta Physica Slov. 4 (1999) 613). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]