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Introduction: The VISIONARY study demonstrated statistically significant intraocular pressure (IOP) reductions with the preservative-free fixed-dose combination of tafluprost 0.0015% and timolol 0.5% (PF tafluprost/timolol FC) in open-angle glaucoma (OAG) or ocular hypertension (OHT) patients, sub-optimally controlled with topical prostaglandin analogue (PGA) or beta-blocker monotherapy. Current subanalyses have examined these data according to the baseline monotherapy. Methods: A European, prospective, observational study included adults (aged ≥ 18 years) with OAG or OHT, who were switched to the PF tafluprost/timolol FC from PGA or beta-blocker monotherapy. Treatment outcomes were reported according to prior monotherapy subgroup: beta-blocker, preserved latanoprost, PF-latanoprost, bimatoprost, tafluprost, and travoprost. Endpoints included the mean change from baseline regarding IOP, conjunctival hyperemia, and corneal fluorescein staining (CFS) at Week 4 and Week 12, and at Month 6. Results: The subanalysis included 577 patients. All prior monotherapy subgroups demonstrated statistically significant IOP reductions from baseline at Week 4, that were maintained through Month 6 (p < 0.001). Mean (SD) IOP change at Month 6 was 6.6 (4.16), 6.3 (4.39), 5.6 (3.67), 4.9 (2.97), 4.6 (4.39), and 4.7 (3.64) mmHg for prior beta-blocker, preserved latanoprost, PF-latanoprost, tafluprost, bimatoprost, and travoprost subgroups, respectively. The largest IOP change was observed in the preserved latanoprost subgroup for each of the ≥ 20%, ≥ 25%, ≥ 30%, and ≥ 35% IOP reduction categories at Month 6, demonstrating respective reductions of 8.06, 9.20, 10.64, and 11.55 mmHg. CFS was significantly reduced at Month 6 in the prior bimatoprost subgroup (p = 0.0013). Conjunctival hyperemia severity was significantly reduced at each study visit for prior preserved latanoprost users (p < 0.001). Conclusion: PF tafluprost/timolol FC therapy provided statistically and clinically significant IOP reductions from Week 4 over the total 6-month period, in patients with OAG/OHT, regardless of the type of prior PGA or beta-blocker monotherapy used. Conjunctival hyperemia severity and CFS decreased significantly in prior bimatoprost and preserved latanoprost users, respectively. Clinical Study Number: European Union electronic Register of Post-Authorization Studies (EU PAS) register number: EUPAS22204. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tool wear monitoring in machine process is essential for quality assurance, efficiency improvement, and cost reduction. Data-driven methods based on deep learning have become an effective solution for tool wear monitoring, but in actual cutting process, multiple sensors are often used for high-frequency sampling to obtain multi-level information, so that tool wear data has multi-channel spatial structure and time series characteristics, respectively. Therefore, aiming at the distribution of tool wear data, a one-dimensional residual structure is designed and a novel hybrid model integrating bi-directional long short-term memory (BLSTM) network is proposed, which is suitable for tool wear monitoring, named Re-BLSTM. Considering the spatial distribution of tool wear signal, a residual structure is constructed based on one-dimensional convolution neural network (1-D CNN) to realize abstract feature extraction and signal denoising, while gradient vanishing and degradation problem can be solved as the deeper of network. Additionally, batch normalization (BN) layer and dropout operation are introduced to form a pre-activation structure, which can alleviate the over fitting problem caused with the increase of model parameters; Subsequently, in view of the temporal correlation of feature, long-term dependence of concatenated feature is explored by integrating BLSTM and the learning range is also expanded. To verify the performance of the proposed model, experiments are carried out compared with several state-of-the-art method. The results show the effectiveness and generalization of the proposed method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: A non-interventional, multicenter, European, prospective evaluation of the effectiveness, tolerability, and safety of a topical preservative-free tafluprost (0.0015%) and timolol (0.5%) fixed-dose combination (PF tafluprost/timolol FC) in adults with open-angle glaucoma (OAG) and ocular hypertension (OHT) demonstrating insufficient response to topical beta-receptor blockers or prostaglandin analogue (PGA) monotherapy.Methods: Mean intraocular pressure (IOP) change from baseline was measured at study visits following a switch to PF tafluprost/timolol FC. Primary endpoint was absolute mean IOP change at month 6. Change from baseline concerning ocular signs and symptoms was also explored.Results: Analyses included 577 patients (59.6% female). Mean age (SD) was 67.8 (11.67) years. Mean (SD) IOP reduction from baseline was significant at all study visits; 5.4 (3.76) mmHg (23.7%) at week 4, 5.9 (3.90) mmHg (25.6%) at week 12, and 5.7 (4.11) mmHg (24.9%) at month 6 (p < 0.0001 for all visits). At month 6, 69.2%, 53.6%, 40.0%, and 25.8% were responders based on ≥ 20%, ≥ 25%, ≥ 30%, and ≥ 35% cutoff values for mean IOP, respectively. Significant reductions were observed concerning corneal fluorescein staining (p < 0.0001), dry eye symptoms, irritation, itching, and foreign body sensation (p < 0.001 for each parameter). Conjunctival hyperemia was significantly reduced at all study visits (p < 0.0001 at each visit). Overall, 69 treatment-related adverse events (AEs) were reported, one of which was serious (status asthmaticus). Most AEs were mild to moderate in severity, and the majority had resolved or were resolving at the end of the study period.Conclusion: In clinical practice, PF tafluprost/timolol FC provided statistically and clinically significant IOP reductions in patients with OAG and OHT insufficiently controlled on or intolerant to PGA or beta-receptor blocker monotherapy. The full IOP reduction appeared at week 4 and was maintained over the 6-month study period. Key symptoms of ocular surface health improved.Trial Registration: European Union electronic Register of Post-Authorisation Studies (EU PAS) register number, EUPAS22204. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the original article, the The VISIONARY Study Group Principal Investigator Jose Javier Garcia-Medina. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The aim of this study was to determine a threshold waveform score (WS) for the best score value (BSV) in the Ocular Response Analyzer (ORA). Methods: Retrospective study. One hundred and thirty-three healthy adults were recruited. Measurements were done with the ORA 2.04. Results: Two hundred and sixty-six eyes were analyzed. Mean age was 56.49 ± 15.97 years. The mean waveform score of the BSV was 7.39 ± 1.32. The waveform scores ranged from 2.8 to 9.7. Kolmogorov-Smirnov test for normality was significant ( p ≤ 0.0001). Linear regression showed a significant positive correlation between IOPg (measured with the ORA) and IOP measured with Goldmann applanation tonometry ( p ≤ 0.0001), as well as significant negative correlation between the difference IOPg-IOP Goldmann and waveform score of the BSV values. Threshold estimation considering 95 % confidence interval was 7.23. Meanwhile, threshold estimation considering the difference IOPg-IOP Goldmann, for 3 mmHg, was 6.7. Conclusions: When using the ORA device, we recommend that clinicians try to obtain several waveform score measurements of 7 or above. Waveform scores lower than 7 may render less reliable results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

· Background: Excessive generation of free radicals due to light absorption is proposed as the most likely mechanism for photochemical retinal damage. The observed reduction of green light-induced retinal injury after ascorbate treatment is believed to be an antioxidative effect. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the possible protection of ascorbate against blue light-induced photoreceptor damage. · Methods: Cyclic light-reared albino rats were injected intraperitoneally with either ascorbate (1 mg/g body weight) or, as placebo, physiological saline 24 h before and just prior to exposure to blue light. After 20–22 h of dark adaptation, two groups of the rats were exposed in pairs to the blue light (400–480 nm) for 6 h at an average irradiance of 0.7 W/m2 in the cage. Six days after light exposure, all rats were killed and retinal samples were analyzed. · Results: Diffuse blue light irradiation resulted in an uneven distribution of damage in the retina. As judged from the pathological changes in the retina irradiated, no microscopic difference was observed between the two groups. The preserved thickness of the outer nuclear layer was on average 61.3% in the ascorbate-treated and 66.4% in the placebo-treated group. The photoreceptor loss was not significantly different between the two groups. · Conclusion: The ascorbate did not protect the retina from blue-light induced damage. This favors the assumption that the mechanisms for blue light-induced retinal damage might differ from that for green light. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

· Background: It is known that different types of radiation, as well as aging and metabolic disorders, can cause cataract. Several epidemiological investigations show a correlation between cataract development and the dose of ultraviolet radiation (UVR) received. It is well established experimentally that exposure of animal eyes to UVR induces cataract. The purpose of the present study was to determine the dose-response function for UVR-induced opacities in the rat lens after in vivo exposure. · Methods: Sprague-Dawley rats received 0.1, 0.4, 1.3, 3, 5, 8 or 14 kJ/m2 UVR (λMAX=300 nm, λ0.5=10 nm) unilaterally for 15 min. At 1 week after exposure both lenses were removed, photographs were taken and the intensity of forward-scattered light was measured. · Results: One week after UVR exposure, opacities occurred on the lens surface, as observed with a microscope. With increased UVR dose the opacities became more intense and occurred also in the equatorial area of the lens, but not in the nucleus. The intensity of forward light scattering increased with increased UVR dose between 3 and 14 kJ/m2. No significant change in intensity of forward light scattering was observed for lower UVR doses. · Conclusion: The intensity of forward light scattering in the rat lens increases exponentially with increased UVR dose between 0.1 and 14 kJ/m2. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Background: Blue-light exposure inhibits cytochrome oxidase and may therefore inhibit retinal metabolism. The reduced metabolism decreases the extrusion of calcium from the photoreceptor cell. Overload of calcium is proposed as one of the factors that lead to photoreceptor degeneration after light exposure. The light-induced photoreceptor degeneration can be ameliorated by calcium overload blocker. In the present study the calcium concentration was measured in the inner and outer segment layer of the rat retina. • Methods: Six eyes were exposed to blue (404 nm) light at a retinal dose of 380 kJ/m. Five eyes served as the control group. The calcium and sulphur distributions were measured with a nuclear microprobe in the freeze-dried rat retina. The proton beam size was 12 × 12 μm and the energy of the protons was 2.55 MeV The calcium concentration was calculated using sulphur as a reference. • Results: The level of calcium per milligram sulphur was 21 μg (range 17-23 μg) in the inner segment of the control retina. It increased to 62 μg/mg sulphur (range 52-67 μg) and 61 μg/mg sulphur (range 58-66 μg) 1 h and 12 h after blue-light exposure, respectively. • Conclusion: The findings of the present study support the idea that accumulation of calcium in the inner segment layer is one of the factors that cause photoreceptor degeneration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The activity of cytochrome oxidase, outer nuclear layer thickness, and edema were quantitatively evaluated in the blue-light exposed rat retina. Dark-adapted or cyclic-light reared rats were exposed to blue light with a retinal dose of 380 kJ/m. Immediately, 1, 2, and 3 day(s) after exposure, the retinas of six rats from each adaptation group were examined. There was no difference between the dark-adapted and cyclic-light reared rats. Immediately after light exposure, cytochrome oxidase activity decreased. The activity in the inner segments remained low at day 1, while severe edema was observed in the inner and outer segments. The outer nuclear layer thickness decreased 1-3 days after exposure. The blue-light exposure inhibited cytochrome oxidase activity and caused retinal injury. Similarity of the injury process in the dark-adapted and cyclic-light reared retinas suggests that rhodopsin was not involved. The inhibition of cytochrome oxidase could be a cause of retinal damage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]